Early Diet Research Articles

Maternal diet intervention before pregnancy primes offspring lipid metabolism in liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a developmental origin and is influenced in utero. We aimed to evaluate if maternal diet intervention before pregnancy would be beneficial to reduce the risk of offspring NAFLD. In our study, female mice were either on a normal-fat diet (NF group), or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and continued on this diet throughout pregnancy and lactation (HF group), or switched from HF-to-NF diet 1 week (H1N group), or 9 weeks (H9N group) before pregnancy. Compared with the NF offspring, the H1N and HF, but not the H9N offspring, displayed more severe hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance. More specifically, an abnormal blood lipid panel was seen in the H1N offspring and abnormal hepatic free fatty acid composition was present in both the HF and H1N offspring, while the H9N offspring displayed both at normal levels. These physiological changes were associated with desensitized hepatic insulin/AKT signaling, increased expression of genes and proteins for de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis, decreased expression of genes and proteins for fatty acid oxidation, increased Pcsk9 expression, and hypoactivation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in the HF and H1N offspring. However, these effects were completely or partially rescued in the H9N offspring. In summary, we found that early maternal diet intervention is effective in reducing the risk of offspring NAFLD caused by maternal HF diet. These findings provide significant support to develop effective diet intervention strategies and policies for prevention of obesity and NAFLD to promote optimal health outcomes for mothers and children.

Use of dietary oil, solvent-extracted meal and protein concentrate from Camelina sativa for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, at the early fry stage

A 98-day feeding trial was conducted in a 24-tank freshwater flow-through system (13 ± 0.5 °C) to evaluate the effects of using dietary camelina oil (CO), solvent-extracted camelina meal (SECM), and camelina protein concentrate (CPC) in early fry diets for rainbow trout (initial weight 1g/fish, 50 fish/tank). Triplicate tanks were randomly fed one of eight diets including aCamelina sativafree control diet, two diets containing CO at either 50 or 100% replacement of fish oil, three diets containing 6, 12, or 18% SECM, and two diets containing 6 or 12% CPC. Dietary replacement of 100% of added fish oil with CO, and dietary inclusion of up to 18% SECM or 12% CPC did not result in significant reductions in growth and feed efficiency, or changes in proximate whole-body carcass composition and hindgut morphology of rainbow trout fry. However, fish fed diets containing 18% SECM, did require a longer acclimation period to the feed and, ultimately, gained less weight, presumably due to a poorer protein utilization efficiency in the early days of the trial.

Maternal and Early Postnatal Diet Supplemented with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers Affect Lipid Profile in Hearts of Offspring Rats with Mammary Tumors.

Simple SummaryProper feeding during pregnancy and breastfeeding plays an important role in ensuring the health of offspring in childhood as well as in adulthood. The idea of the “developmental origin of health and disease” (DOHaD) assumes that stimuli acting during fetal life cause long-term developmental and physiological changes in the main organs and influence the risk of many diseases. Our research, connected with DOHaD, made an attempt to evaluate the impact of the diet modification of mothers through the addition of conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA) on the lipid profile, fatty acid profile and the oxidative stress in the hearts of offspring with breast cancer. Earlier studies utilizing CLA in DOHaD concerned their impact on reducing the incidence of cancer. Considering reports on the co-occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in oncological patients as a result of tumor development and also after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, further research is needed to assess the potential protective effect of CLA isomers in CVD. For this purpose, the content of selected CVD biomarkers was determined using modern analytical techniques. Our research has tried to explain the physiological role of CLA and its mechanism of action in the context of maintaining good health and in the prevention of non-communicable diseases.Linking the early life environment with later health status is known as “developmental programming”. This study aimed to assess whether the introduction of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) into the maternal diet affects the content fatty acids (FAs), conjugated FAs (CFAs), cholesterol, oxysterols, malondialdehyde (MDA) and tocopherols in the hearts of their female offspring treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and if offspring supplementation enhanced the effect of maternal supplementation. FA, cholesterol and oxysterol contents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while contents of CFAs and MDA were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode detection. The supplementation of mothers with CLAs significantly decreased the amount of atherogenic saturated FAs and enhanced the level of eicosapentaenoic FA in the hearts of offspring. Continuous progeny supplementation decreased the content of arachidonic acid in hearts. Supplementation of the maternal diet with CLAs and its continuation during the postnatal period increased the ratio of hypo to hypercholesterolemic FAs. Significantly fewer oxysterols were detected in the hearts of progeny of dams fed with CLAs as compared to the offspring of mothers receiving safflower oil. Both fetal and postnatal CLA intake significantly reduced 7β-hydroxycholesterol accumulation. It can be concluded that CLA supplementation during the fetal and postnatal period may be an effective method of maintaining the cardiac health status of newborns.

