Early 1990s Research Articles

Running a mainstream revolutionary newspaper: Guangdong Qunbao and socialist propaganda in 1920s South China

ABSTRACT Revolutionary newspapers and periodicals have generally taken a confrontational stance towards the established power and the dominant ideology. In this sense, Guangdong Qunbao (The Social), the first daily newspaper run by the Chinese Communist Party in the early 1920s, was an interesting exception. From the beginning, its founders strove to strike a balance between becoming an influential mainstream newspaper and committing to revolutionary propaganda. This article examines its cultural strategies for the cultivation of socialist culture and explores how Qunbao engaged with the existing local cultures and developed a nuanced approach to socialist propaganda. It argues that, although the Qunbao’s editors hoped to promote a new ideology that was at odds with the prevailing ones, they did not rebel against the mainstream media; instead, they followed the model of modern print capitalism and creatively exploited indigenous cultural forms for the sake of socialist propaganda.

'A divine right to photograph': E. Graeme Robertson's (1903-1975) historical motion pictures of National Hospital staff in 1933.

In the course of researching and writing the first-ever book length biography of Edward Graeme Robertson's (1903-1975) eventful life and career in Australasian neurology, a rare 1933 cinema film recording of National Hospital staff at Queen Square has recently been rediscovered. Graeme completed his residency in neurology at Queen Square in the early 1930s and maintained close connections with his colleagues in London, thoughtfully recording them at different times using early movie cameras. Two versions of Graeme's 1933 film have been preserved, and there are also other color clips of his colleagues from later in life in the UCL Neurology archives and Robertson family collection. These remarkable films contain images of several historically significant neurologists, including Gordon Morgan Holmes (1876-1965), Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937), Derek Denny-Brown (1901-1981), Macdonald Critchley (1900-1997), and several others. We provide a contextual summary of the many clips recorded alongside an in-depth inventory of all the personalities represented in the 1933 film. Selected photographs are used to indicate the contents of these remarkable films.

Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: is it safe and reliable? A synopsis of the past, the present, and the future of HRA.

This paper discusses the existing literature in the field of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA), the background (why was it developed), the past (what was the evidence leading to its rise and fall in clinical use), the present situation (why a potential resurgence), and the future directions for potential improvements. All literature relevant to MoM HRA was reviewed and summarized to provide a comprehensive summary. Furthermore, a detailed literature search was performed on PubMeD, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar to identify all clinical studies reporting a minimum 10 years of outcomes for modern MoM HRA devices from February 2018 to February 2023. In addition, joint registry data over the same time period, available in the public domain, was examined to extract related information on MoM HRA. Metal ions are present in almost all types of hip replacement; on the whole, however, the risk of revision for resurfacing due to metal-related pathologies is very low, but higher than in other types of bearings. There are studies that show that some brands of MoM resurfacing prostheses have achieved excellent clinical outcomes in long-term follow-up studies and are still in use although less commonly than in early 2000s. Use of alternative bearing surfaces has demonstrated excellent results in the short-term and a very critical long-term follow-up of these cases still will help establish their place in the hip arthroplasty world. HRA deserves a permanent place in the armamentarium of orthopedic surgeons and in the hand of experienced surgeons.

Long-term outcomes of the first prospective study of active surveillance for prostate cancer in Japan.

