Early Nineteenth-century Germany Research Articles

Not so parallel lives: the Exempla Virtutis in the German and Italian tradition

ABSTRACT In the eighteenth century, public statuary shifted from the commemoration of princes to the celebration of ‘great men’: men, less so women, who had excelled in the arts and sciences, on the battlefield or in the political-administrative realm. Reflecting ancient and Renaissance virtue ethics, these public recognitions of virtuous behaviour (exempla virtutis) were intended to encourage emulation in order to rally the nation to the revolutionary and Napoleonic war effort. This article analyses the gradual nationalization of the exempla virtutis in early nineteenth-century Italy and Germany. It retraces the creation of spaces to commemorate great men and charts the changing biographies of those selected for inclusion in the Roman Pantheon and Walhalla respectively. The article argues that rather than overcoming national divisions the eclectic selection of ‘great men’ actually functioned as a magnifying glass for tensions within the nation, thus undermining the very notion of a ‘national monument’.

Theology and politics in the German imagination, 1789–1848

ABSTRACT This piece introduces a special issue of Global Intellectual History, on the theme of Theology and Politics in the German Imagination, 1789–1848. The essays in the issue proceed from a conference of the same name, held in Cambridge at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), in July 2017, which was supported by funds from the DAAD Cambridge Research Hub. The event was primed to consider the distinctive relationships between theology and politics, church and state, that emerged in early nineteenth-century Germany (and German-speaking central Europe). By focussing on figures, institutions, and events from this period – when a nascent ‘Germany’ was defining itself as a nation and a culture – we challenged the all too frequent reduction of religion in the modern world to an ideology which simply competes with politics. Instead, we sought to discuss the subtle and significant ways in which theology and politics interact and inform one another. During our opening roundtable discussion, panellists stressed the need to re-think the category of ‘nationalism’ as applied to late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany.

German Classicism and Tragedy's Comic Play

This article examines the new understanding of tragedy established by the philosophers and dramatists of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany. It traces the efforts of the three most important philosophers of German classicism: Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, to redefine tragedy as a genre of ethical reconciliation. As part of their philosophical project, each of these thinkers separates comic play—and the threat it poses to tragic integrity—from tragedy. Despite their efforts to delineate a clear generic separation, however, the German classicists also provide the theoretical framework for a new, playful mode of tragicomedy, which modern dramatists like Henrik Ibsen and Bertolt Brecht embrace in their theatrical projects.

The French Revolution in Germany and the Origins of Sociology

The French Revolution was central to the emergence of modern society, and by extension, modern social science. However, not only French scientists contributed to the invention of sociology, nor for that matter did sciences necessarily begin by emulating natural science. Instead, this paper argues for a different origin of sociology from the professional faculty of Law. This trajectory emerged in early nineteenth century Germany, not in emulation of the French Revolution, but as part of a broader conservative reaction to French rationalism and imperial hypocrisy. Understanding these origins not only help us better understand the familiar sociology of Max Weber, or even Marx and Durkheim who were trained in this legal scientific tradition; this historical understanding reveals an important relationship between sociology and the State as well as conservative politics.

NATURALISM AND SYMBOLISM

I argue that Schelling’s construction of symbolic language is to be understood as an application of Naturphilosophie; indeed, more generally, that the concept of the symbol theorised anew in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany was predominantly a naturphilosophische concept, and its transfer into the discourses of aesthetics and ultimately linguistics was one instance of a broader project (represented by Schelling and A.W. Schlegel) to understand aesthetic phenomena through the explanatory framework of naturalism. That is, Schelling is here understood as continuing a project of “aesthetic naturalism,” which consists in the explanation of aesthetic phenomena naturalistically. In their theories of symbolic language, Schlegel and Schelling both extend such naturalistic accounts to the production of linguistic sense, and I go on to trace this Naturphilosophie of meaning through Schlegel’s 1801 Berlin lectures on aesthetics, Schelling’s lectures on the philosophy of art and into his later essays.

