Early Date Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHANGES IN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA DISEASE (CLINICAL CASES)

The difficulty of diagnosing Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is due to the fact that in the prodromal stage, the inflammatory process develops in the vascular membrane without ocular manifestations, clinically, flu-like syndrome, meningism come out in the first place, mistakenly leading the patient to a doctor of another specialty.Objective: To analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) data and clinical manifestations for early diagnosis and timely treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.Methods: Data from two clinical cases are presented: patient T. with timely pathogenetic pulse therapy and patient B. with alternative treatment due to his refusal of the proposed therapy. Results: Against the background of treatment, both patients have an increase in visual acuity, but patient B. has a less favorable prognosis according to OCT data due to the lack of adequate therapy.Conclusion: OCT of the macular region makes it possible to make the correct diagnosis at an early date, which prevents the transition of the uveitic stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease into a chronic one.

Disease-driven yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop under different agroclimatic locations of Punjab

The experiments were conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to examine the yield losses due to diseases in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop under different agroclimatic locations of Punjab. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design (SPD) having three dates of sowing (14th–15th October, 8th–9th November and 3rd–4th December) in main plots and wheat varieties, viz. PBW 725, HD 2967 and HD 3086 with two microclimate modification levels M1 (recommended irrigation) and M2 (additional water sprays) in sub plots, replicated four times. The yellow rust severity was maximum at Ludhiana (56.14%, 57.17%) and Gurdaspur (56.75%, 58.42%) in HD 2967 under early sown conditions in M2 treatment during 2021–22 and 2022–33, respectively. The Karnal bunt incidence was comparatively higher at Ludhiana (18.5% and 13.4%) and Gurdaspur (21.4% and 16.7%) in variety PBW 725 under normal sowing condition in M2 than other treatments during both the years of study, respectively. Grain yield during 2021–22 and 2022–23 was more in early sowing at Ludhiana (43.3 q/ha, 48.1 q/ha) and Gurdaspur (44.5 q/ha, 50.8 q/ha) than other dates of sowing. In variety × microclimate modification levels treatments, grain yield was maximum at Ludhiana (43.1 q/ha, 47.2 q/ha) and Gurdaspur (44.0 q/ha, 50.2 q/ha) in variety PBW 725 under M1 than other treatments during both the years of study. Early date of sowing recorded more yield losses followed by late and normal sowing and losses were more at Gurdaspur as compared to Ludhiana. Average yield losses during 2022–23 were higher i.e. 5.6% and 7.1% as compared to 1.6% and 2.3% during 2021–22 at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur, respectively.

Abstract 4136459: Machine Learning in Time-to-Event Prediction of Ventricular Arrhythmias among Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease

Introduction: Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to patients without T2DM. Ventricular arrhythmias (VA), such as ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, are the major causes of mortality among patients with CAD. Thus, T2DM patients with CAD, especially older adults, have a higher risk of VA compared to patients without T2DM. The time-to-event prediction can contribute to decreasing mortality due to VA in older adults with T2DM and CAD by providing an estimated time and probability of diagnosis at specific time points. However, the limited number of older T2DM patients with CAD, who are diagnosed with ventricular arrhythmias, lowers the performance of a traditional time-to-event analysis model. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that machine learning can improve performance in time-to-event prediction. Methods: This study includes 3975 participants aged >65 years, diagnosed with T2DM and CAD in the All of US database. The baseline time was the earliest date when the patients were older than 65 years and diagnosed with T2DM and CAD. Of all participants, 379 were diagnosed with VA within 5 years from baseline. We compared the machine learning–based time-to-event analysis models to the Cox Proportional Hazards model to explore the potential of machine learning in time-to-event analysis. Additionally, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique was applied to resolve the imbalanced data issue. The model performance was evaluated based on the concordance index, which calculates the correlation between predicted risk scores and actual observations, after 5-fold cross-validation. Results: The average concordance index of the Gradient Boosting Machines model was the highest among the five models, including the Cox Proportional Hazards model, with balanced data (Table). Conclusion: We identified that machine learning could improve the performance of prediction models in time-to-event analysis. The Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique could mitigate the issue of imbalanced data. In addition, machine learning-based survival models showed higher concordance index values compared to the Cox Proportional Hazards model.