Raising girls and boys in early China: Stable isotope data reveal sex differences in weaning and childhood diets during the eastern Zhou era.

ObjectivesUsing stable isotope analysis of incremental dentin segments, we reconstruct breastfeeding, weaning, and childhood dietary patterns of Eastern Zhou period (771–221 BC) individuals from the Central Plains of China. Previous isotopic research on the Eastern Zhou demonstrated dietary difference between male and female diets in adulthood via bone collagen analysis. To understand the development of gendered dietary patterns we must examine the early life period. We aim to identify the timing of the weaning process, whether childhood diets were the same as adulthood diets, and if there were differences between the diets of boys and girls during childhood.Materials and MethodsWe present incremental dentin and bone collagen δ13C and δ15N isotope data from 23 individuals from two Eastern Zhou archaeological sites (Xiyasi 西亚斯and Changxinyuan 畅馨苑).ResultsWeaning was completed between ages 2.5 and 4 years. Females were weaned slightly earlier than males. Early childhood diets show significant incorporation of C3 foods, such as wheat and soybean, for almost all children, while later adulthood diets indicate greater incorporation of C4 foods (millets), particularly for males.DiscussionChildhood diets included greater amounts of C3 foods than expected, suggesting that grains such as wheat may have been adopted in these communities as foods for children. Nevertheless, dietary differentiation between females and males began in childhood, with boys eating more millets (C4 foods) than girls. The findings suggest that feeding children was a significant aspect of socialization and cultural gendering of individuals in ancient China.

Gut-brain communication in demyelinating disorders.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder resulting from the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental variables, including gut microbiota, diet and life style factors. Here, we first discuss the evidence supporting the effect of early life events, diet and body mass index on the composition of the microbiota, and then review studies on gut dysbiosis conducted in MS patients and in animal models. We address the effect of disease, immunomodulatory therapies, diet and probiotics on enrichment or depletion of gut microbial species. Finally, we discuss the ability of gut bacteria to produce toxins and metabolites which serve as signals for the cross-talk between the gut and the brain.

End-to-side versus side-to-side anastomosis after laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer: Short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial.

27 Background: A standard anastomotic configuration after right hemicolectomy is not well established, although short-term benefits of end-to-side anastomosis have been reported. This study was designed to assess the superiority of end-to-side anastomosis compared to side-to-side anastomosis after laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colon cancer under an enhanced recovery program. Methods: Between September 2016 and August 2019, 130 patients (18–80 years) scheduled for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy were randomly assigned (1:1) to undergo end-to-side ( n = 65) or side-to-side ( n = 65) anastomosis. All patients underwent an enhanced recovery program with early diet and mobilization. The primary outcome was the cumulative recovery rate 7 days after surgery, defined as the percentage of patients who met all of the following recovery criteria: tolerated diet for 24h, analgesic-free, safe ambulation, and afebrile status without major complications. Results: The cumulative recovery rate did not differ between end-to-side (92.3%, 60/65) and side-to-side anastomosis (92.3%, 60/65) ( P = 1.000). Both approaches had similar cumulative recovery rates at 4, 5, and 6 days (end-to-side vs. side-to-side: 41.5% vs. 35.4%, P = 0.589; 73.8% vs. 63.1%, P = 0.257; 86.2% vs. 81.5%, P = 0.634; respectively) The median recovery time [interquartile range (IQR)] in the end-to-side and side-to-side groups was 105 [90-124] hours and 113 [84-139] hours, respectively ( P = 0.474), showing no significant difference. Length of stay [IQR] was similar in the end-to-side and side-to-side groups (5 [5–7] vs. 6 [5–7] days; P = 0.376). The 30-day complication rate (16.9% vs. 12.3%, P = 0.620), enhanced recovery program failure rate (10.8% vs. 7.7%, P = 0.763), and 30-day readmission rate (4.6% vs. 3.1%; P = 1.000) were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: This is the first randomized controlled trial showing that end-to-side anastomosis is not superior to side-to-side anastomosis in terms of short-term outcomes after laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Clinical trial information: NCT02897531.