On the Origin of the Pastorals' Authenticity Criticism: A ‘New’ Perspective

It is generally agreed among contemporary scholars that the modern critique of the authorship claim of the New Testament letters addressed to Timothy and Titus originated in early nineteenth-century Germany with the studies of Schmidt and Schleiermacher on 1 Timothy. However, a late eighteenth-century study by the British clergyman Edward Evanson challenges this consensus as it proves Titus to have been suspect of pseudonymity before. This ‘new’ perspective found in Evanson's neglected source also nuances the common assumption that from its very beginnings the critical campaign against the letters' authenticity was mainly driven by linguistic considerations.

Frauenliebe und leben: Chamisso's poems and Schumann's songs

Rufus Hallmark's book explores Robert Schumann's beloved yet controversial song cycle Frauenliebe und Leben and the poems of Adelbert von Chamisso on which it is based, setting them in the context of the challenges and social expectations faced by women in early nineteenth-century Germany. Hallmark provides the most extensive English-language study of Chamisso, a poet little known today outside Germany, including a biographical sketch and excerpts from his other poetry. He examines a range of poems about women, by Chamisso and others, and discusses the reception of the poetic and musical cycles, including illustrated editions, contemporary reviews, and other musical settings. Based on new studies of Schumann's manuscript sources and on comparative analyses of his songs and settings by Carl Loewe, Heinrich Marschner, Franz Lachner and others, Hallmark provides fresh musical and interpretive insights into each song.

Public Voices: Political Discourse in the Writings of Caroline de la Motte Fouqué (review)

Reviewed by: Public Voices: Political Discourse in the Writings of Caroline de la Motte Fouqué Thomas Lornsen Public Voices: Political Discourse in the Writings of Caroline de la Motte Fouqué. By Karin Baumgartner. Bern: Peter Lang. 2009. Pp. 276. Paper $70.95. ISBN 978-3039115754. Karin Baumgartner’s monograph aims to shed new light on the role of conservative women’s writing in the public discourse of early nineteenth-century Germany. Her focus is on Caroline de la Motte Fouqué (1773–1831), who, she argues, tried to give women a stronger voice in the male-dominated public sphere by urging them to embrace openly their traditional societal function as mothers and housewives. Promoting a mythologically legitimized form of female agency and working against the exclusion of women from historiographic writing, Fouqué also strove to contribute to the creation of a more stable and harmonious German national identity. Questions of gender played an important role in this undertaking, since the Prussian military losses during the period of Napoleonic occupation had triggered a general crisis of masculinity in the German population. Consequently, Fouqué, applying the popular state-family analogy, saw women as “the natural leaders of cultural renewal” (132)—an opinion many compatriots dismissed as naïve and elitist, since Fouqué was a privileged and proud member of the Prussian aristocracy. Through a comparison with other contemporary women writers like Sophie von la Roche, Therese Huber, Amalie von Helvig, and Christine Westphalen, Baumgartner examines Fouqué’s curious blend of conservatism, pluralism, and late Romantic nationalism. One of her main arguments is that a thorough examination of Fouqué’s work shows the need for a fundamental revision of Habermas’s notion of the public sphere. Although this may well be the case, Baumgartner does not offer a critical discussion of Habermas’s highly influential theory, but merely states that he “situated the public sphere between the court and the family [while] Fouqué located it inside the parlor” (156). Similarly, her study does not draw on “feminism, new historicism, and hermeneutics,” as announced in the back cover text. Instead, we are treated to an enjoyably untheoretical, yet well argued and insightful investigation into the work of one of the most important German women writers of the early nineteenth century. Baumgartner’s first three chapters have appeared previously in the form of journal [End Page 401] articles dating back as far as 1997. It is thus not surprising that chapter four not only has a different feel, but is also the most effective and compelling part of the book. Here Baumgartner shows how Fouqué, with varying success, modified the Scottean model of the historical novel to serve her political goals, switching to first-person narration and an epistolary format more suitable to her female protagonists and readers. Chapter five, “Voicing a Theory of the State,” offers a concise sociohistorical overview of the radical changes in the structures of both class and gender. Since it situates Fouqué’s political thinking in the historical context, it should, at least in parts, have been moved to the beginning of the book. It is not clear why Baumgartner includes her brief discussion of Fouqué’s last novels in this chapter, instead of analyzing them more in depth in a separate section. On the whole, Baumgartner’s conclusions are both lucid and sound, while her style is to the point and mostly jargon-free. The book raises a number of important points, and it is to be hoped that Baumgartner’s concluding call for a new theory of reading women’s domestic fiction will be answered in the near future. Thomas Lornsen Champlain College Copyright © 2012 German Studies Association

