Early History Research Articles

Psychologists return to the first question of Western philosophy.

When ancient humans gained the ability to investigate abstract questions, what first question did they pose? This article offers a novel, sweeping, historical analysis with important implications for psychological theory. The story begins with identifying the first question in Ancient Greek philosophy as "Where am I?" with particular interest in the world's overarching basic traits. For example, Pythagoras proposed the world was defined by beauty and Heraclitus suggested change. Though this discourse has traditionally puzzled historians, recent psychological research suggests it might have been largely a debate over primal world beliefs, an emerging research topic that this article introduces and situates historically. Recently, the latent structure of primal world beliefs was mapped statistically, revealing 26 dimensions. Most of these beliefs were new to psychologists, yet already posed by ancient philosophers-including Pythagoras' Beautiful world belief and Heraclitus' Changing world belief. Identifying first questions in early history may have value for psychological theorizing because it hints at something that social psychologists have long suspected: that humans are creatures fundamentally driven to understand their situation and what it calls for. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Entangled states as a probe of early universe history: a Higgs case study

I explore whether distinguishing features of phase transitions and/or the inflationary energy scale can be imprinted on cosmological observables due to entanglement during inflation, given a spectator scalar field with a Higgs-like potential. As a consequence of this analysis, I also present results that illustrate the variety of features a Higgs-like spectator can imprint on the primordial power spectrum due to entanglement, as well as how easy it might be to distinguish such spectra from other similar scalar field results at the level of CMB residuals. I utilize the technical framework for dynamically generated entangled states developed in [1,2] to obtain my results.

Leader and the Leadership of the Prophet Muhammad: Strategy and Innovation in the Battle of Trench

This article examines Prophet Muhammad's strategic and innovative leadership during the Battle of the Trench, a pivotal event in early Islamic history. Faced with a large confederate army, Muhammad adopted the unprecedented strategy of digging a trench around Medina, demonstrating his adaptability and inclusiveness by accepting a Persian companion's suggestion, Salman al-Farsi. This tactic effectively neutralized the enemy's advantage, highlighting Muhammad’s foresight and strategic acumen which can only be seen if we read the references in detail and feel the tense occurred on that day. The analysis of this article focuses on Muhammad's leadership qualities, including visionary strategy, resilience, ethical conduct, and inspirational influence. These attributes were crucial in uniting and motivating the Muslim community under extreme adversity. The successful defence of Medina not only solidified the Muslim community but also set new precedents in military tactics and ethical warfare, influencing Islamic governance and leadership principles. The Battle of the Trench serves as a significant historical case study of strategic and ethical leadership shown by Muhammad in facing a direct enemy from outside and a potential internal enemy that turns up in that despairing situation. The insights drawn from Muhammad’s leadership approach are relevant to modern leadership and contemporary challenges, transcending religious and cultural contexts. This article contributes to the discourse on leadership, strategy, and crisis management, underscoring the enduring relevance of Muhammad's leadership principles which have proven effective in saving the situation.

Survey on the Patterns of Feeding Difficulties and Behaviors in Filipino Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Seen in a Philippine Tertiary Hospital and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective. To describe patterns of feeding difficulties and behaviors of Filipino children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods. An electronic mealtime survey was administered to caregivers of 3- to 9-year-old children diagnosed with ASD in a Philippine tertiary government hospital. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses between feeding difficulties measured as Mealtime Survey Score, sociodemographic data, and early feeding history were performed. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to these was analyzed through a binomial test. Results. All of the 115 study subjects reported at least one problematic feeding behavior, with picky eating being the most frequent (61.74%). Significantly, more feeding difficulties were observed among the children with reported early feeding difficulties during their 2nd and 3rd year of life. There were no documented statistically significant changes in feeding behaviors during the past six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of feeding difficulties and problematic feeding behavior among Filipinochildren with ASD, however no significant changes to these during the past six months of the COVID-19 pandemic were documented. Present feeding difficulties and behaviors were associated with history of early feeding difficulties, highlighting the need to include feeding difficulties in screening tools, and early training programs and interventions for children with ASD.

