Early Research Phase Research Articles

Bridging comic art and research: lessons from an interdisciplinary collaboration project in a palliative care context

The Dutch graphic novel Naasten, about palliative family caregiving, is the product of an interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers and two comic artists. This paper aims to present lessons, reflections and...

Development of a rapid zebrafish model for lead poisoning research and drugs screening

Lead (Pb) contamination is a worldwide public health threaten. Besides close restraint of lead exposure, it's emergency to discover compounds that could help to cue toxicities caused by lead. Zebrafish embryos and early larvae can serve as valuable screening tools in early pre-clinical phase of drug screening and research. In order to establish a zebrafish lead poisoning model that could be used for drug screening and research, zebrafish embryos at 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) were treated with lead at different concentrations by soaking intermittently, raised in lead work solution at night while in fish water during the day. After treated for 90 h, death and severe trunk curvature were observed on zebrafish in 640 μM group, obvious dysplasia, blood toxicity, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), severe neurotoxicity, such as shorter length of peripheral motor neurons, neuronal apoptosis, and axonal injury, and neurobehavior impairment were induced by lead at 80, 160 and 320 μM, similar to phenotypes reported in rodent. Moreover, the mRNA level of genes related to neurodevelopment, memory, and antioxidation were significantly down regulated, and apoptosis-related genes were up regulated, consistent to zebrafish phenotypic change. Finally, zebrafish were intermittently exposed to 80 μM lead solution to establish the lead poisoning model, and the efficacy of a safe chelating agent Meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) was tested at a series of concentrations to validate the zebrafish model. The result showed concentration-dependent decrease of lead content in zebrafish in DMSA treated groups compared with model group. The above data fully demonstrated a zebrafish model of lead poisoning suitable for drug screening was successfully developed, which was expected to provide a rapid and economic tools for discovering antidotes of lead and drugs of neuroprotection.

Cocreation to Facilitate Communication and Collaboration Between Multidisciplinary Stakeholders in eHealth Research and Development: Case Study of the CARRIER (Coronary Artery Disease: Risk Estimations and Interventions for Prevention and Early Detection) Consortium.

Collaboration with diverse stakeholders in eHealth research is fundamental yet complex. Stakeholders from various disciplines do not "speak the same language" and have different levels of power and interest, resulting in contrasting objectives, priorities, and expectations. An approach to constructive communication and collaboration is necessary to overcome this complex dynamic. Cocreation, known in the field of eHealth most often to involve end users, may also be suitable for facilitating stakeholder engagement and alignment. This paper provides insights into the application of cocreation, specifically in the early phases of research that focus on involving and aligning relevant stakeholders from different academic and professional backgrounds. The case for this study was a group discussion with members of a multidisciplinary consortium that works on developing a personalized eHealth intervention for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Using stakeholder mapping, health and medicine experts, big data scientists, software developers, and an innovation manager (N=8) were invited to participate. The discussion was based on a user scenario and structured according to the Six Thinking Hats of de Bono, representing 6 different types of thinking. The discussion was recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically with the use of ATLAS.ti software. First, informative and intuitive thinking served the preparatory purpose of familiarization with the project details and other participants. Second, positive and critical thinking constituted the body of the discussion and resulted in an in-depth conversation. Third, creative and organizational thinking were action oriented and focused on solutions and planning to safeguard future progress. The participants repeatedly reflected on various intervention-related themes, ranging from intervention content to technical functionalities and from legal requirements to implementation in practice. Moreover, project-related matters were discussed, including stakeholder management and time and budget constraints. This paper demonstrates how cocreation can be of value for multidisciplinary stakeholder engagement and alignment. Based on stakeholder mapping (with whom to discuss), a dream user scenario (what to discuss), and the Six Thinking Hats of de Bono (how to discuss), the participants shared information, discussed differences, searched for solutions, and moved toward a collective approach regarding intervention development. The lessons learned may further improve the understanding of how cocreation can contribute to multidisciplinary collaboration.

