Early Harvest Research Articles

Late Harvest: Freezing Temperatures Reduce the Root Yield and Sugar Content of Beta vulgaris L.

ABSTRACTSugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is the main source of white sugar in northern China, and an optimal harvesting time is key for maximising its yield and sugar content. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of gradually extending harvest times on the growth, physiological characteristics, yield and sucrose accumulation in sugar beet and identify the optimal harvesting time. We conducted a 3‐year experiment across different harvesting times from 23 Sep to 28 Oct (harvest every 7 days) to examine the effects of different magnitudes of temperature reduction. The yield and sugar content were the highest in time III (the daily mean/minimum temperature: 9.5°C/5°C) in 2020, time III (the daily mean/minimum temperature: 8.2°C/2°C) and IV (the daily mean/minimum temperature: 10.1°C/2°C) in 2021 and time IV (the daily mean/minimum temperature: 10.5°C/5°C) and V (the daily mean/minimum temperature: 7°C/−1°C) in 2022. The yield and sugar content were low at an early harvest, as the biomass and sucrose accumulation process was not complete. However, the decrease in temperature (daily minimum temperature below 0°C) during late harvest leads to a decrease in the yield and sugar content because of the decreased sucrose accumulation of source leaves, increased sucrose decomposition and the poor transport capacity of phloem in the stem. Therefore, the optimal harvesting time for sugar beet in northern China depends on temperature conditions. It is optimal when (1) the daily minimum temperature gradually decreases to 0°C but not lower than 0°C and when (2) the daily mean temperature is approximately 10°C. This work will help sugar beet producers harvest high‐quality crops and reduce unnecessary losses in northern China.

‘Yeongchun’: Aralia elata Cultivar Characterized by Large Apical Shoots, High Yield, and Early Harvest

‘Yeongchun’: <i>Aralia elata</i> Cultivar Characterized by Large Apical Shoots, High Yield, and Early Harvest

Linking phenology, harvest index and genetics to improve chickpea grain yield.

Understanding phenology and its regulation is central for the agronomic adaptation of chickpea. We grew 24 chickpea genotypes in 12 environments to analyse: the environmental and genotypic drivers of phenology; associations between phenology and yield; and phenotypes associated with allelic variants of three flowering related candidate loci: CaELF3a; a cluster of three FT genes on chromosome 3; and an orthologue of the floral promoter GIGANTEA on chromosome 4. A simple model with 3 genotype-specific parameters explained the differences in flowering response to daylength. Environmental factors causing flower abortion, such as low temperature and radiation and high humidity, led to a longer flowering-to-podding interval. Late podding associated with poor partition to grain, limiting yield in favourable environments. Sonali, carrying the early allele of Caelf3a (elf3a), was generally the earliest to set pod, had low biomass but the highest harvest index. Genotypes combining the early variants of GIGANTEA and FT orthologues featured early reproduction and high harvest index, returning high yield in favourable environments. Our results emphasise the importance of pod set, rather than flowering, as a target for breeding, agronomic, and modelling applications.

Mulching in irrigated forage cactus promotes early harvest and improves the economic indices of the crop

AbstractTo mitigate the negative effects of climate, the use of resilient agriculture is essential. This study evaluated the impact of different levels of biotic mulch on irrigated forage cactus yield, phenology and economic indices. The ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’ clone was used and subjected to four levels of biotic mulch—BM (0, 5, 10 and 15 Mg ha−1) in a randomised block design with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of growing forage cactus with 0, 5, 10 and 15 Mg ha−1 mulch. The experiment was carried out in a semi‐arid environment in Brazil (Serra Talhada, Pernambuco State) over two successive cycles (August 2020 to August 2022). The yield, cutting time, and morphophysiological, economic and water use indicators were evaluated. There was no effect of the BM level on the final forage yield. In the first experimental cycle, the treatment with 10 Mg ha−1 BM brought the cutting time forward by 103°C day. The application of 15 Mg ha−1 BM prolonged phenophase 2, causing an increase of 236°C day in the cycle compared with the treatment with 10 Mg ha−1 BM. We concluded that mulch improved crop water and economic indicators, contributing to sustainable forage production in semiarid environments.