Maternal dietary inflammatory potential and quality are associated with offspring asthma risk over 10-year follow-up: the Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study

Asthma is the most common childhood chronic health condition. Maternal antenatal diet has been associated with offspring asthma risk, but studies investigating maternal whole diet quality and inflammatory potential with long-term offspring follow-up (>5 y) are rare. We aimed to elucidate these associations in a prospective cohort study in Ireland. Early pregnancy diets were assessed using a validated FFQ from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores were computed. Doctor-diagnosed offspring asthma status (general practitioner or parent reports) for the first 10 y of life was collected at 3-y, 5-y, and 9-y follow-up. A total of 862 mother-child pairs with information on maternal diet and ≥1 offspring asthma data points were included. The longitudinal associations between maternal E-DII and HEI scores and offspring asthma status were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Cumulative offspring asthma incidence was 21% over the 10-y period. In the main models, adjusted for maternal lifestyle and sociodemographic factors, a higher E-DII score, indicating a more proinflammatory diet, was associated with higher risk of offspring asthma (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.65; per 1-SD score increment), whereas a higher HEI-2015 score, indicating better dietary quality, was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) (both P<0.01). Results persisted with further adjustment for childhood factors (e.g., breastfeeding, diet, and childcare attendance) and parental asthma history. Similar associations were observed when E-DII and HEI-2015 scores were modeled in quartiles (both P-trend<0.05). Associations for HEI-2015 were attenuated after adjustment for E-DII, suggesting the importance of anti-inflammatory pathways. Our results suggest that a proinflammatory and low-quality diet during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of offspring asthma. Pending confirmation from other studies, optimizing these aspects of maternal diet can be a promising strategy for reducing childhood asthma risk. This prospective observational study was registered at the ISRCTN Registry as ISRCTN16537904.

Assimilated diet patterns of American black bears in the Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin, Nevada, USA

In western Nevada, USA, the American black bear (Ursus americanus) coexists with humans and increasing urban sprawl. Hotels, casinos, restaurants, and homeowners dispose large quantities of high-protein, calorie-rich foods, often in unsecured waste containers. We used 173 hair samples from black bears captured in western Nevada from 2003 to 2010 and conducted δ13C and δ15N analysis to examine anthropogenic food use. We developed a set of a priori models to examine the effect of biological (sex, age class, mass category [considering sex and age]), chronological (season, molt phase, and year), and spatial (urban–wildland classification [UW class]) factors potentially affecting use of anthropogenic foods and accompanying stable isotope signatures. Bears in above-average mass categories had enriched 13C and 15N signatures compared with bears of below-average mass. Wildland bears had depleted 13C compared with urban bears and appeared to use human foods less. Postmolt hair samples (representing late-spring–early summer diet) were depleted in both 13C and 15N relative to premolt hairs (late-summer–autumn diet), indicating changes in food availability. Male black bears had enriched 15N compared with females, indicating more meat in their diet. Our results indicated substantial 13C and 15N enrichment of black bear diets in Nevada, which was affected by biological, chronological, and spatial factors. Using mixing models of the 2 isotopes, we found both urban and wildland bears relied on natural and anthropogenic foods, with wildland bears using wild foods more often. There was only 3.8% difference in the median use of human foods between urban and wildland bears, but great variability for individual bears in each location category. Our results affirmed that, to effectively address human–bear conflicts, officials should emphasize exclusion of anthropogenic food attractants on a year-round basis and further try to understand factors affecting individual bear use of garbage.