Analysis and social work intervention of adolescent premature dating from a social-ecological perspective

By applying social ecological theory and social work concepts and methods to analyze the phenomenon of adolescent early dating, it is found that the causes of adolescent early dating involve changes in physiological and psychological structures, the influence of family atmosphere, school education, peer group effects, and the impact of social environment and traditional culture on three levels. Social work can intervene in the social ecological system of adolescents through professional methods such as case counseling, group work, and community work, carrying out practical work in their individual, family, school, and community aspects, and contributing to the resolution of adolescent early dating issues.

New Research on the Origin of Mosaic Gold

This article examines the origins of the golden pigment known as mosaic gold (SnS2), formed through the sublimation of tin with mercury, sulphur, and ammonium chloride. It explores the textual transmission of mosaic gold from the earliest known written testimonies, as well as the earliest material remnants of the pigment during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Additionally, the study introduces and analyses two new recipes from an earlier date: one comes from the Greek treatise known as the Anonymous of Zuretti; and the other from the Latin alchemical work attributed to pseudo-Avicenna, De anima. The analysis of these new recipes allows for a better understanding of the origin of the pigment and its connection with the medieval alchemical tradition inherited from the Arabic world. Based on these testimonies, the study proposes a new hypothesis about the origin, development, and etymology of mosaic gold.

Assessment of sowing environment for wheat cultivars and evaluation of growing degree days for phenological stages in the Northwest Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh

BackgroundThe date of sowing is a non-monetary input factor that plays a crucial role in field crop management. Based on the sowing time, management practices of crop production affect crop growth, development, and yield. Under varied environmental conditions, this factor may be useful in addressing low yields and combating/escaping stresses either due to diseases or due to any unfavourable environment.ResultsA field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 to study the accumulated growing degree days (GDD) and performance of six wheat cultivars (HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222 and WR 544) under four sowing dates (5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January). The study revealed that 5th November is the best date for sowing resulting in higher pooled grain yield of 4.85 Mg ha−1 and 3.94 Mg ha−1 at Bajaura and Malan, respectively. Significant reductions in the grain yield and yield attributes were observed when the date of sowing was set beyond 5th November. Among the cultivars tested, HS 562 gave a significantly higher pooled grain yield of 4.46 and 3.75 Mg ha−1 at Bajaura and Malan, respectively. Pooled data on physiological maturity revealed that variety HS 562 took the highest calendar days (168 days) and GDD (1573.42 °C days) to attain physiological maturity at Bajaura while at Malan HI 1544 and HD 3086 took the highest calendar days (156 and 155 days, respectively) and GDD (2055.41 and 2051.81 °C days, respectively) to attain their physiological maturity.ConclusionFrom the study, it can be concluded that the early date of sowing provides the crop with ample duration to accumulate growing degree days resulting in a higher accumulation of photosynthates resulting in significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield. Therefore, 5th November is recommended as the best time for sowing of wheat crop whereas the sowing must not be delayed beyond 25th November. HS 562 was superior among the cultivars and is recommended for Malan and Bajaura regions for attaining higher yield.