Narcissism and Paranoia in the Age of Goethe

Reviewed by: Narcissism and Paranoia in the Age of Goethe Ann Schmiesing Narcissism and Paranoia in the Age of Goethe. By Alexander Mathäs. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008. 255 pages. $56.50. In this excellent book, Alexander Mathäs examines narcissism as a paradigm of bourgeois aesthetics in the Age of Goethe. His insightful readings of Moritz, Goethe, Schiller, Lavater, Leisewitz, Tieck, Kleist, Hoffmann, and others probe tensions in the expectations of individual self-fulfillment that accompanied the ascent of the middle class in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany. Mathäs views narcissism "as an aesthetic model for literature of this time because it is capable of capturing the contradictions of bourgeois identity politics: the desire for self-recognition and a yearning for an elusive ideal Self" (22). Instead of examining these contradictions primarily through a psychoanalytical lens, Mathäs "considers Freud's and Lacan's ego philosophies as deeply anchored in all those cultural and social practices from which the concepts of the bourgeois individual emerged" (17). His work is thus not conceived as an application of twentieth-century theories to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century texts; although he frequently refers to Freud, Lacan, Kohut, and others, he does so primarily to show how modern notions of identity and selfhood are socio-historically conditioned by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conceptions of the self—conceptions shaped by the contradictory values emerging from bourgeois emancipation. This approach yields theoretically informed, but not straitjacketed, analyses, and it is one of the many strengths of the book. Mathäs's emphasis on an historical perspective distinguishes his work from other studies of narcissism in literature, including Lynne Layton and Barbara Schapiro's edited essay collection Narcissism and the Text (1986), Jeffrey Berman's Narcissism and the Novel (1990), and Jeffrey Adams and Eric Williams's edited essay collection Mimetic Desire: Essays on Narcissism in German Literature from Romanticism to Post [End Page 607] Modernism (1995). Whereas these works open with overviews of twentieth-century theories of self-formation that are applied to literary texts in subsequent chapters, Mathäs's introductory chapter "Aesthetic Narcissism and the Bourgeois Self" sets forth key themes and contradictions in late eighteenth-century literary conceptions of selfhood through readings of Herder's poem "Selbst: Ein Fragment" and Goethe's poems "Maifest" and "Prometheus." In contrast to other studies of narcissism in literature, moreover, Mathäs gives greater consideration to the gendered aspects of the narcissistic paradigm in the Age of Goethe and to the historical processes accompanying bourgeois emancipation. His study thus neither duplicates nor is at odds with the many superb essays in Adams and Williams's Mimetic Desire, but complements them through his own distinct approach. This approach unfolds over nine chapters, including the introductory chapter and a conclusion. Mathäs first considers the vacillation between self-expansion and self-limitation in Anton Reiser with reference to Moritz's Quietist upbringing and his essays on pedagogy, language, and aesthetics; he also juxtaposes the yearning for individual autonomy with late eighteenth-century theories of the externally contingent aspects of the human disposition. As Mathäs shows, the interconnectedness of self-expansion and self-dissolution in Anton Reiser anticipates Freudian notions of the link between narcissism and megalomania. Mathäs next examines the influence of the medical sciences on Schiller's early philosophical and anthropological conceptions of body/mind unity, foregrounding the manner in which Schiller portrays the division of human existence in Die Räuber against an ideal unity. He addresses metadiscourses of body and mind, truth and deception, and natural and arbitrary signification by examining Schiller's personification of "the bourgeois subject's internal competition with the self as a conflict between an undifferentiated idealism (Karl) and rationalist materialism (Franz)" (81). With reference to secondary literature by Susanne Zantop, Todd Kontje, Albrecht Koschorke, and others, Mathäs turns in chapter four to constructions of a male national identity in Storm and Stress dramas such as Götz von Berlichingen, Julius von Tarent, and Die Zwillinge. Here the desire for a complete, unified Self is inscribed in the body/nation analogy: the German body becomes a spatial metaphor representing the yearnings of a politically...

