Earlier Revisions Research Articles

FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva: 2021 revision.

To revise the FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva using a new approach that involves analyses of prospectively collected data. The FIGO Committee for Gynecologic Oncology reviewed the recent literature to gain an insight into the impact of the 2009 vulvar cancer staging revision. The Committee resolved to revise the staging with a goal of simplification and actively collaborated with the United States National Cancer Database to analyze prospectively collected data on carcinoma of the vulva. Many tumor characteristics were collected for all stages of vulvar cancer treated between 2010 and 2017. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software. Overall survival was estimated based on tumor characteristics. Log‐rank and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze overall survival similarities between and within groups of tumor characteristics. Characteristics with similar survivals were then grouped into the same stages and substages. Kaplan–Meier overall survival curves were generated for the resulting stages and substages. There were 12 063 cases with available data. The resulting new staging for carcinoma of the vulva has two substages in Stage I, no substage in Stage II, three substages in Stage III, and two substages in Stage IV. The Kaplan–Meier overall survival curves showed clear separation between stages and substages. The 2021 vulvar cancer staging is the first from the FIGO Committee for Gynecologic Oncology to be derived from data analyses. This revision has a new definition for depth of invasion, uses the same definition for lymph node metastases utilized in cervical cancer, and allows findings from cross‐sectional imaging to be incorporated into vulvar cancer staging. The 2021 FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva is data‐derived, validated, and much simpler than earlier revisions.

“Unfortunately, the Government Has Met Resistance, Not Support”: Senatorial Inspection of the Baltic Provinces

This article considers the policies of the Russian Empire in the provinces of the Ostsee region in the early 1880s, namely the experience of a senatorial inspection of Livonia and Kurland provinces by N. A. Manasein. The purpose of the paper is to establish the role of the senatorial inspection in the elaboration of a new policy with respect to the Baltic provinces during the reign of Alexander III and to determine its specific features in comparison with earlier revisions. In order to solve the problem, the authors suggest approaching it from the standpoint of new political history, shifting attention from specific acts of state power meant to change the judicial and educational systems of the imperial outskirts to the existing practices of organising interaction between the centre and the periphery when developing a programme of reforms. The study is based on various archival and published historical sources. Some archival materials have never been analysed previously, which allows the authors to examine both the interpersonal relations of representatives of the empire with the local community and the process of developing a programme of reforms in the Ostsee region in the 1880s. The authors conclude that the inspection was conducted in order to gather material in accordance with a programme of reforms prepared beforehand. The government was interested in obtaining the basis for a policy of administrative and political incorporation of the periphery into the empire. To achieve this goal, the Russian autocracy spared neither human nor material resources.

Revision of the genus Monotes (Dipterocarpaceae) in D.R. Congo, with implications for Angola and its distinction from Marquesia

Within the framework of the preparation of the treatment of the family Dipterocarpaceae for the Flore d’Afrique Centrale, the revision of the genus Monotes in D.R. Congo is presented, including a discussion on its distinction from the closely related genus Marquesia. Monotes has suffered from taxonomic inflation. A much more synthetic treatment than earlier revisions is here proposed, with 15 new synonyms and seven species or subspecies downgraded to varietal rank. Twenty-seven taxa are accepted in D.R. Congo (13 species, 10 varieties and four forms), of which six are new to the flora of the country. One new species (Monotes duvigneaudii), one new subspecies (Monotes rubriglans subsp. upembensis) and three new varieties are described (Monotes dasyanthus var. heterotrichus, M. duvigneaudii var. concolor, M. rubriglans subsp. upembensis var. griseocoriaceus). Eleven new combinations are made. Monotes hypoleucus is extended, to include var. angolensis, var. caloneurus, var. discolor, var. hypoleucus, and var. loandensis. Lectotypes are designated for M. adenophyllus var. homblei, M. dasyanthus var. dasyanthus forma sericea, M. dasyanthus var. mutetetwa, M. dawei, M. glaber, M. hirtii, M. hypoleucus, M. hypoleucus var. angolensis, M. hypoleucus var. caloneurus, M. kapiriensis, M. katangensis, M. magnificus var. albidus, M. magnificus var. paucipilosus, and M. schmitzii. Four supposed Angolan endemics (M. carrissoanus, M. dawei, M. hutchinsonianus, M. noldeae) and one supposed Congolian endemic (M. schmitzii) are refuted as forms without taxonomic standing. Another three are no longer endemic to Angola because of material collected in D.R. Congo (M. hypoleucus var. loandensis, M. pearsonii, M. rubriglans). In the current state of knowledge, eight taxa are endemic to D.R. Congo (Monotes doryphorus, M. duvigneaudii var. duvigneaudii, M. duvigneaudii var. concolor, M. hirtii, M. hypoleucus var. angolensis f. oxyphyllinus, M. magnificus var. gigantophyllus, M. rubriglans subsp. upembensis var. upembensis and M. rubriglans subsp. upembensis var. griseocoriaceus). The Upper Katanga region appears to represent the most prominent centre of diversity for the genus. Additional field work and collecting is necessary to complete the description of several taxa.

