Early Reentry Research Articles

“I Feel like I Have ‘Prison’ Tattooed on my Forehead”: Women’s Trajectories after Release from Incarceration

Although reentry has been well explored, less is known about women’s reentry trajectories and whether reentry experiences change over time. The current study explored women’s experiences from prison release to 15-months post-release using interviews with 29 women across four states. Themes from early reentry (2 weeks–4 months) underscored women’s struggle for survival. Women were dependent on informal support, struggling to readjust to mothering, and experiencing stigma from potential employers. Themes from later reentry (8–15 months) mostly portrayed the complexities of social support as mothering remained challenging, family support became a double-edged sword, and formal support services were difficult to access.

Disrupted Sojourn and Forced Reentry: A Qualitative Inquiry of College Students’ Experiences, Stressors, and Coping Strategies After Returning Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study explores the unique experience of disrupted sojourns and early reentry among U.S. college students who were abruptly repatriated from their study abroad experience in March 2020. Using a combination of focus groups and interviews with 25 U.S. returning students, the findings suggest that students’ experiences were characterized by themes of accelerated reentry and a deep grieving process, as well as numerous financial, academic, interpersonal, and COVID-19 related stressors. The findings also highlight returning students’ coping strategies of staying busy, seeking social support, and reframing the situation under a positive light. This research provides insights into the challenges and adjustments associated with a heretofore unstudied phenomenon of early reentry among returning students. Important practical implications for study abroad programs and administrators who might face additional cases of early reentry due to the uncertainty of the pandemic are discussed.

Pediatric Surgical Reentry Strategy Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Tiered and Balanced Approach.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, children's hospitals across the country postponed elective surgery beginning in March 2020. As projective curves flattened, administrators and surgeons sought to develop strategies to safely resume non-emergent surgery. This article reviews challenges and solutions specific to a children's hospital related to the resumption of elective pediatric surgeries. We present our tiered reentry approach for pediatric surgery as well as report early data for surgical volume and tracking COVID-19 cases during reentry. The experience of shutdown, protocol development, and early reentry of elective pediatric surgery are reported from Levine's Children's Hospital (LCH), a free-leaning children's hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina. Data reported were obtained from de-identified hospital databases. Pediatric surgery experienced a dramatic decrease in case volumes at LCH during the shutdown, variable by specialty. A tiered and balanced reentry strategy was implemented with steady resumption of elective surgery following strict pre-procedural screening and testing. Early outcomes showed a steady thorough fluctuating increase in elective case volumes without evidence of a surgery-associated positive spread through periprocedural tracking. Reentry of non-emergent pediatric surgical care requires unique considerations including the impact of COVID-19 on children, each children hospital structure and resources, and preventing undue delay in intervention for age- and disease-specific pediatric conditions. A carefully balanced strategy has been critical for safe reentry following the anticipated surge. Ongoing tracking of resource utilization, operative volumes, and testing results will remain vital as community spread continues to fluctuate across the country.

Group Differences in Patterns of Retirement and Social Security Benefits Receipt in the United States

Extended working lives are a clear phenomenon in the U.S. However, the Social Security benefits and old-fashioned retirement concept has not changed by the new trend. This study is to examine 1) whether retirement and Social Security benefits simultaneously happen as Social Security was planned, and 2) differences in groups based on the trajectories in retirement and Social Security benefits. This study used data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) 2000-2016. The sample consisted of respondents the ages of 54 or older who worked for pay without receiving Social Security benefits in 2000 (N=1,924). A Latent Class Growth Analysis was conducted to classify the number of groups based on individuals’ trajectories in retirement and Social Security. The bivariate analysis tested group members’ characteristics. The final model included four groups: 1) ‘delayed retirement and Social Security,’ 2) ‘early Social Security but re-entry of the labor market after early retirement,’ 3) ‘delayed retirement but early Social Security,’ and 4) ‘retirement and Social Security at the same time point.’ The bivariate analysis demonstrated significant differences between groups in retirement age, Social Security age, education, health, and income. The result indicated that Group 2, with lower health status, education level, and income, was vulnerable in retirement. The group retired and received Social Security comparatively earlier, whereas they finally retired at the oldest age after reentering the labor market. This finding suggests that Social Security and retirement do not happen simultaneously, and Social Security is not enough for some people’s living.

Stress Among a Sample of Returning Citizens Living with HIV and Substance Use Disorder: A Mixed Methods Analysis.