Beautiful Death: the Nineteenth-Century Fascination with Antigone

This article investigates the reception of Sophocles’ Antigone in early nineteenth-century Germany, a period in which interest in ancient Greek tragedy flourished, with Antigone being particularly prominent. The essay considers two influential figures of the period who regarded the work highly: the philosopher G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and the poet Friedrich Holderlin (1770- 1843). In discussing their attitudes towards Antigone, the article raises the long-standing philosophical problem of how tragic representations of suffering and death, such as Antigone’s self-sacrifice, can arouse aesthetic pleasure and fascination. To address this problem, a sociohistorical approach is taken, exploring how the topos of female death may have appealed to the imagination of these important thinkers. The story of Antigone has a peculiar persistence. Since Sophocles wrote the tragedy nearly two and a half thousand years ago, it has been repeatedly translated, adapted and interpreted, retaining its potential to captivate new audiences and readers. This phenomenon itself has attracted a wealth of critical studies, notably George Steiner’s Antigones (1984). Moreover, as any survey of critical interest in Antigone reveals, the story has been discussed in a wide range of discourses, from philosophy to politics to psychoanalysis and, more recently, feminism. In this article, my focus is on an intriguing confluence within the play, namely that of tragic death and femininity. I consider the reception of Antigone in Germany around the 1800s, when the tragedy was particularly popular, and I ask the question: to what extent was the fascination with this tragedy a fascination with Antigone’s death?

Confrontations/Accommodations: German-Jewish Literary and Cultural Relations from Heine to Wassermann (review)

Confrontations/Accommodations: German-Jewish Literary and Cultural Relations from Heine to Wassermann, edited by Mark H. Gelber. Conditio Judaica, vol. 46. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2004. 288 pp. euro66.00. The essays collected in this volume honor Jeffrey L. Sammons on the occasion of his retirement from Yale University. The Leavenworth Professor in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures since 1979 and a faculty member at Yale since 1964, Sammons has written widely and wisely on topics dealing primarily with German literature of the nineteenth century, although he has also contributed a volume on the seventeenth-century mystic writer Angelus Silesius, essays on various authors from the eighteenth century, and a monograph on literary sociology. The focus in his scholarship has not been exclusively German-Jewish authors, but his extensive preoccupation with one of the greatest Jewish authors in the German canon, Heinrich Heine, justifies a Festschrift devoted to the confrontations and accommodations of Jews in Germany. Appropriately the first eight of the fourteen essays deal with Heine or events and authors contemporary with Heine. In the opening essay on Lessing and Heine, Jocelyn Kolb takes exception to the recent trend in Heine scholarship that explores the writer's Jewish identity, directing our attention instead to the figurative sense in which Heine identified with his Jewish heritage, one that entails wit and critique, and that places Heine in the proximity of both Nathan, Lessing's exemplary Jewish hero, and Nathan's creator. Dealing with the writings of Heine's last years, Roger Cook proposes that Heine did not affirm a Judeocentric view in his late works, but rather rethought the modern world from the perspective of his own diasporic existence. The volume's editor, Mark Gelber, demonstrates how Heine-and antisemitic writers later in the century-participates in the construction of the noble Sephardic Jew as an alternative to the degenerate or degenerating Ashkenaz in The Rabbi from Bacherach. The director of the Heinrich-Heine Institute in Dusseldorf, Joseph Kruse, provides insight on the difficulties of ascertaining the authenticity of objects and documents that can shed light on Heine's biography, in particular his early years, about which we know relatively little. And Hiroshi Kiba examines the criticism leveled against Goethe in the writings of Heine and his contemporary, Ludwig Borne, speculating that their relationship to Goethe was affected by problems of Jewish emancipation in early nineteenth-century Germany. Dieter Lamping's essay is the first to abandon the exclusive focus on Heine, but it does remain within the period during which Heine wrote. Lamping is concerned with Bornes internationalism as the most important facet of his political critique. Mark Webber's contribution is more historical in nature. He examines a dispute known as the Kolner Kirchenstreit (Cologne Church Dispute), which dealt ostensibly with controversies between Catholics and Protestants, and which was initiated to some extent by the conservative Catholic Joseph Gorres. …

Vivian Nutton (ed.), The unknown Galen, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement No. 77, London, Institute of Classical Studies, 2002, pp. viii, 179, £45.00 (paperback 0-900587-88-1).