Species delimitation in the recalcitrant moss genus Rhynchostegiella (Brachytheciaceae)

AbstractBryophytes, with their reduced morphologies and challenging taxonomy, appear as ideal candidates for the application of the fast‐developing tools of molecular species delimitation. Here, we apply species delimitation techniques to the moss genus Rhynchostegiella, which has long served as a convenient repository for small pleurocarpous species. Species delimitation analyses, including the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent approach and its Bayesian variant, congruently identified 13 putative species within Rhynchostegiella. To avoid inflation in the number of species with sympatric distributions that can only be recognized molecularly, we identified only one species when two or more molecular species were monophyletic, sympatric, and morphologically impossible to tell apart. After exclusion of 33 species from the genus based on earlier revisions or studies of type specimens, we recognized 11 Rhynchostegiella species. Eight of these species were already described, but were recircumscribed. In particular, the widespread R. litorea is split into three species with narrower distribution ranges: R. litorea s.str. occurs across continental Europe, western Asia and Africa (excluding Macaronesia), while R. pseudolitorea sp. nov. and R. tubulosa sp. nov. are Macaronesian and Aegean‐Cypriotic endemics, respectively. The Macaronesian endemic R. macilenta is reduced to synonymy with R. teneriffae while the Macaronesian endemic status of R. bourgeana is re‐instated. Altogether, Rhynchostegiella thus includes four Macaronesian endemic species, namely R. azorica, R. bourgeana, R. pseudolitorea, and R. trichophylla, making it the bryophyte genus with the highest number of Macaronesian endemic species. Given the difficulties in identifying some of those species from morphology, as highlighted in the identification key presented here, we describe easy‐to‐use DNA “barcodes” that can be a useful tool for specimen identification when key morphological characters lead to uncertain identification.

On the extant type material of Cardisoma hirtipes Dana, 1851, and Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)

Abstract Two boxes in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, were found to contain the dried type material of the land crabs Cardisoma hirtipes Dana, 1851, and Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851 (Gecarcinidae). The types of the common Pacific land crab, C. hirtipes, were believed to have been lost and a neotype had been designated in earlier revisions. Cardisoma obesum Dana, 1851 is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796).

Can Adjacent Segment Degeneration be Reduced? Hybrid Fusions with Dynamic Topping-off versus 2-Level TLIF: Outcomes, Revisions and Complications of 104 Cases

Introduction Pedicle screw-based dynamic implants are considered to be a possibility to obtain stability and at the same time reduce the risk of the development of adjacent segment disease (ASD) in the lumbar spine. The aim of this study was to compare hybrid constructs (TLIF + adjacent dynamic stabilization) with rigid fusions (TLIF) in the lumbar spine, regarding clinical outcome, adjacent segment disease, and possible complications. Materials and Methods Between June 2008 and April 2010, a total of 104 patients underwent either 2-level hybrid surgery (TLIF + adjacent dynamic stabilization) (51 patients) or 2-level fusion (TLIF) (53 patients) in the lumbar spine for lumbar spinal stenosis with or without mild instability. Preoperatively, no significant differences regarding demographic factors, diagnosis or baseline outcome parameters could be found between the groups. To assess clinical outcome, SF36, Oswestry, and VAS pain scores were obtained preoperatively at last follow-up. Any revision surgery for symptomatic adjacent level degeneration and for complications was recorded. Mean follow-up was 27 months. Results Clinical outcome Clinical outcome parameters showed significant improvement from baseline after surgery in both groups; the difference of improvement between the two groups was statistically not significant. Adjacent segment disease In the fusion-group, the revision rate because of ASD was 7.5% compared with 5.9% in the dynamic-group. Fisher exact test showed no statistical difference in the ASD-related revision rates between both groups ( p = 0.513) Mean time until revision surgery was 15.8 months in the fusion-group and 24.3 months in the dynamic group. Complications Fusion Group: Apart from revisions due to ASD, two patients had to undergo revision surgery (1 x infection, 1 x further decompression). No failure of the hardware was noticed in the fusion-group. In the dynamic group, apart from revisions due to ASD, one patient had to undergo revision surgery due to screw-loosening after 15 months. Furthermore, one of the patients with ASD in the dynamic group had an additional loosening of the dynamic part of the rod. Another patient showed a broken dynamic rod at 12 months follow-up. Due to lack of symptoms he did not undergo revision surgery up to now. All together the implant failure rate in the dynamic group was 5.9% Conclusion At a mean follow-up of 27 months, clinical outcomes and ASD-related revision rates of 2-level TLIF and 2-level hybrid fusions with adjacent dynamic stabilization seem to be very comparable. There was a trend towards earlier revisions in the fusion group, but at the same time a trend towards a higher implant-failure rate could be observed in the dynamic group. I confirm having declared any potential conflict of interest for all authors listed on this abstract Yes Disclosure of Interest None declared

VAR Estimation and Forecasting When Data Are Subject to Revision

We show that Howrey’s method for producing economic forecasts when data are subject to revision is easily generalized to handle the case where data are produced by a sophisticated statistical agency. The proposed approach assumes that government estimates are efficient with a finite lag. It takes no stand on whether earlier revisions are the result of “news” or of reductions in “noise.” We present asymptotic performance results in the scalar case and illustrate the technique using several simple models of economic activity. In each case, it outperforms both conventional VAR analysis and the original Howrey method. It produces GDP forecasts that are competitive with those of professional forecasters. Special cases and extensions of the analysis are discussed in a series of appendices that are available online.

