Early Self Research Articles

초기 성인의 공적 자의식이 사회불안에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to verify moderated mediating effects of Cognitive Flexibility through Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness in the relationship between Public Self Consciousness and Social Anxiety of early adult. Methods To this end, a self-reporting survey consisting of Public Self Consciousness Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Social Phobia Scale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire-K, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory was distributed and conducted to 309 early adults aged 20 to 29. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, mediating effects, moderating effects, and moderated mediating effects were verified through SPSS 22.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro. Results The main results of this study are as follows. First, Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between Public Self Consciousness, Social Anxiety, Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Cognitive Flexibility. Second, It was confirmed that Public Self Consciousness influenced Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness, and it had partial mediating effected by influencing Social Anxiety. Third, it was confirmed that Cognitive Flexibility had a moderating effect in the relationship between Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Social Anxiety. That is, it mean that in the relationship between Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Social Anxiety, even if Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Increases Social Anxiety, Social Anxiety can be decrease by Cognitive Flexibility. Fourth, It was confirmed that there was a moderated mediating effect of Cognitive Flexibility through Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness in the relationship between Public Self Consciousness and Social Anxiety. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study were discussed. Conclusions The results of this study provided implications for the understanding of social anxiety and treatment strategies in early adults, by confirming the role of Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness and Cognitive Flexibility in the influence of early adults' Public Self Consciousness on Social Anxiety.

Gestational PBDE concentrations, persistent externalizing, and emerging internalizing behaviors in adolescents: The HOME study

BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental chemicals used as flame retardants in commercial and consumer products. Gestational PBDE concentrations are associated with adverse behaviors in children; however, the persistence of these associations into adolescence remains understudied. ObjectiveWe estimated the association of gestational PBDE serum concentrations with early adolescent self- and caregiver-reported behaviors at age 12 years and determined the consistency with previously observed associations in childhood with caregiver-reported behaviors in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort. MethodsWe measured maternal serum concentrations of five individual PBDE congeners and created a summary exposure variable (∑5BDE: 28, −47, −99, −100 and −153) during pregnancy. At age 12 years, we assessed behaviors for 237 adolescents using self- and caregiver-reports with the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-3 (BASC3). We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate covariate-adjusted associations of lipid standardized, log10-transformed gestational PBDE concentrations with BASC3 scores. We obtained estimates and 95% confidence intervals through a bootstrapping approach. We evaluated potential effect measure modification (EMM) of adolescent sex by examining sex-stratified regression models and estimating the EMM p-values. ResultsGestational PBDE concentrations were positively associated with adolescent-reported BASC3 composite indices for inattention & hyperactivity (BDE-28, -47, −99, −100, ∑5BDE), internalizing problems (BDE-28, -47, −99), functional impairment (BDE-28, ∑5BDE), and emotional symptoms (BDE-28). Gestational PBDE concentrations were positively associated with caregiver-reported BASC3 composite indices for externalizing problems (BDE-28, -47, −99, −100, −153, ∑5BDE) and behavioral symptoms (BDE-99). For caregiver reported behaviors, we observed stronger associations with gestational BDE concentrations among males, especially for executive functioning (BDE-28, -47, −99, −100, ∑5BDE). DiscussionGestational PBDE serum concentrations were associated with self-reported internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in early adolescence. Caregiver-reported externalizing behaviors recognized during childhood remain associated with gestational PBDE concentrations and persist into early adolescence. Internalizing behaviors were less recognized by caregivers.