Vivian Nutton (ed.), The unknown Galen, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement No. 77, London, Institute of Classical Studies, 2002, pp. viii, 179, £45.00 (paperback 0-900587-88-1). - Volume 48 Issue 1

Book Review: Collecting and Historical Consciousness in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany

Book Review: Collecting and Historical Consciousness in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany

Reviews of Books:Collecting and Historical Consciousness in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany Susan A. Crane

Reviews of Books:Collecting and Historical Consciousness in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany Susan A. Crane

Inciting Laughter: The Development of 'Jewish Humor' in 19th-Century German Culture

Chase, Jefferson. Inciting Laughter: The Development of `Jewish in 19th Century German Culture. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2000. 330 pp. We do not have to wait for punch line. On very first page Jefferson S. Chase gives us both main theme and main argument of his new book about Judenwitz: Laughter-- and its absence- not only reveal but enact distinctions of sameness and difference, selfhood and otherness, membership and exclusion. This book examines one particular such constellation: association of Jewishness and destructive, satiric laughter in nineteenth century Germany (1). The project is ambitious and exciting. For although Jewishness of nineteenth century German-Jewish humorists in question here has received much scholarly attention, relation of their of both its genesis and significance, to development of German national identity has not been rigorously conceptualized. This is just what Chase seeks to do. He begins with a general discussion of role of laughter in process of identity formation. Here Chase's main point is that because humor, and especially satire, entails a mastery of cultural codes and elicits involuntary acknowledgment (i.e., laughter), it has a special appeal to marginalized groups. When German Jews-Moritz Saphir, Ludwig Borne Heinrich Heine-used to gain entry into German culture, what Chase calls the self-appointed mainstream reacted defensively and created deprecatory, exclusionist stereotype, Judenwitz. Instead of creating openings in German culture, satirical arrows of German-Jewish humorists led to erection of a racist buffer. Germans began to define themselves in contrast to that Jewish writers attempted to use as a vehicle for integration. Chase's own figure is less linear. According to him, emergent German public sphere produced a circle, an unfortunate one: In a vicious circle, very mode of discourse that was most attractive for Saphir, Borne and Heine turned out to be precisely that which provoked extreme unease and hostility among all those nations anxious in face of change (17). Yet Chase's position on Judenwitz is not as saturnine as this quotation suggests. Elsewhere he emphasizes other, equally important side of Judenwitz: it offered its bearer as a mode of authorship (18). These legitimate possibilities include positive self-definition and resistance to anti-Semitism. And so, in laying down his approach, Chase writes that he will consider Judenwitz as a pejorative stereotype that marginalized a perceived minority form of speech and that he [...] will treat it as an authorial strategy, applying its complex of ideas to interpretations of various texts and showing how three writers in question used satiric to create an alternative mode of authorship (3). The results are as mixed as agenda. Inciting Laughter consists of an introductory chapter on humor theory, three large chapters on Saphir, Borne and Heine, respectively, and an appendix that contains miscellaneous translations of their writings. Chase's style is generally lucid. But clarity of Chase's thought is not as consistent. For example, introduction provides a useful survey of cultural theory about as well as an intelligent discussion of its applicability to very particular context of German-Jewish culture. It concludes, however, with a strange, strained attempt to set up a dichotomy between Witz and Humor in early nineteenth century Germany. Chase's goal is to explain development of his key term, or rather, to explain why anti-Semites spoke of Judenwitz and not Judenhumor. The move is strange because Chase's title announces book is about humor. And it is strained because Chase's assertion, that Witz was regarded as vulgar while Humor could be an elevated discourse, will alienate anyone familiar with, say, Friedrich Schlegel's philosophical enthusiasm for Witz. …