This mixed-methods study asks: among a sample of returning citizens living with HIV and substance use disorder, how is stress experienced; and what are the leading stressors and stress-coping strategies? Data is from a parent study that randomized 36 people to a yoga intervention and 36 people to treatment as usual. Qualitative analysis found that securing basic life needs was more acute in early reentry, and challenges with HIV acceptance were greater among those with a more recent HIV diagnosis. Social support was the most widely employed coping strategy but many lacked social networks. Post-program, multiple regression found older age(β = -0.38, p < .05), greater income(β = -0.002, p < .01), shorter incarceration(β = .03, p < .01) and randomization to yoga(β = 6.92, p < .01) predicted lower levels of stress. Results indicate that reentry needs for people living with HIV and substance use disorder include basic life needs, social supports, and stress-coping interventions that address physical and mental stress symptoms (such as yoga).

Getting High After Getting Out: Understanding the Relationship Between Support, Stressors, and Drug Use Among Men and Women in Early Reentry

This study uses data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) to examine the effects of social support and stressors on self-reported illicit drug use among 1,074 recently released individuals (men = 874; women = 200). Three broad conclusions can be drawn from these findings: (a) Men were more likely than women to use drugs in the first 3 months following release from prison; (b) mental health and neighborhood quality were universal predictors of drug use in early reentry; and (c) social support, stressors, and individual and legal characteristics affected drug use for men and women differently. This work fills knowledge gaps related to the intersection of reentry, gender, and drug use within the context of correctional policy and practice.

Why wait? Organizational learning, institutional quality and the speed of foreign market re-entry after initial entry and exit

Using a unique dataset of over 1000 foreign marketre-entries by multinational enterprises, we draw on organizational learning and institutional theory perspectives to examine the antecedents of speed of foreign market re-entry into previously exited markets. Contrary to expectations, we find that the length of experience accumulated between initial entry and exit does not lead to earlier re-entries. In turn, the depth of experience accumulated through operating via joint ventures and the nature of the experience determined by the exit process have a significant impact for early re-entrants. Host country institutional quality leads to early re-entry and, under certain circumstances, moderates the relationship between learning from past experiences and re-entry speed. Our findings reveal experience-based learning to be a complex and dynamic process, one highly dependent on the quality of the institutional setting of the firm. Theoretical and practical implications of the paper are discussed, along with directions for future research on international business strategies.

Satellite design for demise thermal characterisation in early re-entry for dismantlement mechanisms

Preliminary analyses at ESA have shown that space objects in LEO with masses above 500 kg might already imply an on-ground casualty risk higher than 1E-4 in case of uncontrolled re-entry. Compliance to this casualty risk requirement may be achieved through controlled re-entry, but this solution has a major impact at system level. Sometime it requires a full re-design of the spacecraft and may involve switching to a completely different launcher performance (consequently a significant mission cost impact).This option may be avoided with achievement of compliant ablation (demise) of the spacecraft upon uncontrolled atmospheric re-entry. The so-called Design-for-Demise discipline (D4D) is a highly multidisciplinary approach that can bring significant benefits in the future missions in the medium to long term. (Klinkrad, 2006; Johnson, 2012) [1,2].ESA created in 2012 the “Cleanspace” initiative and team to promote actions on green aspects and debris remediation (ESA Clean Space Team, 2015) [3]. Recently ALTRAN was involved inside THALES ALENIA Space consortium in those ESA activities on S/C D4D techniques and proposed several D4D concepts. This ESA D4D study had the objective to find D4D solutions for the Sentinel-1 study case (around 2 tons). This objective were about to be theoretically achieved.[4].The outcomes of those D4D studies performed in parallel at level of 3 LSI (Large System Integrator) were concluded in early 2016 [4,5] and used mainly ESA Sentinels S/C as study cases. Those studies all demonstrated that S/C dismantlement (controlled and earlier to natural break-up) has a major benefit in reduction of S/C Debris Casualty Area (DCA). Then this technique has to be considered with high priority in a global approach for D4D improvement. (ESA, 2015; CleanSat Workshop presentations, 2015) [6,7].The proposed ALTRAN/NIMESIS study CLEANSAT Building Block 10: Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) Dismantlement Mechanisms has investigated several technological devices and SMA material options for their suitability to be implemented in LEO satellite H/W of main European LSI for dismantlement during atmospheric re-entry.