Early Childhood Self Regulated Learning Based on Javanese Local Wisdom Jawa

Abstract. The study describes early childhood self-regulated learning (SRL) based on the Javanese philosophy in Ki Hadjar Dewantara (KHD) & Ki Ageng Suryamentaram (KAS) concepts. This used a phenomenological qualitative approach on 6 subjects (3-5 years old) dyadic with their mothers in Yogyakarta. The main data were collected through interviews, participant observation, and supported by data of the children’s developmental maturity by filling out the Temperament Assessment Scale, Child's behavior and SDIDTK checklists. Data analysis techniques were carried out by organizing data, grouping based on themes and answer patterns, testing existing assumptions or problems with the data, writing research results. The results showed that the SRL in line with the process of ‘Free Spirit’ of the 6 subjects varied and contained dynamic abilities in their process. The environment (parents/family) had not consistently implemented SRL in their ‘Among’ (Asah Asih Asuh & Ing Ngarsa Sung Tulada) and Kawruh Pamamong (Ngulawantah-lare/regulating children) systems. The ability of SRL subjects to understand (Ngerti Sumerep), to feel (Ngrasa Sih) and to action (Nglakoni Nrimo) still had no clear pattern on subjects. The internalization of SRL was in the process of co-regulatory behavior.

Medea Rejuvenates Herself: Female Roles and the Use of the Body in Seneca’s <i>Medea</i>

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the arc of the sequence of events through which Medea rejuvenates herself – as she has rejuvenated others before her, she does it as if she were simply disassembling herself and putting herself in her own cauldron to be reborn as her younger and stronger self. After describing the different and changing female roles of Seneca’s Medea, the paper gives a close reading of the text to show how Seneca uses images of the body and to underscore the way Medea uses her own body to achieve her transformation: to start a new life by returning to her earlier self, i.e., by rejuvenating herself. To back this argument, the paper also highlights her previous acts of rejuvenation in textual and pictorial testimonies and argues that Seneca presented Medea as a rather positive figure, a deity, a magician, a healer, who is capable of ruling over life and death.

A psychometric analysis of the Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form in Colombia: CTT and Rasch model

BackgroundPotential childhood traumatic experiences increase risk for mental and physical health disorders and their precise assessment can help to promote health prevention and promotion strategies for countries with limited data and measurement strategies like Colombia. ObjectiveThe goal of the present study is to strengthen evidence for the validity of scores from an adapted version of the Early Trauma Inventory self report-short form (ETI-SF) using Item Response Theory and by assessing factorial invariance across gender and education level. Participants and settingThe study assessed a total of 1909 Colombian participants (66.16 % women, 32.16 % men, 1.68 % other gender; age range 18–72 years old). MethodsParticipants answered the ETI-SF via a web-based sampling strategy. ResultsThe total scores of the scale showed good reliability coefficients (α = 0.81 and ω = 0.60). A specific analysis for the subscales showed good reliability for the emotional, physical, and sexual trauma subscales (αs and ωs >0.64), while general trauma showed lower than accepted reliability values (α =0.56 and ω = 0.37). Most of the individual items of the scale showed good calibration. The factorial invariance analysis suggests the possibility of some gender and educational differences. ConclusionsThe study confirms particularly high rates of potential childhood traumatic experiences in Colombia and complement data for specific trauma types. Overall, the ETI-SF is confirmed as useful for Colombia, which highlights this scale as a good tool to use for public health assessment. Future research can continue the integration of diverse methods for estimating the quality of the scale.

Early Trauma Subtypes are Differentially Related to Anxiety Symptomatology and Suicidal Ideation in Panic Disorder.

Early trauma significantly affects the severity of panic disorder (PD) symptoms and suicidal ideation. However, few studies have explored the specific effects of different early trauma subtypes on PD. This study analyzed how childhood trauma subtypes, including general, physical, emotional, and sexual, influence panic and phobia levels and suicidal ideation in adults with PD and healthy controls (HCs). In total, 455 adults with PD and 149 HCs participated in this study. The independent variables were sociodemographic and clinical variables such as coping strategies and early trauma subtypes from the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form. The dependent variables were the Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ), the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, and the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI). Early emotional trauma significantly influenced the APPQ scores, whereas early physical trauma significantly influenced the SSI scores in patients with PD. However, in HCs, only early emotional trauma was significantly associated with the APPQ and SSI scores. These findings highlight the influence of early trauma subtypes on the phobic symptom severity of PD and suicidal ideation among patients with PD. Early emotional trauma is associated with the severity of phobic symptoms, whereas early physical trauma is associated with suicidal ideation, suggesting distinct clinical outcomes based on the type of trauma in patients with PD.