Climate-adaptative management strategies for soybean production under ENSO scenarios in Southern Brazil: An in-silico analysis of crop failure risk

CONTEXTSoybeans (Glycine max L.) are a crucial crop for global food security, and the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, plays a significant role. However, climate instability, particularly water stress (WS), is a major concern in this region, causing large interannual yield variability. OBJECTIVEThis study aims to address this issue using an in-silico approach to: i) characterize WS and spatial patterns and their frequency within ENSO events; and ii) explore climate-adaptative management strategies such as planting dates and maturity groups to mitigate the risk of crop failure and maximize seed yield and profits. METHODSCrop growth simulations were performed testing three soybean maturity groups (MG, 5.0, 5.8, and 6.4) and eight planting dates (from October 5th to January 20th) over 30 years at 187 locations in RS, Brazil, using APSIM Next Generation. Failure risk was calculated as the percentage of simulations that yielded less than the economic break-even soybean yield in a given scenario. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe simulated yields were clustered into four regions: Northeast, North, Central, and Southwest. Four WS seasonal patterns were then defined (no stress, early stress, late stress, and whole season stress). On average, WS reduced yields up to 2 Mg ha-1 (∼50 % relative to the maximum). WS varied among regions, with the SW experiencing more frequent and severe stress (up to 50 % of whole season stress during La Nina). ENSO events influenced WS frequency, with El Niño events associated with reduced stress and La Niña events to increased stress. The MG 5.0 resulted in a higher probability of failure risk in all regions. Early planting dates resulted in the highest yield variability (up to 5 Mg ha-1). Climate-adaptative management strategies, such as optimizing planting dates and maturity groups, resulted in a 15 % reduction in crop failure. SIGNIFICANCEOur findings provide valuable insights for developing targeted approaches to enhance soybean yield stability, thereby increasing the resilience of agriculture in the face of future climate uncertainties.

A machine learning algorithm to explore the drivers of carbon emissions in Chinese cities

As the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, the task of carbon emission reduction is imminent. In order to realize the dual-carbon goal at an early date, it is necessary to study the key factors affecting China’s carbon emissions and their non-linear relationships. This paper compares the performance of six machine learning algorithms to that of traditional econometric models in predicting carbon emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 using panel data from 254 cities in China. Specifically, it analyzes the comparative importance of domestic economic, external economic, and policy uncertainty factors as well as the nonparametric relationship between these factors and carbon emissions based on the Extra-trees model. Results show that energy consumption (ENC) remains the root cause of increased carbon emissions among domestic economic factors, although government intervention (GOV) and digital finance (DIG) can significantly reduce it. Next, among the external economic and policy uncertainty factors, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) are important factors influencing carbon emissions, and the partial dependence plots (PDPs) confirm the pollution haven hypothesis and also reveal the role of EPU in reducing carbon emissions. The heterogeneity of factors affecting carbon emissions is also analyzed under different city sizes, and it is found that ENC is a common driving factor in cities of different sizes, but there are some differences. Finally, appropriate policy recommendations are proposed by us to help China move rapidly towards a green and sustainable development path.

Data-driven logistics collaboration for prefabricated supply chain with multiple factories

Prefabricated construction is increasingly replacing traditional methods due to its higher productivity, superior quality, and shorter construction time. This paper aims to optimize production and logistics collaboration within a three-tier prefabricated supply chain network to reduce overall costs and enhance response efficiency. A decision model was developed that integrates factory and logistics capacity, on-site assembly sequence, and outsourcing decisions to optimize resource allocation. The model demonstrates superior cost efficiency and resource allocation effectiveness over the Earliest Due Date (EDD) method through a hypothetical case study. This result provides robust decision support for supply chain professionals, offering significant practical implications for cost reduction and resource optimization. Our findings lay a foundation for future studies on supply chain management and optimization under dynamic conditions, offering new perspectives and methodologies.

Pyu urns, Indian calendars, and Myanmar culture

Abstract The article addresses the important question of the calendar used in dating the Payagyi Pyu urns from Sri Ksetra (mod. Pyay) in Myanmar. It shows that, of the four calendars used in Myanmar at the time, two—the Ajjagona and Buddhist eras—can be ruled out. This leaves the Saka and Myanmar eras as the only possible options. However, although the Saka era was used for dating Indian records up to East Bengal, it was only used twice for dating an inscription in central Myanmar and, in addition, the early dates on the Payagyi urns seem to preclude its use in Myanmar that early on. The article concludes therefore that, for dating the Pyu urns, most likely the Pyu–Myanmar calendar of 638 CE was used.