Active surveillance for prostate cancer was initiated in the early 2000s. We assessed the long-term outcomes of active surveillance in Japan. This multicenter prospective observational cohort study enrolled men aged 50-80years with stage cT1cN0M0 prostate cancer in 2002 and 2003. The eligibility criteria included serum prostate-specific antigen level ≤ 20ng/mL, ≤ 2 positive cores per 6-12 biopsy samples, Gleason score ≤ 6, and cancer involvement < 50% in the positive core. Patients were encouraged to undergo active surveillance. Prostate-specific antigen levels were measured bimonthly for 6months and every 3months thereafter. Triggers for recommending treatment were prostate-specific antigen doubling time of < 2years and pathological progression on repeat biopsy. Among 134 patients, 118 underwent active surveillance. The median age, prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis, and maximum cancer occupancy were 70years, 6.5ng/mL, and 11.2%, respectively. Ninety-one patients had only one positive cancer core. The median observation period was 10.7years. At 1year, 65.7% underwent a repeat biopsy, and 37% of patients experienced pathological progression. The active surveillance continuation rates at 5, 10, and 15years were 28%, 9%, and 4%, respectively. One prostate cancer-related death occurred in a patient who refused treatment despite pathological progression at the one-year repeat biopsy. Active surveillance according to this study protocol was associated with conversion to the next treatment without delay, when indicated, despite the selection criteria and follow-up protocols being less rigorous than those recommended in current international guidelines.

‘Fundamental British values’: navigating nationalism and teacher practice

ABSTRACT Attempts to locate ‘Britishness’ within a context of loyalty to a set of shared values, have drawn upon discourses rooted in both contemporary and Imperial British histories. A central plank of the approach adopted since the early 2010s is the ‘Fundamental British Values’ (FBV), emerging from the British counter-terror strategy Prevent (2011). This paper interrogates the responses of school staff to the FBV, particularly expressions of discomfort regarding the policy’s nationalist overtones drawn from staff interviews, policy documentation and on-site photography obtained from an inner-south London primary school,. These responses are explored using Appadurai’s (1990) conception of ‘scapes’ in relation to globalisation, which highlight some of the strategies used by staff to manage this discomfort relative to their statutory duties. Finally, the broader implications and ideological foundations of the strategies chosen by staff are examined and spaces for deeper engagement with the FBV are examined.

Using Two-Way Immersion Program in Teaching English in Kazakhstan: Teachers’ View

The Program of Two-way immersion is a form of integration students from two different groups and contemporary studying of two languages and subjects on these languages. The method as a method was appeared in Canada in the early 1960s. The program of TWI adherence to the following criteria: 1. The number of students is the same in two group; 2) groups gathered into one group according to the main subjects; 3) all main subjects are taught in two languages simultaneously. Two types of TWI program: 50\50; 90\10. This qualitative study aims to examine teachers’ views on the implementation the bilingual program into educational process of Kazakhstan. The literature review showed that Two-way immersion program is one of the innovative methods within the trilingual education of Kazakhstan, that not sufficiently studied and approved. It was hypothesized that TWI program makes an effect on trilingualism of Kazakhstan. For checking the awareness of this program, it was conducted an experimental work in Karaganda Buketov University, Kazakhstan. (103 teachers from the faculty of foreign languages, within five departments: Department of foreign philology; Foreign languages department; Department of translation theory and practice; Department of the theory and practice of foreign language training; Department of the practical foreign language course)The results demonstrate that this program is not sufficiently studied, becomes relevant in the educational process and informative, as well as to create the necessary methodological recommendations. The usage of TWI program improves the system of bilingual education in Kazakhstan, expands the level of professional readiness of teachers and students, develops high levels of academic competence and motivation.

Monovalent, bivalent and biparatopic nanobodies targeting S1 protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus efficiently neutralized the virus infectivity

BackgroundPorcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and death in neonatal piglets, which has brought huge economic losses to the pork industry worldwide since its first discovery in the early 1970s in Europe. Passive immunization with neutralizing antibodies against PEDV is an effective prevention measure. To date, there are no effective therapeutic drugs to treat the PEDV infection.ResultsWe conducted a screening of specific nanobodies against the S1 protein from a phage display library obtained from immunized alpacas. Through competitive binding to antigenic epitopes, we selected instead of chose nanobodies with high affinity and constructed a multivalent tandem. These nanobodies were shown to inhibit PEDV infectivity by the neutralization assay. The antiviral capacity of nanobody was found to display a dose-dependent pattern, as demonstrated by IFA, TCID50, and qRT-PCR analyses. Notably, biparatopic nanobody SF-B exhibited superior antiviral activity. Nanobodies exhibited low cytotoxicity and high stability even under harsh temperature and pH conditions, demonstrating their potential practical applicability to animals.ConclusionsNanobodies exhibit remarkable biological properties and antiviral effects, rendering them a promising candidate for the development of anti-PEDV drugs.