Associations between psychological distress, early adverse experiences, and choice of avatars in an immersive virtual world

IntroductionVirtual reality environments (VREs) are an emerging modality consisting of computer-generated worlds. Players in VREs can choose to create representative avatars. Such choices may reflect beliefs related to identity and psychological functioning. The aim of the present study was to examine associations between psychological distress, exposure to adverse childhood experiences, and choice of avatar in an immersive virtual environment. MethodsWe recruited 436 participants in a VRE. Participants completed the Early Traumatic Inventory Self Report-Short Form and the Brief Symptom Inventory. We evaluated between-group differences (selection of child avatar, parent avatar, or “other” avatar, the control group) in psychological distress and traumatic childhood experiences. ResultsIndividuals who selected child avatars experienced a higher degree of psychological distress and childhood trauma, especially sexual abuse, as compared to individuals who selected other avatars. Individuals who selected parent avatars were more likely to have experienced psychological distress as compared to controls. DiscussionAvatar choice may reflect users’ identities and psychological functioning. VREs may provide safe environments for a “do over” of adverse childhood experiences. Future research should explore VREs as venues to treat trauma and psychological distress.

Assessment of Child Sexual Abuse in Victimized Women

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a frequent phenomenon, and women who report it are at a higher risk of mental disorders and sexual dysfunction. The application of a brief questionnaire could help gynecologists assessment of CSA history in women. This study was carried out including women (n = 593) who had been victims of CSA before the age of 18 years. We used the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report–Short Form (ETISR-SF) Part 4, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), and a semi-structured instrument to assess CSA. Among the 593 women included, 77 agreed to answer the questionnaires, 62(80.5%) had traumatic sexual events, 53(68.8%) had a total FSFI score ≤ 26.55, and 64(84.2%) considered themselves victims of CSA. There was an association regarding the belief that CSA influenced their sex life and their being at risk for GAD (p = 0.001), PTSD (p = 0.02), and sexual abuse by a family member (p = 0.01). The risk factors were the presence of risk for GAD (OR = 5.88[1.3–27.03]) and CSA by a family member (OR = 5.78[1.57–21.28]). This methodology can assist gynecologists in assessing a patient’s history of CSA.

Leopoldstadt

Leopoldstadt

Erratum to “Introducing the early trauma inventory self report - short form and its qualitative and quantitative validation for the Slovenian general population” [Zdr Varst. 2020;59(4):245-255. doi: 10.2478/sjph-2020-0031

Erratum to “Introducing the early trauma inventory self report - short form and its qualitative and quantitative validation for the Slovenian general population” [Zdr Varst. 2020;59(4):245-255. doi: 10.2478/sjph-2020-0031

Differential effects of parental socioeconomic status on cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls

ObjectivesWidespread changes in cortical thickness (CT) have been repeatedly reported in schizophrenia (SZ). The nature of the pathophysiologic process underlying such changes remains to be elucidated. The aims of the present study were to measure the CT; evaluate parent socioeconomic status (pSES), childhood trauma (ChT) and premorbid adjustment (PA) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs); and investigate group differences in CT (i.e., SSD vs. healthy controls (HCs)), pSES, PA, and/or ChT, as well as the interactions among these factors. Methods164 patients with SSD and 245 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls have participated. The pSES, ChT and PA were evaluated using Korean version of Polyenvironmental Risk Score, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form and Premorbid Adjustment Scale, respectively. Vertex-wise measure of CT was estimated using the FreeSurfer. To investigate the main effects and interactions, multilevel regression was employed. ResultsWe found widespread cortical thinning in patients with SSDs compared to HCs. The cortical thinning was associated with ChT, symptom severity and chlorpromazine equivalent dose and duration of illness in patients. In multilevel regression, main effects of group and pSES and interaction between group and pSES were found whereas a significant interaction between ChT and CPZ equivalent was found in patients. ConclusionOur findings indicate that compared to HCs, patients with SSDs have cortical structural abnormalities, and that group and pSES interaction determines CT. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of psychosocial factors on brain structural and functional abnormalities in SZ.