Clinical assessment of detection of ventricular extrasystoly in patients without structural changes of heart: a prospective study

Aim. The aim of the study was a clinical assessment of the integrated determination of predictors of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (LVA) in patients with ventricular extrasystole (VE) without structural changes in the heart to predict the development of cardiovascular disease in a prospective study.&#x0D; Material and methods. From 1997 to 2014 199 patients with neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD), complicated with VE II-V class EE at the age of 18-35 years (mean 27.3-2.6 years) were observed in District Military Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, City Hospital named after St. Martyr Elizabeth. All patients, in addition to a general clinical examination, determined late potentials of the ventricles (LPV), QT interval variability (QTd), heart rate turbulence (HRT), and also indicators reflecting the possible mechanism of VE development.&#x0D; Results. The results of the study showed that in patients with NCD complicated by VE, the detection of indicators reflecting the presence of VE caused by the mechanisms of early post-depolarization and re-entry is a predictor of the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension (HB). The positive prognostic significance of the indicators showing the presence of VE with these development mechanisms for the development of CHD and HB averaged 74% and 44% respectively, and with the appointment of сlass III drugs for elimination of VE and (or) development of unstable ventricular tachycardia, the risk of developing CHD increased to an average of 93%. Identification of NDC patients with indicators reflecting the presence of VE due to delayed post-depolarization is a predictor of the development of gastrointestinal tract (GT) diseases with positive prognostic significance, averaging 61%. Positive prognostic significance with respect to the development of CHD, HB, GT diseases for the detected LPV, QTd &gt; 80 ms, pathological values of HRT VE did not exceed 30%. Indicators and predictors, which characterize the mechanism of development of VE and the risk of LVA occurrence in patients with NCD complicated by VE, were highly correlated (r &gt; 0.50) with risk factors for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system diseases.

Combined Effects of Aquatic and Land-Based Rehabilitation in Female Soccer Players Post ACL Reconstruction: An Overview of Current Evidence

A review of the literature was conducted to assess the effects of a combined aquatic and land-based intervention versus the traditional land-based therapy only for female soccer players in rehabilitation post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Female soccer players have an increased tendency to experience ACL injuries because of the mechanism of injury as well as internal contributors of the female anatomy. Many protocols for rehabilitation have been released, but few studies have examined the effects of a combined aquatic and land-based program. Aquatic therapy has been shown to have many positive effects, including the allowance for early intervention, but is inconclusive for early re-entry for sport-specific activities. Peer reviewed journal articles and systematic reviews of ACL rehabilitation were initiated via electronic searches of AcademicOneFile, PubMed, PEDro, PTnow, EBSCOHost, Academic Premier, and CINAHL. Four reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data, and applied quality criteria. Study quality was assessed by the levels of evidence ranking system, and the evidence synthesis ordered them in importance. Five systematic reviews, six randomized control trials, six case-controlled studies, and one literature review were included. All data was used to assess eight ACL rehabilitation components needed to return to sport-specific activities: pain management, ROM, edema control, muscular strength, neuromuscular function, and improved gait patterns. There was evidence to support the combination of aquatic and land-based therapy as a better intervention for achieving the goals of ROM and strength, and also showed evidence of improved edema control and pain management. These improvements have the potential to assist soccer players in returning to sport-specific activities, yet there was no consensus for a specific timeline for early re-entry into those activities. Recommendations for clinical practice are to consider adding early intervention aquatic therapy for earlier re-entry to sport-specific activities in female soccer players post ACL reconstruction as a safe intervention for improved ROM, strength, pain control, and edema control. Further research must be conducted to generalize these findings to a more diverse population, and for a timeline for re-entry to sport-specific activities.

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration.

Individuals reentering the community following incarceration are at high risk for experiencing mental health and substance use problems. This longitudinal study explores patterns and barriers for engaging treatment services during early reentry. Seventy-five men and 62 women in jail, prison, or community based correctional facilities (CBCFs) participated in pre- and post-release interviews. Findings indicate that services were engaged at a lower-than-needed rate and barriers were greater for individuals leaving jails compared to prison or CBCF. Exploratory factor analysis of the barriers instrument is presented. Implications for extending service access to this population are discussed, as are future directions for research.

Early childhood education of children with specific language impairments

Early intervention for children with specific language impairment by teachers with experience in supporting their needs is critical to language acquisition. In Western Australia this small number of children are catered for in designated settings with specialised teachers. The length of time that these children are able to access intensive instruction may be shortening and therefore the potential effect on their learning is crucial. Teachers from five Language Development Centres were asked to respond to a range of issues associated with these children's ability to cope with the proposed early re-entry into the mainstream classroom. A total of 120 responses were received from teachers, speech therapists and educational assistants who highlighted the specialist skill set required to teach students with specific language impairments. Discussion focuses on the perceived ability of mainstream teachers to provide appropriate support for children with specific language impairments in the early years.