Carnap and Wittgenstein: Tolerance, Arbitrariness, and Truth

This article discusses the relationship between Ludwig Wittgenstein’s and Rudolf Carnap’s philosophies of logic during the time of Wittgenstein’s interactions with the Vienna Circle and up to 1934 when the German edition of Carnap’s The Logical Syntax of Language was published. Whilst Section 1 focuses on the relationship between Carnap and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, including Wittgenstein’s accusation of plagiarism against Carnap in 1932, Section 2 discusses the relationship between Carnap’s principle of tolerance and Wittgenstein’s similar principle of the arbitrariness of grammar. I argue that, although Carnap’s claim in Logical Syntax to ‘go beyond’ Wittgenstein has certain justification in relation to the Tractatus, so does Wittgenstein’s priority claim. The relationship between Carnap’s philosophy of logic and the Tractatus is thus more complicated than is often recognized. If the reference point is Wittgenstein in the early 1930s, however, Carnap cannot be described as going beyond him, and by 1934, Wittgenstein had advanced further than Carnap would ever venture. Despite evidence that Carnap knew about Wittgenstein’s principle of the arbitrariness of syntax well before his first articulations of his principle of tolerance, the extent of the influence of Wittgenstein’s principle on Carnap remains unclear. What can be established with certainty is that Wittgenstein’s principle predates Carnap’s and that Carnap resisted acknowledging him despite being urged to do so. Arguably, Wittgenstein’s account of syntax as both arbitrary and non-arbitrary is also superior in clarity to Carnap’s misleading claim about a ‘complete freedom’ implied by the principle of tolerance, because such a freedom only exists for idle syntactical systems that are not put to work. In Section 3, I discuss the relationship between Carnap’s notion of expediency and Wittgenstein’s account of the correctness or truth of logical accounts. As my discussion of Wittgenstein’s account brings out, Carnap’s rejection of truth in logic for expediency as the goal of logical clarifications does not follow from the principle of tolerance and is not justified by it. It remains unclear what justifies Carnap’s rejection of truth as the goal of logical clarification. Again, Wittgenstein’s account seems preferable, given the vacuity of the claim that expediency constitutes the basis of choice between different logical languages and clarifications.

Administrative-territorial transformations in the Kursk region in the mid 1940s – early 1960s: main practices and results

Relevance. Issues of intraregional administrative and territorial transformations, including in the Kursk region, currently remain practically unstudied. This is due, on the one hand, to the specifics of the source base of the problem, which is a set of official legal documents, statistics and regulations, and, on the other hand, to insufficient interest on the part of researchers. Meanwhile, studying the specifics of the implementation of various administrative-territorial transformations in the post-war period using the example of a specific region has serious scientific significance: it allows us to detail the features of the socio-economic development of territories, demographic and migration aspects, etc., which creates the opportunity to take a slightly different look at history of the Kursk region.The purpose. Reveal the features of the dynamics of the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region in the mid-1940s – early 1960s.Objectives: based on the study of a complex of historical sources, show the prerequisites, logic and course of intraregional administrative and territorial transformations of the Kursk region in the period indicated above.Methodology. When writing the work, the authors relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, genetic, etc.).Results. Currently, in local historiography there are no scientific works on the history of the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region. The reference publications available to historians are replete with inaccuracies and errors. This work partly identifies these errors, and also shows the mechanisms for changing the administrative-territorial structure of the Kursk region in the mid-1940s – early 1960s.Conclusion. The administrative and territorial transformations that took place in the Kursk region in the mid1940s – early 1960s had a predominantly socio-economic basis. The rapid development of individual territories required changes in the network of village councils, districts, the creation of new regions, as well as the abolition of ineffective administrative-territorial units. The party and state leadership of the region and the country in most cases responded quite quickly to these needs, however, as practice has shown, not all of them were consolidated in practice.