Suicide Attempts in Panic Disorder: Clinical Effects on Treatment Response and Link to Fear of Cognitive Dyscontrol

IntroductionPanic disorders (PD) are associated with suicidality. The link between PD and suicide has been suggested to be depression; however, this remains controversial. Comprehensive research on the history of suicide attempts (SAs) in patients with PD is scarce.ObjectivesThis study investigated the characteristics and pharmacological short- and long-term treatment responses of patients with PD, with or without SAs. Moreover, a network analysis was conducted to investigate the central symptoms and their connection to suicidality among SA-related variables with and without SAs.MethodsWe investigated the characteristics of SAs in patients with PD using PD-related scales, magnetic resonance imaging, and network approaches. A total of 1151 subjects were enrolled, including 755 patients with PD (97 with SA and 658 without SA) and 396 healthy controls. Suicide and PD-related scales were also administered.ResultsOur results revealed that the scores of all symptom severities were significantly higher in the PD+SA group than in the PD-SA group. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that short- and long-term pharmacological treatment responses were significantly poor in the PD+SA group. Network analysis showed that fear of cognitive dyscontrol (FCD) was the strongest central symptom among strength, expected influence (1 and 2 step), randomized shortest path betweenness, and eigenvector centrality measures in PD+SA, whereas depression was the central symptom in PD-SA.Table 1.Results of multiple regression analysis to predict treatment response for patients with panic disorder.Treatment responseat 8 weeks(n = 450)[R2 =0.19]Treatment responseat 6 month(n = 379)[R2 =0.20]Treatment responseat 1 year(n = 329)[R2 =0.22]Βp-valueβp-valueβp-valueGender0.100.150.140.090.080.39Age-0.060.440.040.620.010.94Baseline PDSS total score0.46<0.001**0.48<0.001**0.42<0.001**Baseline BDI-II total score0.050.650.090.470.170.19Baseline PSWQ total score-0.070.47-0.110.29-0.180.09Baseline ASI-R total score-0.140.19-0.190.10-0.190.11Baseline ETISR-SF total score0.070.340.040.600.110.24A history of the suicide attempt-0.190.01*-0.200.02*-0.280.002*Note: Model p-values <0.001.*p < 0.05.**p < 0.001.Abbreviations: PD, panic disorder; SA, suicide attempt; PDSS, Panic Disorder Severity Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; PSWQ, Penn State Worry Questionnaire; ASI-R, Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-Revised; ETISR-SF, The Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form.Image:Image 2:Image 3:ConclusionsOur results suggest that SA history could be associated with high symptom severity and poor pharmacological treatment response in patients with PD and that FCD is the central symptom in the PD+SA network.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Association among early life stress, mood features, hopelessness and suicidal risk in bipolar disorder: The potential contribution of insomnia symptoms

IntroductionMood disorders are complex illnesses possibly resulting from the interaction of genetic, physiological, psychological, and environmental factors.Within this framework, a role for early life stressors has been proposed. Although this association is probably not specific to Bipolar Disorders BDs, with early life stressors predisposing to trans nosological indicators for severity of psychiatric disorders, it may represent an early marker both for triggering and long-term clinical manifestations of BDs.Insomnia likely plays a triggering role in the onset and maintenance of BDs, as it may might play a key role in BDs by potentially dysregulating the systems involved in mood and emotion regulation, including stress and inflammatory systems and circadian rhythms alterations. Early life stressors have been demonstrated to alter sleep regulation. It has been hypothesized that sleep disruption related to early life stressors might contribute to the development pathways towards BDs in adult life through the epigenetic re-reprogramming of stress and inflammatory systems.ObjectivesWe aimed to study their association with mood symptoms and suicidal risk in BDs with and without clinically significant insomnia symptoms. Since hopelessness is a construct strongly predicting depressive symptoms and suicidal risk in BDs and it has also been related to early life stress and to insomnia symptoms we aimed to specifically assess this symptom in our research.Methodsa sample of 162 adult participants with BD I or II were assessed during depressed phase using the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI). Participants with or without clinically significant insomnia were compared and we carried out correlations, regression and mediation analyses.ResultsParticipants with insomnia showed a greater severity of depressive symptoms,of suicidal risk, of the cognitive component of hopelessness and of early life stressors. Insomnia symptoms mediated the association among early life stress and depressive symptoms (Z = 2.72, p = 0.0006), the cognitive component of hopelessness (Z = 3.02, p = 0.0001) and suicidal ideation and plans (Z = 2.07 p = 0.0006).Conclusionsfnsomnia may mediate the relationship between early life stress and clinical manifestations of BD. Assessing the evolution of insomnia symptoms could offer an approach to characterize BD and to formulate treatment strategies. In particular targeting insomnia symptoms might potentially modify the clinical features of BD in response to early life stressful events.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Effectiveness of early awake self proning strategy in non-intubated patients with COVID-19 hypoxemia: an open-labelled randomized clinical trial from Jodhpur, India.