Synergistic impact of vermicompost and different woody-biochar boosts eggplant growth traits and physiological-related parameters under deficit irrigation

ABSTRACT Water scarcity is a major environmental stress that negatively affects the soil traits, growth of plants, and yield of crops. This research assessed the impact of vermicompost, oak tree biochar, apple tree biochar, and the combined impact of vermicompost and both biochars on the growth, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield of eggplant under conditions of limited irrigation. The main purpose of the study was deficit irrigation, which involved 3 levels of water supply: 50%, 75%, and 100% PWR (plant water requirement). The second focus was on the application of vermicompost, with two levels: 0 and 2000 gm−2, as well as biochar, with two levels: 0, 400 gm−2 of oak-tree biochar, and 400 gm−2 of apple tree biochar. The findings revealed that the combination of apple-tree biochar and vermicompost at a level of 100% PWR, delivered the most positive results in terms of plant growth and functioning. The early harvest yield was greatest when apple-tree biochar was applied alone at a level of 50% PWR. However, the total yield of the plant was highest when apple-tree biochar and vermicompost combined were applied at a level of 100% PWR. The plant's WUE reached its highest level after the combined application of apple-tree biochar and vermicompost at a level of 50% PWR. The maximum leaf levels of N, P, K, Fe, and Mg were observed when both vermicompost and apple-tree biochar were applied at a level of 100% PWR. The treatments without amendments or with vermicompost only at a level of 50% PWR exhibited the highest values of physiologically significant stress metabolites.

Changes in total soluble solids concentration, fruit acidity, and yeast assimilable nitrogen in response to altered leaf area to fruit weight ratio in Pinot noir

The increasing consumer demand for lower alcohol wine and the need to mitigate against a warming climate presents new challenges for winegrowers and the desire to produce grapes with lower total soluble solids (sugar) or earlier harvesting, while preserving other wine compounds and attributes, particularly for varieties intended for red wine production. We investigated how reducing vine leaf area through shoot trimming and leaf removal, applied at different severities and timings to modify the leaf area to fruit weight (LA) ratio, affects fruit composition for producing lower alcohol quality Pinot noir wine. Shoot trimming treatments (half canopy, H in 2015/16 and 2016/17, and quarter canopy, Q in 2016/17 by alternately removing leaves after trimming shoots to half) were applied shortly before veraison (V-, E-L 34), during veraison (V, E-L 35) and post-veraison (V+, E-L 36) in three different vineyard locations (Marlborough, Canterbury and Central Otago, New Zealand). Untrimmed vines served as the control. Lateral shoots were removed during treatment application, and regrowth was removed to maintain a consistent leaf area. Results showed that reducing the LA:FW ratio delayed the accumulation and concentration of total soluble solids (reduction of 1.0 to 2.7 °Brix) at harvest in all trimmed vines over both seasons. Berry weight, malic acid concentration, titratable acidity, and pH at harvest were unaffected by trimming. At target TSS levels of 18 °Brix (10 % ethanol, v/v) in the Marlborough vineyard and 20 °Brix (11 % v/v) in the Central Otago vineyard, V+ vines showed malic acid and titratable acidity levels comparable to the control. At the Canterbury vineyard, these parameters remained similar across all treatments at 16 °Brix (8.9 % v/v). Yeast-assimilable nitrogen concentration increased (188 to 411 mg/L) in early trimmed vines. At Central Otago, roots showed lower carbohydrate reserves across all trimming treatments, likely due to the high yield at the site, while at Canterbury, trimming did not result in significant differences in carbohydrate reserves, likely due to the low yield at the site. At the Marlborough vineyard, vines trimmed early and more severely had less starch in their roots, while HV+ vines maintained similar levels of starch to controls. In conclusion, halving the canopy post-veraison (HV+, LA 0.70 m²/kg as observed in Marlborough) could be considered a viable viticultural option to lower sugar accumulation, thereby reducing potential alcohol content, without affecting titratable acidity and pH. This practice offers significant potential for adapting to a warming climate and producing lower alcohol Pinot noir wines in a sustainable manner.