Amex: Discord and Unity in the Canadian Vietnam-Era Anti-Draft Movement, 1969-1971

During the American Vietnam War of the 1960s and early 1970s, a movement dedicated to opposing the draft and assisting both draft dodgers and deserters emerged within Canada, where many of these war resisters immigrated. Exile groups were organizations in the anti-draft movement consisting entirely of American war resisters. One prominent exile newsletter was Amex: The American Expatriate in Canada. Amex’s reactions to events in the Canadian antidraft movement during its second volume (1969–1971) demonstrate how despite frequently criticizing other organizations and individuals within the movement, it ultimately advocated for unity. The newsletter's views on discord and unity within the anti-draft movement are representative of the larger movement’s success in maintaining cohesion despite disputes.

Voice-over country? Okay, Boomer. How young viewers are disrupting the AVT landscape in Poland

Poland, historically known as a stronghold of voice-over when it comes to audiovisual translation (AVT), as evidenced by opinion polls of the 1990s and early 2000s, underwent a substantial shift in its AVT landscape with the emergence of streaming services. This paradigm shift not only grants viewers the autonomy to choose what and when to watch, but also enables them to select their preferred AVT type, with many opting against voice-over. This study aims to provide empirical evidence confirming these evolving AVT preferences of Polish viewers. Conducting an online survey of nearly 1300 adult Poles, we explore their AVT preferences and viewing habits across cinemas, television, and streaming platforms. Additionally, we investigate potential genre-related variations in AVT preferences, specifically comparing preferences for dubbing in animation versus live-action content. Our findings show a departure from the traditional preference towards voice-over towards subtitling, particularly prominent among millennials and Generation Z. Young Polish viewers are also increasingly drawn to VOD platforms and away from traditional linear TV broadcasts. Many viewers also express a notable fondness for dubbing in animated productions, especially those nostalgically remembered from childhood.

Financial liberalization or state capitalism? The developmental state and the special purpose bond market in South Korea

ABSTRACT South Korea's state-guaranteed bond market was nearly half the size of its sovereign bond market in 2022, and in the early 2000s, it was nearly twice the size of the latter. What explains the overwhelming prominence of this fixed-income market? This paper finds that the prominence of this market is a path-dependent consequence of developmental legacies and the Asian Financial Crisis. State-guaranteed bonds allowed the state to circumvent conditionalities that limited the state's ability to access domestic savings for policy objectives and helped shield the newly established sovereign bond market from premature supply pressure. This finding demonstrates that the state not only supports or creates markets but also uses markets to maintain its influence against external pressure. It also explains how the South Korean state was able to maintain its developmental policies after market liberalisation by tracking the post-crisis flow of domestic savings.

The Representations of Faith and Belonging: Locating Sri Lankan Muslim Women in Ameena Hussein’s The Moon in the Water

The study examines Ameena Hussein’s 2009 novel, The Moon in the Water, with the objective of unveiling an alternative form of religious faith and belonging among Sri Lankan Muslim women. This investigation delves into the intricate dynamics at play, wherein religious and cultural negotiations unfold within a multi-ethnic context. The primary focus is on unravelling the temporal and spatial stratification of mourning practices adopted by Muslim women in response to the encroachment of Wahhabi influences in Sri Lanka during the early 1980s. Moreover, the research underscores the practice of idda (the widow’s four months and ten days of required mourning) within the context of marriage and gender experiences. It illuminates how these women manoeuvre across areas of subversion, resistance and cultural norms, finally questioning and redefining the peripheries of their lives.