Awake self-proning is being used widely as respiratory support in COVID-19 hypoxemia, in resource-limited settings. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of early awake self-proning in preventing mortality and the need for intubation in adults with moderate COVID-19 hypoxemia. In this randomized clinical trial with inten-tion-to-treat analysis, we enrolled eligible adults with COVID-19 hypoxemia (SpO2 <94%), requiring supplemental oxygen via nasal prongs or facemask from a tertiary-care setting in Jodhpur, India between June 15 to December 24, 2020. Awake proning comprised of 4-hour cycles with prone position maintained 2 h per cycle. The control group did not maintain any specific position. All participants received standard care. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortal-ity and requirement for mechanical ventilation. Of 502 participants included, mean (SD) age was 59.7 (12.7) years with 124 women (24.6%); 257 were randomized to awake-proning, 245 to control group and all 502 were included for follow-up mortality analysis. Mortality at follow-up was 16.3% in the awake-prone and 15.1% in the control group [OR:1.10 (0.68-1.78), p=0.703). The requirement of mechanical ventilation was 10% in both groups (p=0.974). Survival time (in days) was not significantly different between the groups [Log-rank test, HR: 1.08 (95% CI, 0.70-1.68), p=0.726]. Likewise, time to intubation was comparable (Log-rank test, HR: 0.93 (95% CI, 0.56-1.70), p=0.974). Hence, awake self-proning did not improve survival or requirement of mechanical-ventilation in non-intubated patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 hypox-emia. Trial Registration: Clinical trial registry of India, ID: CTRI/2020/06/025804. The trial is accessible from WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) at https://trialsearch.who.int *************************************************************** *Appendix Authors list Deepak Kumar1, Gopal Krishna Bohra1, Nishant Kumar Chauhan2, Nikhil Kothari3, Vijaya Lakshmi Nag4 Sanjeev Misra5 1Department of Internal Medicine; 2Department of Pulmonary Medicine;3Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care; 4Department of Microbiology; 5Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.

Sustainable Fast Setting Early Strength Self Compacting Concrete(FSESSCC) Using Metakaolin

Sustainability in construction, using concrete as construction material, is initiated to obtain through cement, i.e. binder, optimisation and by application of secondary cementitious materials(SCMs) as component substitute of cement. The cement production industry has previously attained notable improvements in sustainability by use of byproducts of various industries as SCMs through blending suitable materials, like ferro silicon industrial by product mirco silica, steel industry by product finely ground granulated blast furnace slag, thermal power industry byproduct fly ash etc., to diminish the CO2 emission from the manufacturing plants of cement. Pozzolanicity and pore- filling qualities are the two pre requisite characteristics of the SCMs so they can play effective role in reducing the cement quantity in concrete and there by achieve sustainability. But as these quality features are inadequate in most of the industrial waste byproducts as they are not purposefully/specifically/ precisely manufactured but they are only the byproducts of industries produced as a process of manufacturing some products like steel, ferro silica alloys etc., or using some other materials like coal for producing energy. Also these SCMs are globally not obtainable everywhere. Construction industry is thus struggling with considerable cement consumption in its various activities and there by releasing enormous amounts of CO2 emissions, consumption of natural resources thereby depleting the same and increase in cost of cement production due to imposed green tax and shortage of suitable raw materials. Therefore, there is an emergent preference towards finding out various substitutive inorganic binders from native sources for partly substituting cement in concrete construction. One of the solutions to achieve sustainability in concrete construction is to use moderate reactive SCMs like flyash(FA), GGBFS(ground granulated blast furnace slag) in higher quantity and reactive SCMs like SF etc., so that demerits of slow setting and late strength gain in concrete prepared with moderate SCMs like GGBFS,fly ash etc., can be compensated by reactive SCMs,in lower quantities. Recently clays are observed to be an ample possibility as a promising reactive SCMs as they are richer in alumina and silica, and have good pozzolanic properties in definite raw, calcination situations or surface alterations forms for producing sustainable concretes with lower expenses and more eco-friendliness. In this study experimental investigation presented on the utilisation of metakaolin (MK), a high reactive SCM, in combination with GGBFS, a moderately reactive SCM, in the development of fast setting early strength sustainable self consolidating concrete(SCC) intended to use in fast track repairs/construction. Influence of MK on properties in fresh state and solidified state of SCC were studied and its effect on durability characteristics of SCC established.