Optimizing potassium applications and harvest strategies to boost productivity of depleting alfalfa stands

AbstractRejuvenating thinning alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands with additional forage species have been ineffective in boosting productivity. Research is needed to identify practical solutions to extend the life of declining alfalfa and increase forage production. A 2‐year field study at the University of Wyoming James C. Hageman Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Lingle, WY, investigated the interaction effect of K and harvest time on thin alfalfa stands. Treatments were (a) six K rates (0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg K2O ha−1 year−1) applied to a ∼10‐year‐old alfalfa in the fall of 2019 and after the final harvest in the fall of 2020, and (b) two harvest times (early harvest, late bud to early [10%] bloom; late harvest, 7–10 days after early harvest), arranged in a 6 × 2 factorial under random complete blocks with four replications. Results showed a higher yield response to K at 224 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 and early harvest, and at 168 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 and late harvest particularly in soils with high soil test K levels (&gt;300 mg kg−1). Harvest timing influenced alfalfa's K needs, with quadratic responses of forage accumulation to K rate observed at early (p &lt; 0.001, R2 = 0.96) and late (p &lt; 0.001, R2 = 0.84) harvests. The 168 kg K2O ha−1 year−1 increased stem density, increasing forage accumulation and profitability under both harvest systems. Stem density significantly impacts weed competition and stand productivity, with stem counts above 590 m−2 maintaining optimal yields. Alfalfa producers worldwide, particularly in Wyoming and similar environments, can rejuvenate depleting stands by applying moderate K rates (∼168 kg K2O ha−1 year−1) and adopting early or late harvest strategies when stem densities fall below ∼430 m−2. However, when stem counts remain above this threshold and weeds are well managed, continued harvesting may be an efficient strategy.

Demonstrating almost half of cotton fiber quality variation is attributed to climate change using a hybrid machine learning-enabled approach

Understanding the effects of climate change on cotton fiber quality will reduce the risks to production caused by global warming. Machine learning algorithms are effective for forecasting climate impacts on crops. However, the impact of climate change on cotton fiber quality is unclear. Hence, a hybrid machine learning-enabled approach, the Bayesian model average (BMA) method with multiple machine learning algorithms (linear regressor, SVR, RFR, GBDT, LightGBM, and XGBoost) and bootstrap resampling, was developed to explore the impact and screen the important climatic factors affecting various traits of fiber quality. On the basis of fiber quality data from 1033 test stations across Xinjiang, China, from 2016 to 2022, the explained variance for climate change in the hybrid machine learning model was as follows: 44.72 %–50.55 % for white cotton grade, 44.06 %–53.95 % for length, 51.72 %–56.81 % for micronaire, 32.70 %–49.50 % for length uniformity, and 45.66 %–53.09 % for strength in the 1000 bootstrapping samples. In addition, recursive feature elimination with cross-validation (RFECV) was used to select the optimal feature set and calculate the contribution of each feature. The variability in micronaire in the hybrid model was affected primarily by climate factors, such as the daily minimum temperature, rainfall, and wind speed, whereas the other quality traits were affected mainly by radiation-related climatic indicators. The climate during the harvest stage in October had a significant effect on cotton quality, explaining 33.0 % of the variance in white cotton grade, 32.1 % in length, and 48.3 % in fiber strength. Conversely, the climate during the boll opening and early harvest stages in September had a greater influence on micronaire and length uniformity, accounting for 21.4 % and 37.2 % of the variance, respectively. This study highlights that climate change explains nearly 50 % of the variation in fiber quality, with the influence being notably more considerable during the later stages of the cotton growth period. These findings clarify the uncertainty in the impact of climate change on cotton fiber quality considering the uncertainty of the single machine model and model errors. Equally important, this information can be valuable for farmers and growers seeking to improve fiber quality under climate change.

POST-HARVEST QUALITY IN THE ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ MANGO FOR DIFFERENT HARVEST TIMES

Determining the correct harvest time is essential for maintaining post-harvest fruit quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biochemical and physiological effect of three different harvest times on maintaining post-harvest quality in ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes from the state of Roraima, sold in markets in the city of Manaus. The treatments consisted of the different harvest times: control, harvested 90 days after anthesis; early harvest, harvested 70 days after anthesis; and late harvest, harvested 105 days after anthesis. At the end of the experimental period, mangoes harvested at 70 DAA were found to have a low carotenoid content, with the pulp unable to reach commercial maturity; the pulp had a high level of firmness, with the highest concentrations of vitamin C and phenolics, and the greatest antioxidant activity. When the mangoes were harvested at 105 DAA, the pulp had the least firmness and a sugar content very close to that of the early-harvested fruit, with lower concentrations of phenolics and vitamin C, and lower antioxidant activity. On the other hand, the fruit harvested at 90 DAA showed adequate physical resistance and acceptable results for sensory quality, functional compounds and antioxidant activity.