Barriers, Challenges, and Benefits: Gender Diversity in Technology-Based New Venture Team Innovation

This paper introduces the early phase of research designed to unpack the phenomenon of gender diversity intechnology new venture teams including its barriers, potential benefits, and challenges. We present some preliminary casestudy findings from 13 interviews with team members from three technology new ventures in Indonesia. This researchsetting allows us to investigate a unique cultural context in a developing country. The present study addresses a significantresearch gap by elucidating various viewpoints of new ventures towards gender diversity within the same institutionalcontext, thereby enabling a nuanced understanding of their ability to leverage the potential benefits of gender-diverse teamsfor innovation. Specifically, our findings reveal that new ventures have different abilities to navigate the barriers andchallenges associated with gender diversity. This study identified three distinct barriers, namely the acquisition of genderbalancedapplicants, the mitigation of gender-specific bias, and the effective management of dynamics team composition.In addition to the potential benefits of having a gender-diverse team, such as enhanced collaboration, balanced thinking,and inter-group competition, our research has identified three significant challenges. These include the need to overcomecultural and social norms that hinder gender diversity, effectively managing diversity management practices, and improvingemployee engagement and a sense of belonging. The initial results of our study offer some practical and theoreticalimplications for enhancing the potential of new ventures to leverage the advantages of gender-diverse teams to promoteinnovation. These we aim to study further as the doctoral investigation advances further through more extensive case studyanalysis.

Development of a Scientific Writing Book based on TPACK to Support the Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka Program

This study aimed to develop a book for writing research articles based on TPACK that were valid, practical, and effective in supporting Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program. This book contains technology recommendations that can be used in writing scientific articles and tutorials on how to use them. This development research used the Plomp development model, which consists of three stages, namely the preliminary research phase (early research phase), the development or prototype development phase (development phase), and the assessment phase (assessment phase). The data of this study were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and tests of writing scientific articles for undergraduate students. Several documents used were questionnaires, observation sheets, and validation sheets. The data were analyzed by using Likert Scale. The result showed that Scientific Writing Book based on TPACK had met the validity, practicality, and effectiveness requirement to support Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program.

Factors that sustain indigenous youth mentoring programs: a qualitative systematic review

BackgroundIndigenous youth worldwide continue to experience disproportional rates of poorer mental health and well-being compared to non-Indigenous youth. Mentoring has been known to establish favorable outcomes in many areas of health but is still in its early phases of research within Indigenous contexts. This paper explores the barriers and facilitators of Indigenous youth mentoring programs to improve mental health outcomes and provides evidence for governments’ response to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.MethodsA systematic search for published studies was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and grey literature through Trove, OpenGrey, Indigenous HealthInfoNet, and Informit Indigenous Collection. All papers included in the search were peer-reviewed and published from 2007 to 2021. The Joanna Briggs Institute approaches to critical appraisal, data extraction, data synthesis, and confidence of findings were used.ResultsA total of eight papers describing six mentoring programs were included in this review; six papers were from Canada, and two originated from Australia. Studies included mentor perspectives (n = 4) (incorporating views of parents, carers, Aboriginal assistant teachers, Indigenous program facilitators, young adult health leaders, and community Elders), mentee perspectives (n = 1), and both mentor and mentee perspectives (n = 3). Programs were conducted nationally (n = 3) or within specific local Indigenous communities (n = 3) with varying mentor styles and program focus. Five synthesized findings were identified from the data extraction process, each consisting of four categories. These synthesized findings were: establishing cultural relevancy, facilitating environments, building relationships, facilitating community engagement, and leadership responsibilities, which were discussed in the context of extant mentoring theoretical frameworks.ConclusionMentoring is an appropriate strategy for improving general well-being. However, more research is needed to explore program sustainability and maintaining outcomes in the long term.

Development of a Design Thinking Pedagogical Model for Secondary Schools Science Teachers in Malaysia: A Needs Analysis

In line with UNESCO's goal of enhancing quality and innovation through various enhancements to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, the Malaysian Ministry of Education also places a premium on information enhancement through STEM education and the Malaysia Education Blueprint (MEB) 2013-2025. Design thinking is an essential component of STEM education in modern schooling. The significance of design thinking, particularly in STEM education, fosters creativity and innovation in problem-solving among students. The needs analysis research is the early phase of Design and Development Research (DDR). This study aims to determine the requirements for developing a Design Thinking Pedagogical Model for secondary school science teachers in Malaysia. The interview method was used to perform the qualitative research. Thus, semi-structured interviews with three science teachers were conducted to explore teachers' perspectives on the need to develop a Design Thinking Pedagogical Model. Purposive sampling was used to choose these experts, and they all matched the criterion. Thematic techniques such as verbatim transcription, coding, and themes were used to examine the interview data. The findings of this study indicate that researchers need to develop a Design Thinking Pedagogical Model of Science by a panel of expert teachers in teaching sciences in secondary schools. As such, the development of this Design Thinking Pedagogical Model will serve as a practical guide for teachers in terms of training and utilizing design in students and practicing the skills necessary for the 21st century through learning and facilitation.