Early Paleozoic accretionary history of the Pearya terrane: New insights from igneous and detrital zircon signatures of the Kulutingwak Formation, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada

The juxtaposition of the composite Pearya terrane and the northern Laurentian margin at Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, has significant ramifications for the Paleozoic tectonic history of the circum-Arctic region. Published tectonic models rely upon interpretation of the subduction-related Kulutingwak Formation as an indicator of Ordovician and/or Silurian accretion (Trettin, 1998). New igneous and detrital zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic data from 16 samples collected in the Yelverton Inlet–Kulutingwak Fiord region of northern Ellesmere Island suggest that the Kulutingwak Formation of Trettin (1998) contains structural blocks derived from both the Pearya terrane and Silurian strata associated with the ancestral Laurentian margin. Data from this study demonstrate a complex provenance history for rocks within the Petersen Bay, Kulutingwak Fiord, and Emma Fiord fault zones, with age probability peaks of ca. 470 Ma, 650 Ma, and 960–980 Ma that suggest affinity with the Pearya terrane, and age probability peaks of ca. 1800 Ma and 2700 Ma that indicate connections to the Laurentian margin. The combination of these signatures in Kulutingwak Formation rocks suggests that the Pearya terrane was proximal to the northern Laurentian margin by Late Ordovician time. Silurian and younger strike-slip displacement on the major fault zones resulted in the incorporation of blocks derived from the Pearya terrane basement and Silurian clastic rocks into the Kulutingwak Formation. Silurian displacement along these strike-slip faults, which are integral components of the Canadian Arctic transform system, is recorded by syndepositional deformation structures in the Danish River Formation and prevented the transition from soft to hard collision of the Pearya terrane. The two-stage model for the Pearya terrane—accretion followed by significant translation—provides a process for developing complex steep terrane boundaries with contentious displacement histories that are common in accretionary orogens.

The Ben Pimlott Memorial Lecture 2022: Patterns of Harm and Resistance: The Early History of Transphobic Algorithmic Bias

Abstract This piece explores an early example of transphobic algorithmic bias in an electronic computing system in the UK government, which was designed to collect taxes and apportion welfare state benefits. It argues that the logic of computation has long been used to obfuscate political decisions and launder government disdain for the rights and needs of marginalized groups.

Triassic-Jurassic dinosaurs from India, their ages and palaeobiogeographic significance

ABSTRACT We review the record of Late Triassic and Jurassic dinosaurs from India to determine their geological ages and palaeobiogeographic significance. The oldest Indian dinosaur, the basal saurischian Alwalkeria maleriensis, is from the early Late Triassic (Otischalkian/Carnian) lower Maleri Formation. The archosaur-dominated Upper Maleri Formation (Adamanian/late Carnian?) contains two sauropodomorph clades. The Indian Jurassic record of dinosaurs from the Pranhita-Godavari Valley is more extensive but has poor age constraints, whereas fragmentary, and better dated dinosaur remains are known from the Early Middle Jurassic of Kachchh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Indian Late Triassic dinosaurs fit into a picture of some degree of dinosaur cosmopolitanism across Late Triassic Pangaea, with primitive saurischians and/or theropods and primitive sauropodomorphs found in eastern Gondwana (India), western Gondwana (South America) and Euramerica. The well-known non-neosauropods Kotasaurus and Barapasaurus from the Middle Jurassic Kota Formation provide substantial evidence that India was a major centre of the early evolution of neosauropods. Tharosaurus indicus, from the Middle Jurassic strata of the Jaisalmer Basin, is a relic of a lineage that likely originated in India and swiftly expanded throughout the rest of Pangaea. This lineage further stresses the significance of Gondwanan India in elucidating the origin and early evolutionary history of neosauropod dinosaurs.

The partnerships between hermit crabs and sea anemones: an overview

AbstractThe hermit crab-sea anemone (HCA) partnership is a common facultative mutualism. The anemone protects its host from predators such as cephalopods and shell crushing crabs by its stinging cells. The crab provides the anemone with a hard substrate and increased access to oxygenated water and food and in some cases with protection from predators. These partnerships are extremely diverse and complex. This overview addresses issues related to formation of the associations, the early history of these partnerships, placement of anemones on the hermit crab shell, intra and interspecific competition amongst hermit crabs over sea anemones, costs and benefits for crab and anemone from being associated and the evolution of these partnerships based on molecular phylogenies using nuclear and mitochondrial markers.