‘Hazing, booze and bedrooms’: an autoethnography of sexual trauma in a university residential college

ABSTRACT This autoethnographic essay, ‘Hazing, booze and bedrooms’, explores my personal experience of sexual trauma in a university residential college and its cultural significance. The essay is written at a time of urgency to address gendered violence within Australian universities, with the release of the National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children 2022–2032 and The Commonwealth Consent Policy Framework. I use autoethnography to explore the trauma across one body and time, moving through the space of four bedrooms. Each bedroom represents a different aspect of the narrative: the autoethnographic approach to writing about sexual trauma, a summary of research on gender-based violence in Australian universities, and my own personal experiences in the residential college bedrooms she occupied in the early 1990s. The essay concludes by reflecting on the value of bearing autoethnographic witness to sexual trauma and questioning what might happen next regarding moves to eliminate practices of hazing and sexual violence in university residential colleges, and in a call to action, asks, ‘If not now, when?’

Things, practices & policies: relationality and the early stages of the international promotion of Dutch design, 1920s–1970s

ABSTRACT This article takes a practice theory approach to explore the little-known history of the Dutch government practices that, between the early 1920s and mid 1970s, preceded explicit Dutch international cultural policy in organizing the promotion of the Dutch arts abroad. Advancing from an understanding of international cultural policy as a ‘hybrid’ (socio-material) practice of meaning production, it examines how those government agencies defined ‘Dutchness’ and ‘design’, and how the specificities of the things being promoted influenced those definitions. From this detailed empirical study, I propose a theorization of the relationship between policy, practices, and things as relational, meaning the understanding of things and policy as both shaping – and being shaped by – practices of international promotion. This theorization has broader relevance to cultural policy research since it suggests that policies and practices promoting different domains of culture may develop differently depending on the specificities of the artefacts that they seek to disseminate, and vice-versa.

Chains of extraction: shifting bioeconomies in India and East Africa

Since the early 2000s, India has been a world leading hub for cross border reproductive treatments, in particular surrogacy, with the nation positioning itself as the “mother destination” for transnational commercial surrogacy, offering “First world services at Third world prices”. State policies, lack of legal regulation, state of the art medical infrastructure and a steady supply of women ready to take on the role as surrogate mothers against meager remuneration have been key factors behind the Indian success story. Yet, a gradual process of regulation in recent years, culminating in the introduction of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2020, has forced the industry to reinvent itself in order to maintain its role as a market leader in a booming global bioeconomy. This article takes the 2020 bill as a starting point for an exploration of the key trajectories that the Indian reproductive industry has taken since. This includes moving into new market segments, such as the unregulated practice of oocyte donation, and expanding globally into new geo-political contexts. Through these practices, India has successfully rebranded itself as a world leading “pre-conception assemblage hub” where embryos are assembled and implanted into surrogates who carry their pregnancies to term in countries with no protective legislation. The article begins to map the emerging links between the reproductive industry in India and East Africa - where diasporic networks are mobilized in the creation of new reproductive markets, dominated by Indian IVF providers. In particular, we discuss the current expansion in Kenya, which we situate against the backdrop of the colonial entanglements between the two countries. While the ART industry in Kenya is still young, we suggest that these emerging developments illuminate the effect of the ban on commercial surrogacy in India, which appears to have resulted in a partial relocation to countries that lack regulation, shifting the precarious conditions of surrogates in India to other women, elsewhere, in ways that rearticulate colonial racial hierarchies and migration patterns.

Urban Regeneration of Old Neighborhoods: The Case of Old Al Ghanim in Doha, Qatar