The geologically oldest specimen of Pterodactylus: a new exquisitely preserved skeleton from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Plattenkalk deposits of Painten (Bavaria, Germany)

Pterodactylus from the uppermost Jurassic of southern Germany represents one of the most iconic pterosaurs, due to its status of being the first member of the Pterosauria to have been described and named. During the early phase of pterosaur research, Pterodactylus was a wastebasket taxon containing dozens of sometimes distantly related assigned species. Decades later, a comprehensive revision of the genus significantly reduced the number of species. To date, only one species remains in the genus, Pterodactylus antiquus, although the referral of several specimens to this taxon and the taxonomic relationships of them is still debated. Thus far, the genus has been only reported from the Upper Jurassic Plattenkalk deposits of Bavaria, and all of these occurrences are Tithonian in age. Here we describe the first record of Pterodactylus from the Torleite Formation near Painten (Bavaria), which represents the first occurrence of the genus from the Kimmeridgian. The specimen is a complete, articulated and exquisitely preserved skeleton of a small-sized individual. Aside from its old geological age, it is a typical representative of the genus, greatly resembling other specimens from younger strata. Certain characters, such as the overall size, skull length, relative orbit size, and phalangeal formula indicate that the specimen from Painten represents a juvenile to young subadult individual, an ontogenetic stage rarely found among Pterodactylus specimens. The find significantly expands the temporal range of the taxon and represents one of the best-preserved specimens of the genus reported so far.

The Best Predictor of the Future-the Metaverse, Mental Health, and Lessons Learned From Current Technologies.

The metaverse-a virtual world accessed via virtual reality technology-has been heralded as the next key digital experience. It is meant to provide the next evolution of human interaction after social media and telework. However, in the context of the growing awareness of the risks to mental health posed by current social media technologies, there is a great deal of uncertainty as to the potential effects of this new technology on mental health. This uncertainty is compounded by a lack of clarity regarding what form the metaverse will ultimately take and how widespread its application will be. Despite this, given the nascent state of the metaverse, there is an opportunity to plan the research and regulatory approaches needed to understand it and promote its positive effects while protecting vulnerable groups. In this viewpoint, we examine the following three current technologies whose functions comprise a portion of what the metaverse seeks to accomplish: teleworking, virtual reality, and social media. We attempted to understand in what ways the metaverse may have similar benefits and pitfalls to these technologies but also how it may fundamentally differ from them. These differences suggest potential research questions to be addressed in future work. We found that current technologies have enabled tools such as virtual reality-assisted therapy, avatar therapy, and teletherapy, which have had positive effects on mental health care, and that the metaverse may provide meaningful improvements to these tools. However, given its similarities to social media and its expansion upon the social media experience, the metaverse raises some of the same concerns that we have with social media, such as the possible exacerbation of certain mental health problems. These concerns led us to consider questions such as how the users will be protected and what regulatory mechanisms will be put in place to ensure user safety. Although clear answers to these questions are challenging in this early phase of metaverse research, in this viewpoint, we use the context provided by comparator technologies to provide recommendations to maximize the potential benefits and limit the putative harms of the metaverse. We hope that this paper encourages discussions among researchers and policy makers.

Introduction to "The Beginnings of Systematic Studies of the Genetics of Schizophrenia: 1916-1933".