Comparison of perioperative patient comfort with 'enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) approach' versus 'traditional approach' for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background:Perioperative anxiety, hunger, thirst, fatigue, pain along with nausea and vomiting can influence a patient's recovery after surgery. We aimed to compare 'enhanced recovery after surgery' (ERAS) protocol with a traditional perioperative approach to evaluate a patient's recovery after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods:A prospective randomised controlled study was conducted after institutional ethical clearance on 50 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and divided equally into two groups. In group 1 (traditional); standard fasting guidelines and routine perioperative management was implemented. In group 2 (ERAS); patients received appropriate multimedia information about surgery and anaesthesia besidecarbohydrate loading with tender coconut water on the previous night and on the morning of surgery. Standard guidelines of fasting for solids were followed. Intraoperatively, goal-directed fluid therapy and an inspired oxygen concentration of 60% were administered. Postoperatively, early diet and mobilisation were initiated. The primary outcome was the assessment of perioperative anxiety. Hunger, thirst, fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting and overall perioperative experience were also evaluated.Results:ERAS group had reduced anxiety prior to surgery: median (interquartile range) 3 (3–4) vs 2 (2–3) (P = 0.003), and at 6 h postoperatively: 4 (3–6) vs 3 (1–4) (P = 0.001). Hunger, thirst and fatigue (P < 0.01) were also decreased with better overall perioperative experience (5 [4–5] vs 6 [5–7], P = 0.004). Pain, nausea, vomiting and blood glucose were similar between the groups.Conclusion:'ERAS approach reduces anxiety in addition to hunger, thirst and fatigue with enhanced overall perioperative comfort in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Učestalost atrijalne fibrilacije kod oboljelih od dijebetes melitusa tipa 2

Goal: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic syndrome with systemic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, fat and protein due to the absolute or relative lack of biologically active insulin. Atrial fibrillation is characterized by high frequency excitation of atria, consequent asynchronous atrial contraction, and irregular ventricular excitation. Diabetes predisposes fibrillation through metabolic abnormalities, structural, electrical, electromechanical, and autonomic remodeling of atrias. The study had to examine the incidence of atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to investigate the effect of continuous anti-diabetic therapy on the frequency of atrial fibrillation. Materials and methods: The test was conducted from 01. 10. 2017 to 01.01.2019. 106 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were evaluated. The data were collected on the basis of history, available medical documentation, laboratory analyzes and electrocardiograms. Data processing is done using standard statistical methods. Results: The survey covered 10 (9%) men and 96 (91%) women. The age of the respondents was 30-44 years (5 subjects, 4.7%), 44-59 years (38 subjects, 35.8%), 60 years and more (63 respondents, 59.5%). The therapeutic modalities included metformin (24 subjects, 22.6%), metformin and insulin (35 subjects, 33%), insulin (8 subjects, 7.5%), metformin and sulfonylurea derivatives (39 subjects, 36.9%). Diabetes in subjects was up to 5 years (8 subjects, 7.5%), 5-10 years (26 subjects, 24.5%), 10-15 years (32 subjects, 30.2%), over 15 years (40 respondents, 37.8% ). A healthy electrocardiogram had 83 (78.3%) subjects, atrial fibrillation 21 (19.8%) subjects, other rhythm disorders 2 (1.9%) subjects. The frequency of fibrillation within the therapeutic modality was: metformin therapy, 1 (4.2%) subjects, metformin and insulin therapy, 9 (25.7%) subjects, insulin therapy, 3 (37.5%) subjects, metformin therapy and sulfonillureas 9 (20.5%) respondents. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have high incidence of atrial fibrillation (19.8%). Continuous metformin therapy results in statistically significantly lower incidence of atrial fibrillation compared to other therapeutic modalities (p &lt;0.001). Early detection, metformin administration, and diet regimen can significantly reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients.