Mysterious gravity signatures are a window into the Moon’s early history

Mysterious gravity signatures are a window into the Moon’s early history

From Gaze to Rebel: A Study of Female Figures in Art History

This paper discusses the evolution of women's portrayal in art, from objectified figures in early history to empowered subjects in modern times. Initially, women were depicted through the male gaze, embodying idealized beauty or fulfilling societal roles. During the Renaissance, this trend continued with artists like Raffaello Santi, who focused on physical beauty but often overlooked real-life women's experiences. The paper then highlights a shift to representing everyday women, as seen in works like Jean Franois Millet's "The Gleaners," yet these portrayals still echoed traditional gender norms. The narrative progresses with the emergence of female artists challenging these conventional depictions. Figures like Kathe Kollwitz and Sylvia Sleigh reversed the male gaze, empowering women as active subjects in art. The paper concludes by emphasizing the transformation in art from objectifying women to portraying them as autonomous and influential, mirroring societal shifts in gender roles and perceptions.

Germline Testing identifies Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic Variants in Patients with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

10% of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are related to inherited syndromes (MEN1, MEN4, VHL, NF1, TSC). Growing evidence suggests that clinically sporadic pNETs can also harbor germline pathogenic variants. In this study, we report the prevalence of pathological/likely pathological germline variants (P/LP) in a high-risk cohort and an unselected cohort. We collected clinical data of patients with pNETs seen at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH). High-risk cohort included (n=132) patients seen at MDACC who underwent germline testing for high-risk criteria (early onset, personal or family history of cancer and syndromic features) between 2013-2019. Unselected cohort (n=106) patients seen at JHH who underwent germline testing following their diagnosis of pNETs between 2020 to 2022. In the high-risk cohort (n=132), 33% (n=44) had P/LP variants. The majority of the patients had P/LP variants in MEN1 56% (n=25), followed by DNA repair pathways 18% (n=8), and 7 %(n=3) in MSH2 (Lynch Syndrome). Patients with P/LP were younger (45 years vs 50 years; p=0.002). In the unselected cohort (n=106), 21% (n=22) had P/LP. The majority were noted in DNA repair pathways 40% (n=9) and MEN1 36% (n=8). Multifocal tumors correlated with the presence of P/LP (p=0.0035). MEN1 germline P/LP variants correlated with younger age (40 vs 56 years) (p=0.0012). presence of multifocal tumors (p<0.0001), and WHO grade 1 histology (p=0.0078). P/LP variants are prevalent in patients with clinically sporadic pNET irrespective of high-risk features. The findings support upfront universal germline testing in all pNET patients.

ETHEL ANN BURTON-BROWN WITH BONI IN THE FORUM, 1898–1904

This essay has two objectives. First, it acknowledges and situates the contribution of Ethel Ann Burton-Brown (1868–1927) to the history of the archaeology of the Roman Forum as it was excavated between 1898 and 1905 under the direction of Giacomo Boni (1859–1925). Her English-language handbook on the discoveries, now overlooked in literature on Boni, showcased her education at Girton College, her experience with traditional cultures such as those of northern India, and her understanding of established and newly-emerging methods of classical archaeology. Unlike Esther van Deman and Eugénie Sellers Strong, who embraced careers in archaeology just years after Burton-Brown's publication, she did not pursue working in the discipline because of her personal situation. Secondly, it investigates the manner in which Burton-Brown received Boni's presentation of the excavations. Trained as an architect and experienced in architectural restoration, Boni brought innovative scientific methods to the task of uncovering Rome's archaic past. He did so while deliberately distancing himself from those scholars before him who applied traditional academic approaches, i.e., those reliant on classical literature, to archaeological practice. In large part, Burton-Brown's handbook echoes the descriptions and analyses of Boni's finds in the Roman Forum. However, a closer reading of her text reveals that her personal experiences shaped some of her explanations of the archaeological past in ways that differed from Boni's. In addition, their respective nationalities, British versus Italian, shade how they each value Rome's early history.

