Early Insertions Research Articles

Layout Embedding via Combinatorial Optimization

AbstractWe consider the problem of injectively embedding a given graph connectivity (a layout) into a target surface. Starting from prescribed positions of layout vertices, the task is to embed all layout edges as intersection‐free paths on the surface. Besides merely geometric choices (the shape of paths) this problem is especially challenging due to its topological degrees of freedom (how to route paths around layout vertices). The problem is typically addressed through a sequence of shortest path insertions, ordered by a greedy heuristic. Such insertion sequences are not guaranteed to be optimal: Early path insertions can potentially force later paths into unexpected homotopy classes. We show how common greedy methods can easily produce embeddings of dramatically bad quality, rendering such methods unsuitable for automatic processing pipelines. Instead, we strive to find the optimal order of insertions, i.e. the one that minimizes the total path length of the embedding. We demonstrate that, despite the vast combinatorial solution space, this problem can be effectively solved on simply‐connected domains via a custom‐tailored branch‐and‐bound strategy. This enables directly using the resulting embeddings in downstream applications which cannot recover from initializations in a wrong homotopy class. We demonstrate the robustness of our method on a shape dataset by embedding a common template layout per category, and show applications in quad meshing and inter‐surface mapping.

Entanglement wedge cross-section in shock wave geometries

We consider reflected entropy in a thermofield double state perturbed by a heavy operator insertion. For sufficiently early operator insertions the dual geometry can be described by a localized shock wave geometry. We calculate the entanglement wedge cross-section in this geometry for symmetric intervals and find that it matches precisely with the CFT result for sufficiently late times. Our result exhibits a plateau before going to zero, a behaviour similar to the one observed recently in the context of global quantum quenches. We find that at high temperatures this behaviour is properly captured by the line-tension picture.

Intrauterine contraception after medical abortion: factors affecting success of early insertion

ObjectiveTo assess the success and factors affecting early intrauterine device (IUD) provision after first trimester medical termination of pregnancy (MTOP). Study designSubgroup analysis of a randomized contraceptive trial assessing the long-term effects of early provision of intrauterine contraception following abortion. Altogether, 606 women undergoing MTOP were included and followed for 3 months. The intervention group (n=307) was offered an IUD (either the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or copper-IUD) at a follow-up visit 1–4 weeks after MTOP. The control group (n=299) contacted primary health care for follow-up and contraceptive provision. Adverse events (infections, bleeding, residual tissue and incomplete abortion) were analyzed on intention-to-treat basis and IUD expulsions on per-protocol (PP) basis. ResultsIn the intervention group, 234 women (76.2%) received the IUD as scheduled, 46 later (altogether 91.2%). In the control group, the corresponding figures were 8 (2.7%) and 64 [altogether 24.1%, Odds ratio (OR) (95% Confidence interval (CI))=32.7 (20.3–52.6)]. Eighty-five (27.7%) women in the intervention group and 38 (12.7%) in the control group received treatment (administration of antibiotics, misoprostol or surgical evacuation) because of presumed adverse event [2.63 (1.72–4.01)], mainly residual tissue. In the control group, 23 (60.5%) of these occurred during the first 2 weeks. IUD expulsion occurred in 12 (5.4%) of the 222 women in the intervention group (PP basis). ConclusionsWhen provided as part of abortion service, most early insertions following MTOP were performed as planned. The main reason for postponement was overdiagnosis of adverse events suspected at follow-up. The rate of IUD expulsion was similar to that reported previously. ImplicationsEarly insertion following MTOP is safe, and the rate of IUD expulsion is low. Most adverse events possibly delaying IUD insertion occur early. Based on timing of adverse events in the control group, IUD insertion at approximately 2 weeks after completed MTOP seems optimal.

Widespread somatic L1 retrotransposition occurs early during gastrointestinal cancer evolution.