Using dried orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats: effects on milk yield and composition and blood parameters of dams and growth performance and carcass quality of kids

Although dried orange pulp (DOP) may conveniently replace cereals in ruminant diets, few studies have considered similar diet substitution for goats. We hypothesised that DOP could replace cereal-based concentrate in goat diets without detrimental effects on growth performance and carcass quality of suckling kids and milk performance and blood biochemical parameters of dams in early lactation. We also hypothesised that DOP substitution may increase the levels of antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds and vitamin E, in milk and improve its total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Therefore, 44 primiparous Payoya dairy goats were allocated to three experimental groups, each fed a different diet: control (CD, n = 14) based on a commercial concentrate with alfalfa hay as forage; and DOP40 (n = 16) in which 40% and DOP80 (n = 14) in which 80% of the cereal in the concentrate were replaced by DOP. The experiment lasted from the final month of pregnancy to 55 days postpartum. The DOP diets did not affect suckling kids’ carcass quality, but at 28 days, led to improvement in live weight (LW) and average daily gain (ADG) from birth, although no differences were found between DOP40 and DOP80 (for CD, DOP40 and DOP80, LW at 28 days was 8.00, 8.58 and 8.34 kg and ADG was 184, 199 and 195 g/day, respectively). Diet had no significant effect on milk yield (average daily milk yield and total yield at 55 days were 1.66 l/day and 90.6 l, respectively) and commercial and fatty acid composition. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol, total phenolic compound (TPC) and TAC concentration in milk increased with substitution of cereals by DOP (for CD, DOP40 and DOP80, concentration of α-tocopherol was 21.7, 32.8 and 42.3 μg/100 g, TPCs was 63.5, 84.1 and 102 mg gallic acid equivalents/l, and TAC was 6.63, 11.1 and 12.8 μmol Trolox equivalents/ml, respectively). Every plasma biochemistry parameter considered was within reference values for healthy goats; therefore, no pathological effect was detected for these variables due to dietary treatment. However, DOP diets caused a reduction in plasmatic creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase, implying reduced oxidative damage to muscles. In conclusion, DOP may be an interesting alternative to cereals in early lactation goat diets for increasing farmers’ income and the healthy antioxidant capacity of milk.

The potential interaction between body condition score at calving and dietary starch content on productive and reproductive performance of early-lactating dairy cows

Improving reproductive performance is one of the most important factors affecting the profitability of dairy herds. This study investigated the effect of feeding a high starch (HS) diet and body condition score (BCS) at calving on blood metabolites, fertility and ovarian function and milk production in Holstein dairy cows. One hundred seventy-four multiparous cows were fed common close-up and early lactation diets during the first 15 days in milk (DIM). Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental diets from 16 until 50 DIM (n = 87 per group); normal starch (228 g/kg diet DM; NS) or HS (270 g/kg diet DM; HS) diets. Each treatment group was further subdivided based on BCS at calving as normal BCS (BCS ⩽ 3.5; normal BCS (NBCS); n = 45) or high BCS (HBCS) (BCS ⩾ 3.75; HBCS; n = 42). A significant difference was detected for increased milk production (47.24 v. 44.55 kg/day) and decreased milk fat (33.93 v. 36.33 g/kg) in cows fed HS or NS, respectively. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in cows fed the HS compared to the NS diet. Diets significantly affected DIM at first artificial insemination (AI, 79.51 ± 3.83 v. 90.40 ± 3.83 days for cows fed HS and NS diets, respectively). High BCS groups had greater milk fat content and elevated plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and bilirubin concentrations. In general, feeding higher starch diets to normal BCS cows during the first 50 DIM improved productive and reproductive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.