Landowner Behavior: Influence of an Increase in Perceived Risk on the Expected Loss of Early Plantation Harvests

Landowner Behavior: Influence of an Increase in Perceived Risk on the Expected Loss of Early Plantation Harvests

Effects of Rainfall and Harvest Time on Postharvest Storage Performance of ‘Redson’ Fruit: A New Red Pomelo x Grapefruit Hybrid

‘Redson’ is a new triploid, red-fleshed pomelo × grapefruit hybrid. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of rainfall, harvest time, tree age, and yield on the postharvest storage performance of ‘Redson’ fruit. During 2022/23, two postharvest storage trials were conducted with early- and late-harvested fruit. The fruit from the early harvest retained good quality for up to 16 weeks of storage at 7.5 °C plus 1 week at 22 °C, whereas the late-harvested fruit suffered from a high decay incidence. During 2023/24, we expanded the postharvest trials to nine different fruit sets harvested from early season (late October) until the end of the season (January). Fruit quality was examined under the same storage conditions after 6 and 16 weeks, and the results indicated that early- and mid-season fruit retained good quality with minimal decay incidence even after prolonged storage for 16 weeks, whereas the late-season fruit suffered from significant decay incidences of 17–22% and a decline in flavor acceptability. Further analysis revealed strong and significant correlations between various rainfall parameters and harvest time and decay incidences. Overall, early-harvested fruit during the autumn had a superior postharvest storage performance, whereas late-harvested fruit during the rainy winter suffered from decay development.

Water saving based on moisture observations: scheduling drip irrigation regimes for tomatoes under greenhouse conditions in Tajikistan

This study aimed to examine the efficiency of different drip irrigation regimes in spring film greenhouses for early tomato harvesting. The field (small-plot) experiment included designing and testing the watering technology suitable for rural Tajikistan. Irrigation, soil moisture, and tomato growth were followed for several seasons under four irrigation pilots. The experiments showed that the most effective drip irrigation regime for Elpida hybrid tomato was carrying it out while regulating soil moisture within 75-85%, with the irrigation demand of 4,978 m3/ha and irrigation norm of 99.0 m3/ha, also contributing to better water efficiency. The volume of irrigation water for the production of one unit of tomato crop in the second experiment was 5.73 m3/ha, i.e. 14.18% less than in the control plot. The study showed that the tomato evapotranspiration coefficient tends to increase as the threshold of soil mois-ture before and after irrigation grows. The maximum net yield amounted to 1,342 thou. Somoni/ha – 1.9 times or 52.7% higher compared to the control plot. The research findings can guide individual farmers and production facilities, as well as the overall development of agrarian economies like Tajikistan.

FBSM: Foveabox-based boundary-aware segmentation method for green apples in natural orchards

Image segmentation of target fruits is an essential part of machine vision systems, aiming to facilitate more accurate early fruit measurement and machine harvesting in natural orchard environments. Given that instance-level pooling and down-sampling operations in conventional segmentation models often lead to the loss of detailed information, resulting in coarse partitioning masks, we endeavor to restore the boundary information of the masks. To achieve high-quality fruit segmentation with clear boundaries and refined masks, a Foveabox-based boundary-aware segmentation model (FBSM) is constructed by adding a multi-stage mask prediction head incorporating fine-grained features to the anchor-free detection model FoveaBox to realize accurate segmentation of green apple fruits. At each stage, a bi-layer fusion structure (BFS) is employed to fully fuse the fine-grained features in a double-fusion manner to guide the subsequent instance mask prediction. Finally, the boundary recovery module (BRM) is leveraged to recover the lost boundary detail information and obtain more accurate boundaries for the continuous optimization process of the fruit instance mask. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FBSM model achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 60.7 % for green apple instance segmentation in unstructured natural orchard environments, surpassing traditional instance segmentation models. Moreover, it enhances base model detection accuracy by 1.3 % while striking a better balance between detection and segmentation performance.