We here want to introduce this special issue of Schizophrenia Bulletin by providing some background about the history of psychiatric genetics before 1910, the choice of the 5 papers here examined, the methodology we used in writing these papers, the relevance for contemporary psychiatric genetics and a background on our approach to the relationship of the authors of these papers to the eugenic, racist policies of the German National Socialists that led to the large-scale involuntary sterilization of the mentally ill, and the K-4 program of wide-scale murder of mentally ill and handicapped children and adults and the Holocaust. We recommend that interested individuals read the 5 papers in order as this will help them see the historical progression of the methods and results in this early phase of psychiatric genetics research. To appreciate the papers reviewed in this special issue, it is helpful to understand the status of the field of psychiatric genetics circa 1910, before the first important papers based on the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900. K.S.K. has recently written a review paper covering this literature “The Pre-History of Psychiatric Genetics: 1780-1910”,1 which can be consulted by readers interested in this topic. Briefly, in the 19th century, far and away the most common data point used in the psychiatric genetic investigation was a statement in an asylum record of the presence or absence of a “hereditary burden” for the patient, a term broadly congruent with what we might now call a “positive family history.” However, its use was complicated by the fact that across different hospitals, different groups of relatives were included (eg, direct ancestors only, eg, parents and grandparents or direct + collateral including aunts/uncles and potentially siblings), and different conditions were considered as affected (narrowly defined insanity, more broadly defined mental illness, alcoholism, eccentricities, epilepsy, etc.). Few of these relatives were ever personally examined by the alienist recording this information. Common topics of interest at that time included the relationship between a heredity burden and the sex of the patient, the recurrence of episodes of insanity, and the degree of homogeneity versus heterogeneity of transmission of mental illnesses in families.1,2 No formal theories of hereditary transmission were ever examined as the first detailed application of both the biometrical school of Galton and Pearson and Mendelian theory to insanity were not published until the first and second decades of the 20th century.3–8

Variation among hemp (Cannabis sativus L.) analytical testing laboratories evinces regulatory and quality control issues for the industry

Validated analytical testing of cannabinoid content for regulatory purposes is critical to farming high-cannabidiol (CBD) hemp (Cannabis sativus L.), as these methods are key to determine whether a crop is federally compliant by containing < 0.3% THC or must be destroyed at the time of harvest. This report identifies the sources and extent of variation in reported cannabinoid content after flower selection and conducted a survey of ten accredited hemp regulatory testing laboratories, including one state-owned laboratory. The results indicate that total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content is reported inconsistently due to an insufficient standardization of sample preparation and testing methods, thus likely leading to erroneous data. This work represents the early phase of ongoing research to enhance the consistency of cannabinoid analyses of hemp flower samples as an essential tool in Cannabis crop development.

Scars of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis of post-COVID-19 fibrosis.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) becomes a worldwide public health threat. Increasing evidence proves that COVID-19-induced acute injuries could be reversed by a couple of therapies. After that, post-COVID-19 fibrosis (PCF), a sequela of “Long COVID,” earns rapidly emerging concerns. PCF is associated with deteriorative lung function and worse quality of life. But the process of PCF remains speculative. Therefore, we aim to conduct a bibliometric analysis to explore the overall structure, hotspots, and trend topics of PCF.Materials and methodsA comprehensive search was performed in the Web of Science core database to collect literature on PCF. Search syntax included COVID-19 relevant terms: “COVID 19,” “COVID-19 Virus Disease,” “COVID-19 Virus Infection,” “Coronavirus Disease-19,” “2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease,” “2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection,” “SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection,” “COVID-19 Pandemic,” “Coronavirus,” “2019-nCoV,” and “SARS-CoV-2”; and fibrosis relevant terms: “Fibrosis,” “Fibroses,” and “Cirrhosis.” Articles in English were included. Totally 1,088 publications were enrolled. Searching results were subsequentially exported and collected for the bibliometric analysis. National, organizational, and individual level data were analyzed and visualized through biblioshiny package in the R, VOSviewer software, the CiteSpace software, and the Graphical Clustering Toolkit (gCLUTO) software, respectively.ResultsThe intrinsic structure and development in the field of PCF were investigated in the present bibliometric analysis. The topmost keywords were “COVID-19” (occurrences, 636) surrounded by “SARS-CoV-2” (occurrences, 242), “coronavirus” (occurrences, 123), “fibrosis” (occurrences, 120), and “pneumonia” (occurrences, 94). The epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, and therapy of PCF were extensively studied. After this, based on dynamic analysis of keywords, hot topics sharply changed from “Wuhan,” “inflammation,” and “cytokine storm” to “quality of life” and “infection” through burst detection; from “acute respiratory syndrome,” “cystic-fibrosis” and “fibrosis” to “infection,” “COVID-19,” “quality-of-life” through thematic evolution; from “enzyme” to “post COVID.” Similarly, co-cited references analysis showed that topics of references with most citations shift from “pulmonary pathology” (cluster 0) to “COVID-19 vaccination” (cluster 6). Additionally, the overview of contributors, impact, and collaboration was revealed. Summarily, the USA stood out as the most prolific, influential, and collaborative country. The Udice French Research University, Imperial College London, Harvard University, and the University of Washington represented the largest volume of publications, citations, H-index, and co-authorships, respectively. Dana Albon was the most productive and cited author with the strongest co-authorship link strength. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis topped the list of prolific and influential journals.ConclusionOutcomes gained from this study assisted professionals in better realizing PCF and would guide future practices. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutics were study hotspots in the early phase of PCF research. As the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and progress in this field, recent attention shifted to the quality of life of patients and post-COVID comorbidities. Nevertheless, COVID-19 relevant infection and vaccination were speculated to be research trends with current and future interest. International cooperation as well as in-depth laboratory experiments were encouraged to promote further explorations in the field of PCF.