Structure-Activity Relationships in Oxygen Electrocatalysis.

Oxygen electrocatalysis, as the pivotal circle of many green energy technologies, sets off a worldwide research boom in full swing, while its large kinetic obstacles require remarkable catalysts to break through. Here, based on summarizing reaction mechanisms and in situ characterizations, the structure-activity relationships of oxygen electrocatalysts are emphatically overviewed, including the influence of geometric morphology and chemical structures on the electrocatalytic performances. Subsequently, experimental/theoretical research is combined with device applications to comprehensively summarize the cutting-edge oxygen electrocatalysts according to various material categories. Finally, future challenges are forecasted from the perspective of catalyst development and device applications, favoring researchers to promote the industrialization of oxygen electrocatalysis at an early date.

Effects of group-based versus individual physical exercise programs for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide and is associated with a high rate of disability and poor quality of life. However, little is known about the therapeutic effects of group-based versus individual-based physical exercise protocols. Objective: To investigate the effects of individual versus group-based physical exercises on pain intensity and functional outcomes in people with knee OA. Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and PEDro databases were searched from the earliest date available to July 2023. Study quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Mean difference (MD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Results: Six studies, with 763 patients, met the study criteria. Group-based physical exercises improved pain intensity (VAS 0-100) MD -17.2 (95% CI: -22.2 to -12.3), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale MD -0.54 (95% CI: -1.0 to -0.08), WOMAC function subscale MD -2.1 (95% CI: -4.1 to -0.08) compared to individual modality. No significant difference regarding muscle strength and exercise tolerance was found for participants in the group-based physical exercises compared with individual physical ones. Conclusion: Group-based physical exercise was more successful in reducing pain intensity and functional impairment in patients with knee OA than individual exercise programs. Both group-based and individual physical exercise programs enhanced muscle strength and 6-minute walk distance.

The initial spread of peaches across eastern North America was structured by Indigenous communities and ecologies

We conduct a synthetic archaeological and ethnohistoric dating program to assess the timing and tempo of the spread of peaches, the first Eurasian domesticate to be adopted across Indigenous eastern North America, into the interior American Southeast by Indigenous communities who quickly “Indigenized” the fruit. In doing so, we present what may be the earliest absolute dates for archaeological contexts containing preserved peach pits in what is today the United States in the early to mid-16th century. Along with our broader chronological modeling, these early dates suggest that peaches were likely in the interior prior to permanent Spanish settlement in the American Southeast and that peaches spread independently of interactions with Spanish colonizers. We further argue that that eventual spread of peaches was structured exclusively by Indigenous communities and the ecologies produced through long-term Indigenous land management and land use practices, highlighting and centering the agency of Indigenous societies in the socioecological process of colonization.

Chinese daughters’ day: an image-based exploration of Qiqiao traditions in Xihe County

ABSTRACT The Qiqiao Festival in Xihe County, Gansu Province, China, represents young Chinese girls' coming of age. It presents a microcosm of traditional Chinese female growth and has existed for centuries. Since weaving cloth is considered the basis of survival in the traditional Chinese social structure, the collective belief in Qiaoniangniang reflects the strong desire of young girls to acquire female labour skills at an early date. Throughout history, Qiqiao has been spread through oral tradition and written records. However, the visual records are incredibly scarce. Therefore, the author focused on the begging ceremony in the Xihe River and collected the earliest photos. It is hoped that through analysing these ancient photos, people can get a visual appearance of this thousand-year-old Qiqiao Festival and attempt to supplement and confirm the written information about the Qiqiao Festival. These images can depict the nature of the Qiqiao Festival so that people appear to have a more comprehensive understanding of the life of Xihe girls in the 20th century.