ABSTRACT Qatar witnessed its first urban expansion era following economic prosperity amid the discovery and production of oil and its exportation in the early 1950s. However, the capital city of Qatar, Doha, beheld numerous challenges following the rapid growth that resulted in unsystematic urban sprawl in the city. Therefore, the country developed national expansion plans and policies for the geographical city change process by encouraging sustainable and regenerative approaches. Studies concentrating on urban regeneration in rapidly growing cities offer prospects by evaluating existing settings and proposing regeneration solutions. This research aims to assess the urban environment of an old neighborhood in Doha, called Fareej Al Ghanim by examining the existing conditions and providing recommendations for its regeneration. A qualitative research methodology is applied in this study to identify proper solutions for urban regeneration in Fareej Al Ghanim. The latter is an important case to analyze, study and recommend an appropriate regeneration strategy, which can be used as an example of best practice for other historic neighborhoods in Qatar, the Gulf and elsewhere. Namely, the urban regeneration of Old Al Ghanim neighborhood in Doha was studied through physical analysis of (A) urban settings (B) land uses and (C) current building conditions. The information was collected through data collection, site visits, walking tour assessments and map analyses. The findings identified the following; (1) poor infrastructure of the neighborhood, (2) multiple abandoned buildings in a deteriorating state, (3) lack of parking spaces and over congestion, (4) absence of cycling paths and pavements and (5) inexistence of open areas where people can sit and relax. Thus, the proposed recommendations for urban regeneration are based on (A) enhancing the physical environment of the area through land-use changes and (B) rehabilitating the surviving historic buildings and reconstructing the deteriorating ones. The findings offer policymakers, city planners, and designers an opportunity to improve old districts in Qatar, the Gulf and elsewhere.

Historical Prerequisites for the Formation of Legal Sovereignty of Russian Regions

The paper examines the theory of federalism in the political, administrative and territorial structure of the country. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s caused the inclusion of the principle of national unity in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The authors trace the dynamics of the division of powers between central and local authorities in Russia. The authors point out the importance of harmonizing the interests of the federal center and the regions, and the equal participation of all constituent entities of the Federation in state building as a guarantee of the unity of Russia. Building a competent balance in the distribution of powers between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Federation makes it possible to mitigate the contradictions that arise, which indicates the desire to ensure a balance of interests between the central government and the regions. The national authorities are working to increase the financial autonomy of the regions, giving them the right to exercise control over their funds. This approach, taking into account the differences in mentality, culture, and needs of the regions, allows for a flexible approach to the management of different constituent entities of the Federation. Increased attention to regional specifics is a vector of the policy of the modern Russian supreme power. The desire for a reasonable balance between the central government and the regions reflects the historical evolution of the Russian state structure towards genuine federalism.

Panorama on the adoption and use of agile methods in Brazil

In the early 2000s, the Agile Manifesto was launched, over time many organizations have sought to use agile methods in projects, bringing to the discussion the issue of the scalability of these methods, considering the practical implications related to the organizational structure, culture, models governance, leadership, and shared management of projects. Brazil has stood out in the adoption and adopted the use of agile project management methodologies. In this context, this research aims to obtain an overview of the adoption and use of agile practices in Brazilian organizations, seeking to deepen the understanding of the methods, techniques and tools used in Brazil. To this end, a survey was carried out among practitioners of agile methods, resulting in 341 completed questionnaires, of which 199 were considered valid. The results indicate that agile practices have been institutionalized and become a current business practice. Regarding the adoption of agile practices in organizations, respondents reported, among other things, that perceived motivations were speed up the delivery of products, improve the ability to manage projects and better serve the clients, and increase productivity. Regarding the benefits perceived by organizations due to the adoption of agile methods, the greater ability to manage changes, shorter product delivery time, and better alignment between the project team and the clients were highlighted. When asked about the indicators used by managers to measure the success of their projects, customer satisfaction, delivery of products, and the creation of value for the business, among other, were highlighted.

Iper-luoghi e trame urbane: il ruolo dei centri commerciali nel contesto territoriale lombardo

Abstract Hyper-Places and Urban Fabrics: The Role of Shopping Centers in the Lombardy Territorial Context Moving from a reflection related to urban transformations that have occurred over the years the paper reflects on the generation of new urban spaces – which are configured as strong attractors, connectors, and diffusers – capable of encompassing various individual practices as well as the functions of a society as a whole. Assuming this framework, the contribution focuses on the role of shopping centers – with particular attention to the role assumed by Oriocenter in Lombardy (Italy) – as hyper-places. In fact, since the early 1990s, such structures have undergone profound changes, developing both through an increase in size and through a diversification of commercial attractors, promoting renewed flow trajectories and leading to increasing territorial complexity.