Paleoethnobotanical evidence of Early Formative period diet in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico

In this paper, we discuss dietary and possible medicinal practices of an Early Formative period (2000–1000 BCE) community transitioning from Archaic-style to Formative-style lifeways. The results we present come from the analysis of plant residues, including microbotanical and macrobotanical remains, which were excavated at the village site of La Consentida in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytoliths and starch grains were recovered by sonication from twenty ceramic and lithic artifacts. The microbotanical analyses identified plant remains from four different families: Malvaceae (Bombacoideae subfamily; cotton family), Dioscoreaceae (yam family), Fabaceae (bean family), and Poaceae (grasses, including maize). We also report on limited macrobotanical analysis, including a seed of guapinol (Hymenaea courbaril). Together, these results complement existing archaeological studies of lithic and ceramic artifacts from La Consentida, as well as stable isotopic analyses of human remains from the site.

Neonatal Diet Impacts Bioregional Microbiota Composition in Piglets Fed Human Breast Milk or Infant Formula

Early infant diet influences postnatal gut microbial development, which in turn can modulate the developing immune system. The aim of this study was to characterize diet-specific bioregional microbiota differences in piglets fed either human breast milk (HM) or infant formula. Male piglets (White Dutch Landrace Duroc) were raised on HM or cow milk formula (MF) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 21 and weaned to an ad libitum diet until PND 51. Piglets were euthanized on either PND 21 or PND 51, and the gastrointestinal contents were collected for 16s RNA sequencing. Data were analyzed using the Quantitative Insight into Microbial Ecology. Diversity measurements (Chao1 and Shannon) and the Wald test were used to determine relative abundance. At PND 21, the ileal luminal region of HM-fed piglets showed lower Chao1 operational taxonomic unit diversity, while Shannon diversity was lower in cecal, proximal colon (PC), and distal colon (DC) luminal regions, relative to MF-fed piglets. In addition, at PND 51, the HM-fed piglets had lower genera diversity within the jejunum, ileum, PC, and DC luminal regions, relative to MF-fed piglets. At PND 21, Turicibacter was 4- to 5-fold lower in the HM-fed piglets' ileal, cecal, PC, and DC luminal regions, relative to the MF-fed piglets. Campylobacter is 3- to 6-fold higher in HM-fed piglets duodenal, ileal, cecal, PC, and DC luminal regions, in comparison to MF-fed piglets. Furthermore, the large intestine (cecum, PC, and rectum) luminal region of HM-fed piglets showed 4- to 7-fold higher genera that belong to class Bacteroidia, in comparison to MF-fed piglets at PND 21. In addition, at PND 51 distal colon lumen of HM-fed piglets showed 1.5-fold higher genera from class Bacteroidia than the MF-fed piglets. In the large intestinal regions (cecum, PC, and rectum), MF diet alters microbiota composition, relative to HM diet, with sustained effects after weaning from the neonatal diet. These microbiota changes could impact immune system and health outcomes later in life.

Laparoscopic versus Open Cholecystectomy in Cirrhotic Patients: A Prospective Comparative Study

Abstract Background: Prevalence of gallstones in cirrhotics is estimated at 29-46% and thus is three times as high as those without liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis increase incidence of gall-stones formation (black stones) with an overall prevalence of 25% to 30%. Aim Study: To compare between the rationale, risk and morbidity of open cholecystetomy versus and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients. As regard to operative time, intra operative and post-operative blood loss, time to resume diet, complications, mortality incidence, and post-operative subjective pain score. Patients and Method: This study was a prospective com-parative study on laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients. The cases were performed in the period from April 2016 till October 2018. 100 patients with sympto-matic gallstone disease and liver cirrhosis including Child class A or Child class B, were randomly divided into two groups, Group (A): Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) and Group (B): Open Cholecystectomy (OC). Results: In LC group two cases (4%) were converted to open cholecystectomy. Mean surgical times were significantly shorter in LC (Group A) group. The mean +SD (in minutes) of OC (Group B) and LC (Group A) was 97.69±15.79 versus 63.58±9.93, respectively, (p<0.001), associated with significantly higher intraoperative bleeding in OC group (p<0.001). The mean time to resume diet (hours) was 10.69± 5.41 in (Group A) it was significantly earlier than in (Group B) 24.15±6.74 (p<0.001). The length of hospital stay (days) was significantly longer in (Group B) with a mean hospital stay 5.08±1.56, compared with a mean hospital stay 2.60±0.61 for (Group A) (p<0.001) with low post-operative morbidity and no operative mortality. Conclusion: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) offers safe and effective surgical treatment for cirrhotic patients of (Child class A and early B) suffering from gallstone disease, as it has lower morbidity, shorter operative time; early re-sumption diet with less need for blood transfusion and reducing hospital stay than OC.