Impact of planting and harvest dates on yam infestation by white grubs

AbstractThe white grub, Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a significant pest of yam tubers and the second cause of tuber rot in Haiti. Larval feeding inflicts severe damage to tubers, leading to notable losses due to decreased tuber quality, reduced marketability and increased susceptibility to secondary parasites and pathogens. This study examined the influence of planting and harvesting dates on the vulnerability of yam tubers to white grub infestation and the resulting tuber quality across 24 farmers' fields. At harvest, we assessed the level of tuber infestation, white grub density and the tuber quality index. The results indicated that 85% of grub populations were found in fields planted on the traditional date. In addition, 69.5% of tuber damage occurred in early‐planted fields with fewer tubers damaged (30%) when harvested early. In contrast, in fields planted 30 days after the traditional date, the harvest date did not affect tuber infestation and damage by the pest. Overall, both planting and harvest dates impacted the quality grade of yam tubers. Delayed planting by 30 days and early harvesting (34th–38th week after planting) improved the marketability of yams. These findings highlight the importance of optimising planting and harvest schedules to better manage white grub infestation and enhance the marketability of yam tubers.

Evidence of a twofold ecological trap driven by agricultural change causing a priority farmland bird population crash

AbstractExtensive farmland in Europe hosts high biodiversity levels but is threatened by land use changes associated with market and agricultural policy drivers. We show that a nationwide replacement of rainfed cereals in favor of beef production in Portugal has coincided with a nearly 80% decline in the population of a ground‐nesting raptor, the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus, since 2002. Reduced cereal crop cover led to nesting attempts occurring mostly in fodder crops, the predominant habitat with suitable sward structure at the onset of breeding. This results in a twofold ecological trap: early hay harvesting destroys first nesting attempts, whereas late cereal harvesting destroys replacement clutches. This double phenological mismatch prevents any breeding success and likely explains the country's observed population decline of Montagu's harriers and other key farmland birds. Reforming current agroenvironmental schemes to promote practices compatible with wild population phenology is paramount to revert these changes.

Identification of a major QTL region and candidate genes responsible for harvest date combining QTL mapping and QTL-seq approaches in walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) takes place within the Juglandaceae family and is one of the most popular nut species. In walnut breeding, several limiting factors need to be revealed regarding the genetic mechanism underlying important agronomical traits. In the current report, the monitoring of the ‘Chandler x Kaplan-86’ F1 walnut population was carried out four successive years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018) and the distribution of the plants for harvest date from four years was ranged from August 27th to October 22nd. Then, we dissected the genomic regions associated with harvest date using classical Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) mapping and a rapid and cost-effective QTL-seq approach in ‘Chandler x Kaplan-86’ F1 walnut population for the first time. In classical QTL mapping, a major QTL was recognized in LG4 corresponding to Chr1 in Chandler female map with 27.6 (%) phenotyping variance. In QTL-seq, we bulked the DNAs of the genotypes with extreme harvest date separately, the whole genome resequencing was performed for a parent Chandler and both bulks (early and late) to calculate Delta SNP indexes for each Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion/Deletion (InDels). Approximately 48.04 million paired reads for Chandler, 149.72, and 150.14 million paired reads were obtained from early and late harvest bulks, respectively. A total of 229,307 SNPs and 45,223 InDels were mined from the merged sequences data covered whole chromosomes. The responsible genomic fragments were identified in Chr2 and Chr11 in QTL-seq. The highest linked InDel locus detected in QTL-seq in Chr11 around 17 million base pairs distinguished the plants according to harvest date. InDel Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker is a candidate for marker-assisted selection for future walnut breeding studies.