Collecting and historical consciousness in early nineteenth-century Germany

Collecting and historical consciousness in early nineteenth-century Germany

The Wars of Liberation in Prussian Memory: Reflections on the Memorialization of War in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Wars of Liberation in Prussian Memory: Reflections on the Memorialization of War in Early Nineteenth-Century GermanyChristopher ClarkChristopher Clark Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 68, Number 3Sep., 1996 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/245342 Views: 24Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1996 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sebastian P. Górka Problem instytucji wojskowych w szkicach politycznych Carla von Clausewitza w latach 1816‑1823, Politeja 11, no.6 (32)6 (32) (Dec 2014): 261–286.https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.11.2014.32.15Gordon Cromley, Chris Post The Preservation of Paradox: Bismarck Towers as National Metaphor and Local Reality, (Mar 2020): 229–245.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37569-0_14Mark Burford Brahms’s Sybel: The Politics and Practice of Prussian Nationalist History, Nineteenth-Century Music Review 16, no.33 (Oct 2018): 417–439.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479409818000083Bastian Matteo Scianna A predisposition to brutality? German practices against civilians and francs-tireurs during the Franco-Prussian war 1870–1871 and their relevance for the German ‘military Sonderweg ’ debate, Small Wars & Insurgencies 30, no.4-54-5 (Aug 2019): 968–993.https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638551Duncan Kelly August Ludwig von Rochau and Realpolitik as historical political theory, Global Intellectual History 3, no.33 (Oct 2017): 301–330.https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2017.1387331Karsten Holste, Dietlind Hüchtker Die bewaffnete Heldin 1813–1913–2013: Wahrnehmungen, Deutungen und Gedächtnis, (Jul 2018): 47–68.https://doi.org/10.7788/9783412504670-004Christine Haynes Remembering and Forgetting the First Modern Occupations of France, The Journal of Modern History 88, no.33 (Aug 2016): 535–571.https://doi.org/10.1086/687527Leighton S. James The Experience of Demobilization: War Veterans in the Central European Armies and Societies after 1815, (Jan 2016): 68–83.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40649-1_4MARK HEWITSON ON WAR AND PEACE: GERMAN CONCEPTIONS OF CONFLICT, 1792–1815, The Historical Journal 57, no.22 (May 2014): 447–483.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X14000028Karen Hagemann Celebrating War and Nation: Gender, Patriotism and Festival Culture during and after the Prussian Wars of Liberation, (Jan 2010): 284–304.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230283046_15Leighton S. James For the Fatherland? The Motivations of Austrian and Prussian Volunteers during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, (Jan 2010): 40–58.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230290525_3Steven Michael Press False Fire: The Wartburg Book-Burning of 1817, Central European History 42, no.44 (Nov 2009): 621–646.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938909991014Mark Jones From Caporetto to Garibaldiland : interventionist war culture as a culture of defeat, European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 15, no.66 (Dec 2008): 659–674.https://doi.org/10.1080/13507480802500400Anne Sirand Bibliographie, (Jan 2008): 299–324.https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.blanc.2008.01.0299KAREN HAGEMANN Gendered images of the German nation: the Romantic painter Friedrich Kersting and the patriotic-national discourse during the Wars of Liberation, Nations and Nationalism 12, no.44 (Oct 2006): 653–679.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00261.xKatherine Aaslestad Remembering and Forgetting: The Local and the Nation in Hamburg's Commemorations of the Wars of Liberation, Central European History 38, no.33 (Dec 2008): 384–416.https://doi.org/10.1163/156916105775563634Richard Will The Characteristic Symphony in the Age of Haydn and Beethoven, 4/2 (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511481895

Quests for a Scientific Mythology: F. Creuzer and K. O. Muller on History and Myth

Quests for a Scientific Mythology: F. Creuzer and K. O. Muller on History and Myth

Goethe's 'Elective Affinities': An Interpretation

Contents: The four protagonists are allegorical representatives of the social classes in early nineteenth-century Germany during the Napoleonic Wars and their interaction represents the ongoing evolution of western society. This interpretation is a fundamentally new departure and is based on a new understanding of the story line itself. The study is adapted to a general audience as well as one consisting of Goethe specialists.

Artisans' Socialization at Work: Workshop Life in Early Nineteenth-Century England and Germany

Artisans' Socialization at Work: Workshop Life in Early Nineteenth-Century England and Germany