Implementing ethical aspects in the development of a robotic system for nursing care: a qualitative approach

BackgroundAs robotics in nursing care is still in an early explorative research phase, it is not clear which changes robotic systems will ultimately bring about in the long term. According to the approach of “Responsible Research and Innovation”, the research project “PfleKoRo” aims to anticipate and mitigate ethical risks that might be expected when starting to develop a robot. The robot under investigation is intended to be a hands-on support in nursing care in due course. Therefore, the question is which ethical risks and requirements must be considered when developing the robot.MethodsGuided by the British Standard for the design of robotic systems, ethical risks related to the robot’s use were identified at the outset (Step 1). This was followed by the definition of the requirements needed to mitigate ethical risks (Step 2). Professional nurses, patients and relatives were involved in focus groups and interviews in Step 1. The transcribed interviews and focus groups were then analysed using content analysis. The available literature and expert guidance were taken into account in both steps. Finally, validation and verification methods were defined (Step 3).ResultsSixteen professional nurses participated in three focus groups. Individual interviews were held with a total of eight patients and relatives. Ethical risks and requirements could be defined in the context of dignity, autonomy, privacy, human relationships and safety in the project. Professional nurses feared most issues relating to safety and that the robot would lead to more workload instead of relief, whereas patients and relatives frequently raised the issue of the staffing ratio. Despite the focus on possible negative consequences, participants also made uncritical or optimistic comments regarding the robot’s use in the future.ConclusionFocus groups, individual interviews and existing literature revealed to some extent different ethical issues. Along with identified risks, the results suggest a general open-mindedness of nurses, patients and relatives towards the introduced robot. When investigating the ethical implications of robots for nursing care, one should include multiple perspectives and, in particular, potentially affected individuals.

Irreversible Electroporation of Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland with a Focus on Localized Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland: A Review and Update

Irreversible Electroporation of Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland with a Focus on Localized Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland: A Review and Update

Teachers’ Perception About Islamic Values Integration Into Mathematics Learning Through Comics

Aceh is one of 34 provinces in Indonesia that has a local education goal, that is, the education is implemented based on Islamic values. The integration of Islamic values into mathematics learning can be implemented by using learning media. This research is an early phase of developmental research. The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ perceptions of the integration of Islamic values ​​into mathematics learning through comics. The participants were 40 junior high school mathematics teachers in Banda Aceh who join the PMRI workshop. Data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire consisting of 11 questions and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that teachers (87.5%) believed that Islamic values and mathematics ​​are integrated; moreover, mathematics teachers and religion teachers play a major role in teaching Islamic values. The majority of teachers (95%) believed that the knowledge of Islamic values influences the way they teach. However, more than half of teachers (62.5%) had never attended a workshop or seminar, or read articles that discuss the integration of Islamic values ​​into mathematics learning through comics. The result of the study also showed that the mathematics comics in Islamic values were limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop mathematics comics in Islamic values contexts.

Single case designs for early phase behavioral translational research in health psychology.

The biomedical research community has long recognized that much of the basic research being conducted, whether in the biological, behavioral or social sciences, is not readily translated into clinical and public health applications. This translational gap is due in part to challenges inherent in moving research findings from basic or discovery research to applied research that addresses clinical or public health problems. In the behavioral and social sciences, research designs typically used in the early phases of translational research are small, underpowered "pilot" studies that may lack sufficient statistical power to test the research question of interest. While this approach is discouraged, these studies are often employed to estimate effect sizes before embarking on a larger trial with adequate statistical power to test the research hypothesis. The goal of this paper is to provide an alternative approach to early phase studies using single case designs (SCDs). Review basic principles of SCDs; provide a series of hypothetical SCD replication experiments to illustrate (1) how data from SCDs can be analyzed to test the effects of an intervention on behavioral and biological outcomes and (2) how sample sizes can be derived for larger randomized controlled trials (RCTs) based on clinically meaningful effects from SCDs; and review feedback between SCDs and RCTs. The paper illustrates the use of SCD reversal and multiple baseline designs for early phase translational research. SCDs provide a flexible and efficient platform for the use of experimental methods in early phase translational research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Restoring vision using optogenetics without being blind to the risks.