Somatic L1 retrotransposition events have been shown to occur in epithelial cancers. Here, we attempted to determine how early somatic L1 insertions occurred during the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Using L1-targeted resequencing (L1-seq), we studied different stages of four colorectal cancers arising from colonic polyps, seven pancreatic carcinomas, as well as seven gastric cancers. Surprisingly, we found somatic L1 insertions not only in all cancer types and metastases but also in colonic adenomas, well-known cancer precursors. Some insertions were also present in low quantities in normal GI tissues, occasionally caught in the act of being clonally fixed in the adjacent tumors. Insertions in adenomas and cancers numbered in the hundreds, and many were present in multiple tumor sections, implying clonal distribution. Our results demonstrate that extensive somatic insertional mutagenesis occurs very early during the development of GI tumors, probably before dysplastic growth.

A Novel Intergenic ETnII-β Insertion Mutation Causes Multiple Malformations in Polypodia Mice

Mouse early transposon insertions are responsible for ∼10% of spontaneous mutant phenotypes. We previously reported the phenotypes and genetic mapping of Polypodia, (Ppd), a spontaneous, X-linked dominant mutation with profound effects on body plan morphogenesis. Our new data shows that mutant mice are not born in expected Mendelian ratios secondary to loss after E9.5. In addition, we refined the Ppd genetic interval and discovered a novel ETnII-β early transposon insertion between the genes for Dusp9 and Pnck. The ETn inserted 1.6 kb downstream and antisense to Dusp9 and does not disrupt polyadenylation or splicing of either gene. Knock-in mice engineered to carry the ETn display Ppd characteristic ectopic caudal limb phenotypes, showing that the ETn insertion is the Ppd molecular lesion. Early transposons are actively expressed in the early blastocyst. To explore the consequences of the ETn on the genomic landscape at an early stage of development, we compared interval gene expression between wild-type and mutant ES cells. Mutant ES cell expression analysis revealed marked upregulation of Dusp9 mRNA and protein expression. Evaluation of the 5′ LTR CpG methylation state in adult mice revealed no correlation with the occurrence or severity of Ppd phenotypes at birth. Thus, the broad range of phenotypes observed in this mutant is secondary to a novel intergenic ETn insertion whose effects include dysregulation of nearby interval gene expression at early stages of development.

Retroposon Insertion Patterns of Neoavian Birds: Strong Evidence for an Extensive Incomplete Lineage Sorting Era

More than 150 Ma, the avian lineage separated from that of other dinosaurs and later diversified into the more than 10,000 species extant today. The early neoavian bird radiations most likely occurred in the late Cretaceous (more than 65 Ma) but left behind few if any molecular signals of their archaic evolutionary past. Retroposed elements, once established in an ancestral population, are highly valuable, virtually homoplasy-free markers of species evolution; after applying stringent orthology criteria, their phylogenetically informative presence/absence patterns are free of random noise and independent of evolutionary rate or nucleotide composition effects. We screened for early neoavian orthologous retroposon insertions and identified six markers with conflicting presence/absence patterns, whereas six additional retroposons established before or after the presumed major neoavian radiation show consistent phylogenetic patterns. The exceptionally frequent conflicting retroposon presence/absence patterns of neoavian orders are strong indicators of an extensive incomplete lineage sorting era, potentially induced by an early rapid successive speciation of ancestral Neoaves.

Optimal tooling policy for a tool switching problem of a flexible machine with automatic tool transporter

This paper addresses a tool switching problem of a flexible machine with the objective of minimizing the frequency of movements of the tool transporter. A flexible machine must process a set of parts with its production sequence already prescribed. It is assumed that the tool magazine cannot hold enough tools for the parts. Thus, tools may have to be switched between two successive parts in the part sequence. Tools that are required but unavailable at the magazine are transferred from the tool crib by an automatic tool transporter with a limited carrying capacity. We suggest an optimal tooling policy utilizing the concept of early insertions of tools and show the effects of early insertions through computational tests on randomly generated test problems.

Ribosomes inhibit an RNase E cleavage which induces the decay of the rpsO mRNA of Escherichia coli.