Cell Division Cycle 25B Phosphatase Is Essential for Benzo(a)Pyrene-7,8-Diol-9,10-Epoxide–Induced Neoplastic Transformation

Cell division cycle 25B (Cdc25B) phosphatase controls entry into mitosis and regulates recovery from G2-M checkpoint-induced arrest. In the present study, we show that exposure of diploid mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) to the ultimate carcinogen anti-benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE) resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent increase in Cdc25B protein levels. Chronic exposure of wild-type (Cdc25B+/+) MEFs to anti-BPDE (0.1 micromol/L) caused neoplastic transformation characterized by colony formation in culture and tumor production in nude mice. In contrast, the Cdc25B null MEFs were resistant to anti-BPDE-induced transformation. Furthermore, a carcinogenic dose of the parent hydrocarbon (BP) increased Cdc25B protein levels in the target organ, lung. The biological importance of elevated Cdc25B levels was documented by the early reentry into mitosis of cells overexpressing ectopic Cdc25B levels even in the presence of DNA damage following anti-BPDE exposure, whereas control cells resumed only after DNA damage was repaired. We conclude that Cdc25B has an essential role in anti-BPDE-induced neoplastic transformation, including regulation of cell cycle resumption in the presence of DNA damage.

Occupational Health Survey of Farm Workers by Camp Health Aides

Little is known about the magnitude of occupational health problems among migrant farm workers. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in two migrant farm worker communities: Homestead, Florida, and Kankakee, Illinois. Camp Health Aides (CHAs) interviewed 425 workers about job tasks, personal protective equipment (PPE), field sanitation, work exposures, and selected health conditions. Limited provision of personal protective equipment was reported among those reporting early re-entry tasks: 35% in Kankakee and 42% in Homestead were provided gloves, and 22% in Homestead and 0% in Kankakee were provided protective clothing. About two-thirds were provided toilet facilities and water for hand-washing. Workers reported high prevalences of health conditions consistent with exposure to ergonomic hazards and pesticides. The prevalence of back pain in the past 12 months was 39% in Homestead and 24% in Kankakee. Among Homestead participants, 35% experienced eye symptoms, while 31% reported skin symptoms. These symptoms were less prevalent among Kankakee participants (16% for both eye and skin symptoms). Specific areas of concern included back pain associated with heavy lifting and ladder work; eye and skin irritation associated with fertilizer application tasks and with working in fields during or after spraying of chemicals, especially early re-entry of sprayed fields; and skin irritation associated with a lack of access to hand-washing facilities. In both Kankakee and Homestead, better adherence to safety standards is needed, as well as greater efforts to implement solutions that are available to help prevent work-related musculoskeletal problems.

Early afterdepolarization and figure-8 reentry induced by single strong premature stimulus

Early afterdepolarization and figure-8 reentry induced by single strong premature stimulus

Farm Worker Illness Following Exposure to Carbofuran and Other Pesticides-- Fresno County, California, 1998

In California, suspected pesticide-related illnesses and suspected work-related illnesses and injuries are reportable conditions. On July 31, 1998, the Occupational Health Branch of the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) received a report from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) of a pesticide exposure incident in Fresno County involving 34 farm workers. CDHS investigated this incident by reviewing medical records of the 34 workers and interviewing 29. The findings indicated that the workers became ill after early reentry into a cotton field that had been sprayed with a cholinesterase-inhibiting carbamate pesticides

Quality improvement and substance abuse: rethinking impaired provider policies.

Substance abuse is known to be our nation's number one public health problem. Physicians and other health providers can develop chemical dependency problems that create significant quality assurance and risk management dilemmas. Not all of society understands drug dependence to be a treatable medical disease and behavioral problem. Sometimes impaired providers are ignored or punished rather than treated and rehabilitated. This results in an enormous waste of human and monetary resources. In the last 10 years, impaired physician programs have developed focus and credibility. But certain difficulties exist in these programs: namely, that such programs are affected by tensions between medical societies and state licensing boards; that substance-dependent providers escape detection by moving to other states; that existing impaired provider programs have limited practical application within the federal health care system; and that liability risks are incurred if institutions rely on impaired provider policies that do not include all members of the medical staff. Hence, we argue that existing impaired provider policies might be worth rethinking. To promote that dialogue, we offer a sample policy for consideration and review. It includes specific actions and procedures for the identification, referral, and reentry of impaired providers and allows for National Practitioner Data Bank reporting in that process. The Data Bank has been in place for only a few years and offers society and the health community a new opportunity to better control chemically dependent, licensed medical staff without dismantling existing impaired provider programs. The policies for managing chemically dependent health professionals are changing from a focus on stigma and prosecution to one of early identification, rehabilitation, and reentry. We hope to advance that process.