Insights into child abuse and neglect: Findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation.

The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA) is a landmark prospective, longitudinal study of human development focused on a sample of mothers experiencing poverty and their firstborn children. Although the MLSRA pioneered a number of important topics in the area of social and emotional development, it began with the more specific goal of examining the antecedents of child maltreatment. From that foundation and for more than 40 years, the study has produced a significant body of research on the origins, sequelae, and measurement of childhood abuse and neglect. The principal objectives of this report are to document the early history of the MLSRA and its contributions to the study of child maltreatment and to review and summarize results from the recently updated childhood abuse and neglect coding of the cohort, with particular emphasis on findings related to adult adjustment. While doing so, we highlight key themes and contributions from Dr Dante Cicchetti's body of research and developmental psychopathology perspective to the MLSRA, a project launched during his tenure as a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.

Two sides to every story: Reappraising the early history of liver transplantation at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge.

Over the course of the past six decades, liver transplantation has evolved to become the treatment of choice for chronic end-stage liver disease and some cases of acute hepatic failure. Currently, more than 34,000 liver transplants are conducted worldwide per annum, and overall one year survival rates exceed 90%. However, the early years of human liver transplantation were beset by failure. Eyewitness reports from this period make for tragic, yet compelling reading. Volume 12 of The History of Anaesthesia Society Proceedings contains one such account, written by Dr Elizabeth Gibbs. This outlined the experience of single-handedly anaesthetising the recipient of the first liver transplant to be undertaken at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK, in June 1967. Despite the best efforts of the team, the patient died from uncontrollable haemorrhage 19 hours after the start of the procedure. While this tragic outcome might have been expected in the early days of liver transplantation, Gibbs included an unsettling postscript in her paper. This stated that all of the patient's records had apparently been 'lost', and the date of the first Cambridge liver transplant was publicly reported as 2 May 1968, some 11 months after the events described. This article outlines the results of research aimed at critically appraising this postscript. In doing so a number of unexpected discoveries were made. These highlight some important lessons for medical historians and demonstrate that if you look hard enough, there really are two sides to every story.

[Contributions to the early history of mesmerism in Hungary - on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of Daniel Gecse (1768-1824), a Transylvanian magnetiseur].

[Contributions to the early history of mesmerism in Hungary - on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of Daniel Gecse (1768-1824), a Transylvanian magnetiseur].

Redesigning Medication Management in the Emergency Department: The Impact of Partnered Pharmacist Medication Charting on the Time to Administer Pre-Admission Time-Critical Medicines, Medication Order Completeness, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment.

In order to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration and promote better medication management, a partnered pharmacist medication charting (PPMC) model was piloted in the emergency department (ED) of an Australian referral hospital. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of PPMC on the timeliness of time-critical medicines (TCMs), completeness of medication orders, and assessment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk. This concurrent controlled retrospective pragmatic trial involved individuals aged 18 years and older presenting to the ED from 1 June 2020 to 17 May 2021. The study compared the PPMC approach (PPMC group) with traditional medical officer-led medication charting approaches in the ED, either an early best-possible medication history (BPMH) group or the usual care group. In the PPMC group, a BPMH was documented promptly soon after arrival in the ED, subsequent to which a collaborative discussion, co-planning, and co-charting of medications were undertaken by both a PPMC-credentialled pharmacist and a medical officer. In the early BPMH group, the BPMH was initially obtained in the ED before proceeding with the traditional approach of medication charting. Conversely, in the usual care group, the BPMH was obtained in the inpatient ward subsequent to the traditional approach of medication charting. Three outcome measures were assessed -the duration from ED presentation to the TCM's first dose administration (e.g., anti-Parkinson's drugs, hypoglycaemics and anti-coagulants), the completeness of medication orders, and the conduct of VTE risk assessments. The analysis included 321 TCMs, with 107 per group, and 1048 patients, with 230, 230, and 588 in the PPMC, early BPMH, and usual care groups, respectively. In the PPMC group, the median time from ED presentation to the TCM's first dose administration was 8.8 h (interquartile range: 6.3 to 16.3), compared to 17.5 h (interquartile range: 7.8 to 22.9) in the early BPMH group and 15.1 h (interquartile range: 8.2 to 21.1) in the usual care group (p < 0.001). Additionally, PPMC was associated with a higher proportion of patients having complete medication orders and receiving VTE risk assessments in the ED (both p < 0.001). The implementation of the PPMC model not only expedited the administration of TCMs but also improved the completeness of medication orders and the conduct of VTE risk assessments in the ED.

The Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society 70 Years Later: Alive and Kicking

This article provides an account of the founding, growth, and success of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces &amp; Society (IUS), a long-established professional organization for those studying the military and war. How IUS has thrived invites explanation. Two theoretical themes guide our effort: first, the life cycles of organizations literature, and two, a complementary focus on the professional-career life cycles of IUS’s participants. To put together our account, we review articles about IUS’s early days and present oral history interview material from past and present leaders and members. We conclude with suggestions concerning IUS’s future directions.

Before the “fall”: Alan Fox's “intellectual crisis” and early pluralist history and sociology

PurposeThis paper presents an historical reconstruction of the radicalisation of Alan Fox, the industrial sociologist and a detailed analysis of his early historical and sociological writing in the classical pluralist phase.Design/methodology/approachAn intellectual history, including detailed discussion of key Fox texts, supported by interviews with Fox and other Biographical sources.FindingsFox’s radicalisation was incomplete, as he carried over from his industrial relations (IR) pluralist mentors, Allan Flanders and Hugh Clegg, a suspicion of political Marxism, a sense of historical contingency and an awareness of the fragmented nature of industrial conflict.Originality/valueRecent academic attention has centred on Fox’s later radical pluralism with its “structural” approach to the employment relationship. This paper revisits his early, neglected classical pluralist writing. It also illuminates his transition from institutional IR to a broader sociology of work, influenced by AH Halsey, John Goldthorpe and others and the complex nature of his radicalisation.

A Short Note on the Early History of the Spectrum Problem and Finite Model Theory

Finite model theory is currently not one of the hot topics in the philosophy and history of mathematics, not even in the philosophy and history of mathematical logic. The philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic has concentrated on infinite structures, closely related to foundational issues. In that context, finite models deserved only marginal attention because it was taken for granted that the study of finite structures is trivial compared to the study of infinite structures. In retrospect, research on finite structures turned out to be neither trivial nor irrelevant but had an important impact on theoretical computer science. A closer look at the early history of the spectrum problem shows that the birth of finite model theory has roots in formal logic, at a time when computer science did not yet exist.

Strong outflows and inefficient star formation in the reionization-era ultrafaint dwarf galaxy Eridanus ii

ABSTRACT We present novel constraints on the underlying galaxy formation physics (e.g. mass-loading factor, star formation history, and metal retention) at z ≳ 7 for the low-mass (M* ∼ 105 M⊙) Local Group ultrafaint dwarf galaxy (UFD) Eridanus ii (Eri ii). Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we apply a one-zone chemical evolution model to Eri ii’s CaHK-based photometric metallicity distribution function (MDF; [Fe/H]) and find that the evolution of Eri ii is well characterized by a short, exponentially declining star formation history ($\tau _\text{SFH}=0.39\pm _{0.13}^{0.18}$ Gyr), a low star formation efficiency ($\tau _\text{SFE}=27.56\pm _{12.92}^{25.14}$ Gyr), and a large mass-loading factor ($\eta =194.53\pm _{42.67}^{33.37}$). Our results are consistent with Eri ii forming the majority of its stars before the end of reionization. The large mass-loading factor implies strong outflows in the early history of Eri ii and is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the mass scaling of galactic winds. It also results in the ejection of &amp;gt;90 per cent of the metals produced in Eri ii. We make predictions for the distribution of [Mg/Fe]–[Fe/H] in Eri ii as well as the prevalence of ultra metal-poor stars, both of which can be tested by future chemical abundance measurements. Spectroscopic follow-up of the highest metallicity stars in Eri ii ([Fe/H] &amp;gt; −2) will greatly improve model constraints. Our new framework can readily be applied to all UFDs throughout the Local Group, providing new insights into the underlying physics governing the evolution of the faintest galaxies in the reionization era.