Locating Anglo-Italian Communities in Bevis and the Naples Manuscript

This article contextualises the Anglo-Italian aspects of Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, MS XIII.B.29. This fifteenth-century paper miscellany contains Bevis of Hampton, Chaucer’s Clerk’s Tale, St Alexius, Libeaus Desconus, as well as a recipe collection, a section of Lydgate’s “Doublenesse”, and a fragment of Sir Isumbras. The book is among a very select number of codices containing Middle English texts that are presently preserved in an Italian institution. Previous research has demonstrated XIII.B.29 must have travelled to the Italian peninsula at a relatively early date, but the exact reason behind its compilation and the method by which it arrived in Italy remain uncertain. This article reviews the manuscript’s design, provenance, and contents, arguing the book is not just an English manuscript in Italy, but also to some degree an English manuscript about Italy and Italian experiences. Specifically, the article contends that an episode in the manuscript’s Bevis, which describes a street fight near Lombard Street in London, benefits from a reading that acknowledges late medieval developments in finance and long-distance Anglo-Italian commerce, as well as the emergence of Italian communities in Southampton and the capital.

Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq

The introduction of rye cultivation in Iraq necessitates the implementation of agrotechnological experiments. Two-year irrigated field experiments were carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate (in the southwestern region of Iraq) in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to evaluate the performance of three European rye cultivars introduced to Iraq, focusing on the most significant agronomical and morphological characteristics. Three sowing dates (01 November, 15 November and 01 December) were tested in a split plot, randomized complete block design. We observed that both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics. In general, the early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates. We observed that all evaluated rye cultivars can be grown safely in the agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this region. The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates, and the above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively. In addition, the highest grain yield (8.8 t ha−1) was harvested in ‘Horyzo’ when it was sown on 01 November; thus, we recommend choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivation in Iraq and sowing it in early November. Although further study is required to improve agro-technology (such as the nutrient supply) by using a larger number of cultivars, we can conclude that rye can be grown safely in Iraq under irrigated conditions.

A Situational Overview of Prenatal Screening Services in Bhutan

ABSTRACTPrenatal genetic testing is to determine the possibility of the fetus having a genetic aberration or birth defect. Prenatal screening consists of serum analytes screening with or without nuchal translucency (NT) scanning or with cell‐free DNA (CfDNA) screening. Prenatal screening is recommended for all pregnant women regardless of the duration of pregnancy and maternal age or baseline risk. It is not advisable to screen with serum analytes and CfDNA concurrently to avoid discordant results. In developed countries, prenatal testing has been a part of routine antenatal care for a long time with adopting newer methods of screening and testing. In Bhutan, since the integration of the Safe Motherhood Program into primary healthcare in 1994, there has been an unprecedented improvement in obstetric care services. Almost all pregnant women attend antenatal and postnatal care, and 98.5% of deliveries are attended by trained health workers. The maternal mortality has reduced to 53 in 2023 from 770 per 100,000 live births in 1984 and the neonatal dealth has reduced to 15.2 per 1000 live births in 2023. However, despite improvements in the care of pregnant women, many babies are detected with congenital anomalies, syndromes, and birth defects during the postnatal period. Bhutan, being an underdeveloped country, could not initiate any form of prenatal testing program except for the anatomical scanning performed at 18–22 weeks of gestation. Early ultrasound dating scans, limited anomaly scanning, and growth scanning are offered to all pregnant women. There is a need to start centralized prenatal testing services in Bhutan to provide a comprehensive package of obstetric care to pregnant women. In addition, legal rights for parents to terminate severely deformed fetuses or severe genetic diseases before 24 weeks of pregnancy need to be established.