German experiments developed for reentry missions

For the development of reentry technology it is essential that the knowledge gained from ground test facilities and numerical methods is tested and broadened in real reentry flights. The first of such projects was the space reentry capsule EXPRESS, which was designed as a German—Japanese enterprise for both microgravity research and reentry experiments. The capsule was built by the Russian company DB Saljut as part of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center and modified by DASA. The capsule was launched from Kagoshima by a Japanese M-3 SII rocket in January 1995. Due to a failure of the rocket, the nominal orbital altitude could not be reached, which led to an early reentry of the capsule in Ghana after two and a half orbits. In the stagnation region of the reentry module an experiment was planned with a fibre reinforced ceramic tile of 300 mm in diameter integrated in the ablative heat shield. This experiment, called “CETEX”, was designed by the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) in Stuttgart. The aim of CETEX is to qualify lightweight fibre reinforced ceramics and related structural concepts in terms of heat shield applications for space vehicles as well as to compare the erosion behaviour shown in flight experiments and ground tests. An integral part of the CETEX experiment is the PYREX experiment of the University of Stuttgart. With PYREX a pyrometer shall be qualified, which is designed for high precision temperature measurement of heat shield materials made of fibre reinforced ceramic compounds during the reentry phase of space vehicles and probes. A third German experiment, RAFLEX, projected by Hyperschall Technologie Göttingen (HTG), was also integrated in the CETEX tile. RAFLEX is designed for the measurement of dynamic and static pressures and heat transfer at various positions on the EXPRESS capsule. Two small SiC tubes are fed through the CETEX tile for the RAFLEX and RTEX experiments. RTEX is a Japanese spectroscopy experiment which uses the same SiC tube as RAFLEX. Other pressure measurement points and the heat transfer gauges are located in the conical flare of the reentry module. The aim of these pressure measurements is to verify theoretical flow field models for different flight altitudes and to determine the angle of attack of the capsule. In addition, the flight qualification of CETEX and the pressure tube integration are important technological experiments for future reentry experiments. In this paper the EXPRESS and the MIRKA missions will be described briefly. The three experiments, CETEX, PYREX and RAFLEX, in particular their qualification in ground tests, will be dealt with in detail.

267 Non linear attitude control law of a space plane application of hermes

Abstract A non linear attitude control law has been synthesised for the early reentry trajectory of a space plane, in the transition domain corresponding to low dynamic pressure, where it is necessary to pass from full thruster control to full aerodynamic control The principle of this attitude control law is based on the “task oriented control” technique. It consists in first selecting an objective or task. In second, a decoupled dynamic is chosen for the evolution of the real value of that objective toward its desired value. From this desired dynamic, it is then computed the corresponding momentum to apply to the space vehicle. This desired momentum is finally obtained by a proper combination of aerodynamic control deflections and thruster ignition This new attitude control law has been applied to Hermes space plane and checked from the point of view of respect of output versus time templates for canonical inputs in the transition domain. This check has been done in nominal conditions but also with aerodynamic modelling errors and turbulence. In addition, simulations of the whole early reentry, including first bank maneuver, has been lead in order to evaluate thruster consumption and aerodynamic control activity

Non Linear Attitude Control Law of a Space Plane Application to Hermes

A non linear attitude control law has been synthesised for the early reentry trajectory of a space plane, in the transition domain corresponding to low dynamic pressure, where it is necessary to pass from full thruster control to full aerodynamic control The principle of this attitude control law is based on the “task oriented control” technique. It consists in first selecting an objective or task. In second, a decoupled dynamic is chosen for the evolution of the real value of that objective toward its desired value. From this desired dynamic, it is then computed the corresponding momentum to apply to the space vehicle. This desired momentum is finally obtained by a proper combination of aerodynamic control deflections and thruster ignition This new attitude control law has been applied to Hermes space plane and checked from the point of view of respect of output versus time templates for canonical inputs in the transition domain. This check has been done in nominal conditions but also with aerodynamic modelling errors and turbulence. In addition, simulations of the whole early reentry, including first bank maneuver, has been lead in order to evaluate thruster consumption and aerodynamic control activity