A Synopsis of the Synopses, 2018 to 2019

With this Synopsis Book, we provide reviews on a range of observations and advances that will increase understanding of allergic and immunologic disorders impacting children. These findings can influence clinical practice now and in the near future. Reviewers have selected notable articles that will help improve patient care through optimizing diagnosis and management and raising awareness of modifiable risk factors and novel therapeutic targets. There continues to be tremendous interest in identifying potential risk factors for the development of allergic disorders, with much attention on the role of the microbiome as well as other modifiable risks, such as antioxidants, vitamin D, and ultraviolet radiation exposure. Although associations are reported in some studies, significant shifts in allergy risk have not been demonstrated in interventional studies. Multiple factors are likely in play with complex interactions; therefore, further exploration in these realms is required to determine if these or other risk factors can be modified to mitigate allergy risk. The role of diet in the development of allergic disease remains an area of significant interest. Early introduction of peanut for allergy prevention is supported by national guidelines, and efforts have focused on dissemination …

Relationship Between Early Childhood Non-Parental Childcare and Diet, Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.

The rising prevalence of childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Evidence suggests that exposure to non-parental childcare before age six years is associated with development of obesity, diet, and activity behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep). However, findings are inconsistent and mostly from cross-sectional studies, making it difficult to identify the direction of causation in associations. This review identified and synthesised the published research on longitudinal associations between non-parental childcare during early childhood, diet, and activity behaviours. Seven databases were searched, and results were independently double-screened through title/abstract and full-text stages. Included studies were evaluated for risk of bias. Of the 18,793 references screened, 13 met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. These presented results on 89 tested childcare/outcome associations, 63 testing diet outcomes (59% null, remainder mixed), and 26 testing activity behaviour outcomes (85% null, remainder mixed). The scarce available literature indicates little and mixed evidence of a longitudinal association. This reflects a paucity of research, rather than clear evidence of no effect. There is an urgent need for studies investigating the longitudinal associations of non-parental childcare on diet and activity behaviours to assess potential lasting effects and mechanisms; whether and how effects vary by provider; and differences by intensity, duration, and population sub-groups.

Higher glycolytic capacities in muscle of carnivorous rainbow trout juveniles after high dietary carbohydrate stimulus at first feeding

BackgroundRainbow trout is a “glucose-intolerant” carnivorous species. Using the metabolic programming strategy, we used early nutritional stimuli in order to modify carbohydrate utilization in trout juveniles.MethodFish were fed two diets during the first feeding, namely HP (no carbohydrate / high protein) diet and LP (high carbohydrate / low protein) diet. HP diet was used as the control diet and LP diet as an early stimulus diet. We also used another early stimulus with fish fed HP diet every other day during the first feeding (HP restriction feeding - HPR). After the first-feeding stage (4 weeks), all fish were subsequently subjected to a growth trial with a commercial diet followed by a challenge test with the LP diet (11 weeks). At the end of the first feeding stimulus and of the challenge test, we investigated growth performance, glucose metabolism-related parameters and global DNA CmCGG methylation in trout.ResultsLP and HPR dietary stimuli have been a success as shown by the direct modifications of growth performance and mRNA levels for glucose metabolism-related genes at the end of first feeding compared to alevins fed the HP diet. At the end of the challenge trial, no variation in growth performance and hepatic metabolism of LP-history and HPR-history in trout juveniles were observed. However, in muscle of trout juvenile subjected to LP diet at the first feeding, we found an up-regulation of mRNA levels of some glucose metabolism (glucose transport and glycolysis)-related genes and an increase of activities of important glycolysis-related enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase). These observations are associated with a decrease in the content of glycogen compared to fish fed the HP diet. Moreover, global CmCGG DNA methylation in the muscle of fish with LP history was significantly lower than those fed the HP diet.ConclusionDietary LP stimulus at first feeding could permanently modify glucose metabolism and global CmCGG DNA methylation level in muscle of trout juveniles, showing that the first feeding stage is efficient for programming the glucose metabolism in fish.