How to Read the Rock Face? Getting Old in the Archive of Postcolonial Mexico

Abstract Could the horrors of Spanish colonialism be resolved when Mexico became a postcolonial republic? What did liberty mean for Indigenous peoples in the aftermath of independence from Spain? In the 1830s, Manuel Espinosa de los Monteros tried to answer these questions by reading ancient symbols high on the rock face of Tianguistepetl. Espinosa's reading of the rock face led to the most aggressive prediction of Indigenous political liberation in early Mexico. He produced a work of history and prophecy that probed the limits of the new nation to address the legacies of colonialism. Immersed in the wreckage of the past, an old man surveyed the ruins and imagined a future that looked nothing like the world outside his doors. This article analyzes Espinosa's prophecy and explores the methodological challenges of studying historical subjects who are at odds with their earlier selves.

Influence of blends of alkali resistant fibres and polypropylene fibres on fresh and hardened properties of early strength self compacting concrete

Influence of blends of alkali resistant fibres and polypropylene fibres on fresh and hardened properties of early strength self compacting concrete

Impact of adverse childhood experiences on the symptom severity of different mental disorders: a cross-diagnostic study

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences have a significant impact on different mental disorders.ObjectiveTo compare differences in adverse childhood experiences among those with different mental disorders and their relationships in a cross-disorder manner.MethodsThe...

"Sitting in the back seat": The convergence of early recollections, self and others, and low socioeconomic class.

This qualitative study examines the links between early recollections, self and others, and low socioeconomic class. Early recollections—specific memories from childhood—illustrate individuals’ core concepts about self and life. Social class is a cultural context that affects psychological processes. We conducted semistructured interviews with 12 low socioeconomic status participants and elicited at least 3 early recollections per participant (totaling 42 recollections). Themes that emerged from analysis of the early recollections include divided reality; creating meaning in the present (including enjoying life and making do with what one has); a parental role of admiration, security, and compensation; and social interest. We regard these strategies as creative assets and mechanisms to deal with a lack of control and resources, sense of constraint, and hierarchical and classed society. We encourage educational and therapeutic frameworks to recognize these assets as facets of psychological and cultural capital.

Representation, reflection, and self-esteem in the amour pur debate

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the late seventeenth-century discourse on “pure” or “disinterested love” (amour pur, amour désintéressé). The central claim is that the mystical writers’ critique against amour-propre threatens the system of esteem so that late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century debates around pure love (the so called “amour pur debate” or the “Quietist affair”) cannot be accounted for simply in terms of mysticism; rather, they have a profound impact on the concept of social esteem. The middle term used to link these two aspects (the theological claims and the social questions) is a special theory of cognition defended by the proponents of pure love and strongly opposed by their opponents. The latter argue that the exclusion of self-reflectivity from disinterested love is a dangerous illusion which leads to negative social consequences. Thus, generally speaking, the Quietist affair is linked not only to the history of early modern self and spirituality but also to the forming of modern social values.