Effect of early harvest on the aroma compounds and bioactive properties of natural olive oils

Effect of early harvest on the aroma compounds and bioactive properties of natural olive oils

Effects of Harvest Date and Ensiling Additives on the Optimized Ensiling of Silphium Perfoliatum to Prevent Faulty Fermentation

Silphium perfoliatum, an energy crop with a high fiber content but low concentrations of fermentable carbohydrates, presents challenges for complete fermentation in biogas production. To overcome this, a bioeconomic approach proposes the use of the fibers for paper and board production, which requires high-quality silage with minimal butyric acid, which affects the marketability of the fibers. This study aims to optimize the silaging process of Silphium perfoliatum by investigating the effects of harvest date, bacterial cultures and additives on fermentation results. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of three harvest dates on fermentation acid composition, with a focus on increasing lactic acid production to inhibit butyric acid formation. Results indicate that an early harvest date (early September) is critical for achieving stable fermentation and minimizing ensiling losses. The addition of sugar-rich additives, such as syrup, was found to be essential, especially for later harvest dates. Despite these interventions, a late harvest (early November) consistently resulted in suboptimal fermentation. The results suggest that optimizing harvest timing and incorporating appropriate additives are key strategies for producing high quality silage and ensuring the suitability of Silphium perfoliatum fibers for industrial applications.

Seaweed Extract and Microbial Biostimulants Show Synergistic Effects on Improving Organic Strawberry Production

The application of seaweed extract and microbial biostimulants has been suggested as a promising approach to overcome yield-limiting factors in organic farming. Yet, information regarding their impact on organic strawberry production is limited. This 2-year field study evaluated the effect of seaweed extract and microbial biostimulants and their synergistic effects on strawberry plant growth, nutrient uptake, fruit yield, and quality under organic production. The biostimulant effects were compared on two strawberry cultivars: Sweet Sensation® Florida127 and Florida Brilliance. Over two seasons, the combination of seaweed extract plus microbial biostimulants applied biweekly consistently resulted in a significant increase of whole-season marketable and total strawberry fruit yields by 23% and 20% on average, respectively, compared with the no-biostimulant control. Application of either biostimulant alone did not consistently show positive effects on strawberry productivity. Modified strawberry root system architecture, enhanced N uptake, increased number of crowns, and higher soil respiration were observed in the biostimulant combination treatment in contrast to the no-biostimulant control. The biostimulant impact was not influenced by strawberry cultivar, but genotypic difference in yield performance under organic production was observed. ‘Florida Brilliance’ produced significantly higher total fruit number and yield than ‘Florida127’ by 26% and 12%, respectively, in the first season, and by 34% and 11%, respectively, in the second season. Marketable fruit number (by 18%) and yield (by 9%) of ‘Florida Brilliance’ were also higher in the first season, along with greater marketable fruit number (by 31%) in the second season. In addition, ‘Florida Brilliance’ showed significantly higher values of SPAD index, photosynthetic rate (early harvest), and fruit mineral contents based on dry weight (late harvest) than ‘Florida127’ in both seasons. Although the biostimulant treatments exhibited little influence on the fruit quality attributes including soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA, and total anthocyanin content, varietal differences were observed with significantly higher levels of SSC and lower contents of total anthocyanins in ‘Florida 127’ vs. ‘Florida Brilliance’ during each season. The benefits of combined application of seaweed extract and microbial biostimulants demonstrated in this study suggest the need to further elucidate their synergistic functions in promoting nutrient uptake and fruit yield in organic strawberry production systems under different soil and environmental conditions.

A Reflection of Shared Economy Practices in the Wuat Wa’i Tradition, East Manggarai, Indonesia

The objective of this research is to understand the practice of the shared economy and the concept of debt within the Wuat Wa’i culture of the Waling Village community in East Manggarai, using an autoethnographic approach. Data were collected through literature studies, observations, and interviews with 21 informants. The findings show that the shared economy practice has three main characteristics: (1) interactions through social processes, such as the habit of visiting at any time, (2) money as a resource, and (3) temporary access creating the concept of debt. This practice brings three positive benefits: (1) values such as reduced financial burdens, equal educational opportunities, and improved social status, (2) independence, with community members solving educational cost issues independently, and (3) improved quality of life through enhanced human resources and community welfare. The concept of debt refers to a moral obligation to repay without a set timeframe, influenced by the time value of money and individual economic conditions. This moral debt creates concerns about social exclusion if not reciprocated, leading to negative behaviors such as borrowing to assist, especially for anak wina, issues in economic priority setting, and the culture of early coffee harvesting called kopi ijon.