Retinit is pigmentosa is an incurable degenerative disease that causes loss of light-sensitive cells in the retina and leads to severe vision impairment. The development of optogenetics has created great hype around its potential to treat retinitis pigmentosa by the introduction of light-sensitive proteins into other neural cells in the retina. The first-in-human studies of optogenetic treatment for this disease have recently been reported (NCT02556736 and NCT03326336). The treatment involves irreversible gene therapy and requires access to specially designed goggles to deliver light to the treated eye. These highly innovative and high-profile clinical trials raise numerous ethical issues that must be addressed during the early phases of research and clinical testing to ensure trial participants are treated fairly and can provide appropriate informed consent.

Instructionally Embedded Assessment: Theory of Action for an Innovative System

Policy shifts in the United States are beginning to reduce the emphasis on using statewide assessment results primarily for accountability and teacher evaluation. Increasingly, there are calls for and interest in innovative and flexible assessments that shift the purposes of assessment and use of results toward instructional planning and student learning. Under the Innovative Assessment Demonstration Authority, some states are exploring options for replacing traditional large-scale summative assessments with innovative measures. However, many of these programs are still in early phases of planning and research and have not yet fully articulated how the innovative system achieves desired outcomes. This conceptual paper presents an argument in the form of a theory of action for a flexible and innovative assessment system already in operational use. The system replaces traditional summative assessments with large-scale through-year Instructionally Embedded assessments. We describe the components of the theory of action, detailing the theoretical model and supporting literature that illustrate how system design, delivery, and scoring contribute to the intended outcomes of teachers using assessment results to inform instruction and having higher expectations for student achievement, in addition to accountability uses. We share considerations for others developing innovative assessment systems to meet stakeholders’ needs.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Review of Diagnosis and Management.

Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are rare diseases that are characterized by widespread epidermal necrosis and sloughing of skin. They are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis and treatment is critical in achieving favorable outcomes for patients. In this scoping review, Excerpta Medica dataBASE and PubMed were searched for publications that addressed recent advances in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Multiple proteins (galectin 7 and RIP3) were identified that are promising potential biomarkers for SJS/TEN, although both are still in early phases of research. Regarding treatment, cyclosporine is the most effective therapy for the treatment of SJS, and a combination of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and corticosteroids is most effective for SJS/TEN overlap and TEN. Due to the rare nature of the disease, there is a lack of prospective, randomized controlled trials and conducting these in the future would provide valuable insights into the management of this disease.

The Exposome Paradigm to Understand the Environmental Origins of Mental Disorders.

There is an active interest in understanding the relationship between mental disorders and modifiable and potentially preventable exposures. However, the complexity of the environment, involving many causal and noncausal pathways, makes research extremely challenging. To tackle these challenges, we have recently proposed the use of the exposome paradigm. The exposome represents the totality of exposures in a lifetime from conception onward. The framework offers a solution to handle the complexity of all "non-genetic" factors. The exposome approach has recently been adopted to construct an exposome score for schizophrenia (ES-SCZ). Findings demonstrate that ES-SCZ can be used for risk stratification, adjusting for cumulative environmental load in statistical testing, and collecting risk enriched cohorts. Increasing data availability will help improve ES-SCZ that can be used in staging models to enhance clinical characterization and outcome forecasting. Although an ES-SCZ already provides several practical benefits for research practice, the exposome paradigm offers much more. Agnostic exposure-wide analyses might be the first step to mapping the exposome of mental disorders. These analyses help distinguish genuine signals from selective reporting and uncover novel risk and resilience factors. The exposome approach will also increase our understanding of the differential impact of the environment on mental health across geographical settings and ethnic communities. We are in the early phases of exposome research in psychiatry; however, if successfully applied, exposome framework is poised to embrace complexity and enable advanced analytical solutions to harness ever-growing data to gain insight into the complex dynamic network of exposures.