The hypothesis generally proposed to explain the stabilizing effect of translation on many bacterial mRNAs is that ribosomes mask endoribonuclease sites which control the mRNA decay rate. We present the first demonstration that ribosomes interfere with a particular RNase E processing event responsible for mRNA decay. These experiments used an rpsO mRNA deleted of the translational operator where ribosomal protein S15 autoregulates its synthesis. We demonstrate that ribosomes inhibit the RNase E cleavage, 10 nucleotides downstream of the rpsO coding sequence, responsible for triggering the exonucleolytic decay of the message mediated by polynucleotide phosphorylase. Early termination codons and insertions which increase the length of ribosome-free mRNA between the UAA termination codon and this RNase E site destabilize the translated mRNA and facilitate RNase E cleavage, suggesting that ribosomes sterically inhibit RNase E access to the processing site. Accordingly, a mutation which reduces the distance between these two sites stabilizes the mRNA. Moreover, an experiment showing that a 10 nucleotide insertion which destabilizes the untranslated mRNA does not affect mRNA stability when it is inserted in the coding sequence of a translated mRNA demonstrates that ribosomes can mask an RNA feature, 10-20 nucleotides upstream of the processing site, which contributes to the RNase E cleavage efficiency.

A clinical trial of the Delta-T intrauterine device: Immediate postpartum insertion

The Copper T-220C intrauterine device was modified for use in early postpartum insertions. Biodegradable extensions consisting of No. 2 chromic suture were added to the horizontal arms of the device to enhance retention. This new device, Delta-T IUD, was inserted in 100 patients within 55 hours of the delivery of the placenta. No uterine perforations or cervical lacerations occurred in this study. There was one accidental pregnancy 4 months following the IUD insertion. Seven IUDs were removed for bleeding and pain. There was one case of postpartum endometritis. Seventeen IUD expulsions occurred. Expulsions were more frequent at the beginning of the study and when the IUD was inserted more than 30 minutes after delivery of the placenta. The immediate postpartum insertion of IUDs with the event rates observed in this study is acceptable in situations where alternatives for other family planning modalities or interval insertion of intrauterine devices are not feasible.

The dalkon shield in four Latin American countries

In a series of retrospective studies on the use-effectiveness of the Dalkon Shield in four developing countries in the Western Hemisphere, the device, when used for interval insertions, was found to have pregnancy and continuation rates similar to those reported by Tietze for the Lippes Loop D. Expulsion rates were quite low, even for low parity women. Pregnancy rates with the Dalkon Shield were high in a multi-clinic setting in Costa Rica where the device had been used for early postpartum insertions. These four studies taken together constitute the largest study of the Dalkon Shield in developing countries hitherto published in the Western Hemisphere.

Uterine perforation with intrauterine contraceptive devices: Review of the literature and cases reported to the National Committee on Maternal Health

The National Committee on Maternal Health reported on 28 cases of perforation of the uterus in a total of 16,338 first insertions of IUCD's after confinement, an incidence of 1.7 perforations per 1,000 insertions. Twenty of the perforations followed the insertion of a “Bow”. Sixteen of these occurred in patients less than 12 weeks post partum. With the “Bow” there is a highly significant correlation between the perforation rate and the number of weeks post partum, especially if no menses have occurred. The perforation rate after 12 weeks post partum for the “Bow” is 2.0 per 1,000 insertions. This is less than the perforation rate of 3.23 per 1,000 found in a collected series of 77,903 curettages. The high perforation rate for the early postpartum insertions indicates that softness and friability of the uterus is a greater factor in the etiology of the perforations than the type of introducer employed. Perforations with other devices are difficult to determine due to the lack of accompanying symptoms and the presence of a tail protruding through the cervix. Care in examining the patient, judicious timing of insertion, the use of a tenaculum, traction to straighten flexion deformities of the uterus, sounding the uterus, and gentleness during the introduction and ejection of the device into the uterus should greatly reduce the incidence of uterine perforation.

ON EARLY INSERTIONS IN THE THIRD BOOK OF ST. CYPRIAN'S TESTIMONIA.

Journal Article ON EARLY INSERTIONS IN THE THIRD BOOK OF ST. CYPRIAN'S TESTIMONIA. Get access H. L. RAMSAY. H. L. RAMSAY. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume os-II, Issue 6, January 1901, Pages 276–288, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/os-II.6.276 Published: 01 January 1901