The Signature Microbiota Drive Rumen Function Shifts in Goat Kids Introduced to Solid Diet Regimes.

The feeding regime of early, supplementary solid diet improved rumen development and production in goat kids. However, the signature microbiota responsible for linking dietary regimes to rumen function shifts are still unclear. This work analyzed the rumen microbiome and functions affected by an early solid diet regime using a combination of machine learning algorithms. Volatile fatty acids (i.e., acetate, propionate and butyrate) fermented by microbes were found to increase significantly in the supplementary solid diet groups. Predominant genera were found to alter significantly from unclassified Sphingobacteriaceae (non-supplementary group) to Prevotella (supplementary solid diet groups). Random Forest classification model revealed signature microbiota for solid diet that positively correlated with macronutrient intake, and linearly increased with volatile fatty acid production. Bacteria associated with carbohydrate and protein metabolism were also identified. Utilization of a Fish Taco analysis portrayed a set of intersecting core species contributed to rumen function shifts by the solid diet regime. The core community structures consisted of the specific, signature microbiota and the manipulation of their symbiotic partners are manipulated by extra nutrients from concentrate and/or forage, and then produce more volatile fatty acids to promote rumen development and functions eventually host development. Our study provides mechanisms of the microbiome governed by a solid diet regime early in life, and highlights the signature microbiota involved in animal health and production.

Reconstructing Breastmilk and Infant Formula Intake using Novel Biomarkers in Baby Teeth

TPS 911: Air pollution, epigenetics, biomarkers, Exhibition Hall, Ground floor, August 26, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background/Aim: Early life diet is a major determinant of lifelong health trajectories. However, studies of the long term health outcomes of breastfeeding are difficult to study due to cost and time restraints in collecting data prospectively and the inherent limitations of questionnaires. A biomarker that can retrospectively measure the dose and duration of breastmilk and formula feeding would be a major advancement in the study of health trajectories associated with infant diet, particularly for health outcomes measured much later in life, years after the cessation of breastfeeding. We show that chemical signals in baby teeth can reconstruct breastfeeding histories. Methods: We measure chemical signatures in aged dentine layers to generate weekly estimates of biomarkers of infant diet. Using reversed distributed lag models (DLM) we identified chemical signatures in teeth associated with breastmilk or formula intake and developed an index of breastmilk intake using a lagged weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression approach. Biomarkers of milk intake were developed in a non-human primate model and refined in a human cohort. We tested the index against prospectively collected breastfeeding histories in a human cohort based in Mexico (n=225) and a replication cohort from the US (n=100). Results: Preliminary studies identified barium as a sensitive marker of infant diet transition from breastmilk to infant formula, identifying the timing of infant formula introduction in 70% of teeth. Reversed DLMs indicated strontium as a sensitive marker to infant formula intake and lithium as a marker for breastfeeding after 6 months. Using WQS, lithium and strontium were found to be the strongest contributors within a mixture to differentiate breastfed and formula fed infants. Conclusions: Breastmilk intake during childhood can be reconstructed using chemical signatures in teeth. This method can be applied to more accurately investigate associations of breastfeeding dose and duration with long term health outcomes.