Effects of Harvest Date and Ensiling Additives on the Optimized Ensiling of Silphium Perfoliatum to Prevent Faulty Fermentation

Silphium perfoliatum, an energy crop with a high fiber content but low concentrations of fermentable carbohydrates, presents challenges for complete fermentation in biogas production. To overcome this, a bioeconomic approach proposes the use of the fibers for paper and board production, which requires high-quality silage with minimal butyric acid, which affects the marketability of the fibers. This study aims to optimize the silaging process of Silphium perfoliatum by investigating the effects of harvest date, bacterial cultures and additives on fermentation results. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of three harvest dates on fermentation acid composition, with a focus on increasing lactic acid production to inhibit butyric acid formation. Results indicate that an early harvest date (early September) is critical for achieving stable fermentation and minimizing ensiling losses. The addition of sugar-rich additives, such as syrup, was found to be essential, especially for later harvest dates. Despite these interventions, a late harvest (early November) consistently resulted in suboptimal fermentation. The results suggest that optimizing harvest timing and incorporating appropriate additives are key strategies for producing high quality silage and ensuring the suitability of Silphium perfoliatum fibers for industrial applications.

STANDARD AND BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL OSTEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH NON-SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN (THE OSCAR STUDY): A SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Purpose and BackgroundGuidelines recommend biopsychosocial care for chronic, complex musculoskeletal conditions, including non-specific low back pain. The aims were: 1/ to assess how patients with low back pain respond to osteopathic treatment, both before and after an osteopath has completed a Biopsychosocial Pain Management (BPM) course; and 2/ to assess if it is feasible and acceptable for osteopath participants to receive weekly SCED data and use it to guide patient management.Methods and ResultsA multiple baseline single case experimental design trial (clinicaltrials.gov, on 18/10/2021, ID number NCT05120921) with 11 UK osteopaths was conducted. Patients were randomised to early, middle or late treatment start dates. Statistical analysis assessed the change between baseline, intervention and follow-up periods. Primary outcomes were the Numeric Pain Rating (NPR) and Patient Specific Function Scales (PSFS), measured during the baseline, the 6-week intervention, and during a 12-week follow-up period.At baseline, the osteopaths reported stronger biopsychosocial attitudes to pain, compared to biomedical beliefs (PABS: 34 behavioural scale; 29 biomedical scale). Overall, patient participants showed daily increases in symptoms during the pre-treatment phase (+0.24/day, p<0.001), and daily decreases during treatment (−2.94 over the treatment phase, p<0.001), which continued post-treatment (−3.36 over 12 weeks, p=0.04). Similar improvements were observed for function.ConclusionOsteopathic care was shown to help patients with persistent low back pain. Patient recruitment was challenging because of the randomisation. With further development, the method shows feasibility as a means of enhancing research activity among practising clinicians.Previous presentations or publications of the workThe protocol was published (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2023.100660) and presented at SBPR in 2022. The results were presented to an osteopathic conference in October 2023.Ethics approval was received from the University College of Osteopathy Research Ethics Committee.Conflicts of interestsJerry Draper-Rodi receives fees from the sales of the e-learning course on the biopsychosocial management on the UCO CPD platform.Sources of fundingThe research was funded by the Osteopathic Foundation.

Analysis of spatial and temporal variation of frost dates in Jilin Province

In order to understand the changing law of frost date (number) in Jilin Province, and to improve the early warning and forecasting ability of frost disaster, Based on the day-by-day minimum temperature data from 47 meteorological observation stations in Jilin region from 1969 to 2020, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of frost date (number) were analyzed by using linear propensity ratio, Mann-Kendall method and sliding t-test, as well as REOF. The results show that: the first frost date, the last frost date, and the number of frost-free days follow the general spatial distribution pattern of "early in the northwest and late in the southeast," "late in the southeast and early in the northwest," and "long in the northwest and short in the southeast". The overall trend of frost dates is delayed first frost date, and early final frost date and prolonged frost-free days. The years with abrupt changes in the first frost date, final frost date and number of frost-free days were 2004, 1997 and 1991, respectively. The number of frost-free days in Jilin Province was categorized into 3 regions based on REOF analysis. It can be seen that analyzing the spatio-temporal variation rule of frost can provide theoretical basis for frost prevention and disaster reduction.