The body in clinical cognitive theory: from beck to mindfulness

Working with the body in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is often seen as a ‘means to an end’; that is, a vehicle for diverting attention from negative thought patterns, thereby fostering a detached metacognitive awareness of problematic thinking. The MBCT literature, however, accords the body a more central role. The literature expresses both the idea that the body is integral to a basic level of meaning creation experienced as a ‘bodily felt sense of something’ and that direct sensory or bodily awareness can contribute to a critical change in the felt sense of emotional difficulties. Tracing the development of the concept of the body in clinical cognitive theory, the paper concludes that these ideas of the body are anticipated in earlier revisions to Beck's schema theory. The paper concludes that research into the psychological mechanisms behind bodily awareness would be a fruitful supplement to the current research focus on metacognitive awareness.

A Morphometric Study of Populations of the Centaurea jacea Complex (Asteraceae) in Belgium

Abstract: The Centaurea jacea aggregate is a polymorphic polyploid complex whose taxonomic treatment is still controversial. A numerical taxonomic approach was applied to 394 individuals of known ploidy level, from 19 populations, based on the main diagnostic characters proposed in earlier revisions. Populations from xeric grasslands were not considered. Principal Component Analysis shows that variation within the complex is continuous. UPGMA Cluster Analysis based on population means supports the recognition of three groups of populations. However, the limits between these groups are blurred to a considerable extent due to extensive within‐population polymorphism. It is argued that the Belgian populations of Centaurea jacea occurring in mesic grasslands should be treated as a single species, with three subspecies. The two extremes of the morphological gradient can be referred to as C. jacea subsp. jacea and C. jacea subsp. nigra, with C. jacea subsp. pratensis occupying an intermediate position. Most populations from Belgium are tetraploid, a diploid chromosome number being found only in populations of C. jacea subsp. nigra from the Ardennes massif. On average, diploids grow at higher altitude and on more acidic soils than tetraploids. Finally, a key to the three subspecies is provided.

Eight New Species of Ouratea (Ochnaceae) from Mesoamerica

Eight New Species of Ouratea (Ochnaceae) from Mesoamerica

ELECTRON IMPACT EXCITATION OF 2pq AND 3pq IONS

5) is reviexved. \Ye assess papers published since the last revision carried out for the Atomic Data \Yorkshop held at Osford in .4ugust 1987. 1 - IXTRODUCTION The present report updates two earlier revisions on electron impact escitation of positive ions mith 2pq and 3pq electronic configurations. They mere presented at the Atomic Data Workshops held at the Daresbury Laboratory in March 1985 /I/ and at St Catharine College, Oxford, in August 1987 121. Even though accurate cross sections for transitions in such ions are required in low and high temperature astrophysical and laboratory plasma diagnostics, in the past txvo years there has been a considerable decrease in reported work. This is perhaps due to lack of interest since these ions have received a lot of attention in the past, and the present trend is to attempt more ambitious calculations for larger systems. However, an exha~lstive examination carried out by Burke et a1 /17/ on the \veil studied

Re-attachment of the un-united trochanter in Charnley low friction arthroplasty.

In a prospective study, a double crossover wire with a compression spring was used to re-attach 52 un-united trochanters at revision operations on total hip arthroplasties. Bony union was achieved in 42 (81%) and was not influenced by the duration of the nonunion or the separation gap. The new method compared favourably with earlier revisions at which other methods of trochanteric re-attachment had been used.

Present status ofDiplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819) and differentiation ofDiplostomum pseudospathaceum nom. nov. (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae)

The literature concerning the life-cycle and morphology of adults has furnished evidence that in the diagnosis ofDiplostomum spathaceum two distinct species are confused. One of these species was namedD. helveticum (Dubois, 1928) Shigin, 1977, while the other retained the nameD. spathaceum (Rudolphi, 1819). However, the diagnosis of the speciesspathaceum given in earlier revisions by Olsson (1876) and Krause (1914) undoubtedly proves that this name is valid for the species described by Shigin (1977) asD. helveticum. ThusD. helveticum becomes a synonym ofD. spathaceum. For the second species the new nameD. pseudospathaceum nom. nov. is proposed. Descriptions of adults of this species, based on the present author's material, are given with some data concerning their life-cycles. ac]19820705

Color Atlas of Histopathology.

Professor Curran's Color Atlas of Histopathology is a welcome of his now famous atlas initially published in 1966 and republished each year to 1970. In publishing any book the author is very much at the mercy of its publisher. This problem is multiplied in production of an atlas; it is overwhelming in a color atlas. The author likes to increase the numbers of photographs and improve the quality of clarity and color. The publisher wants to keep the costs down. This revision is disappointing. There are 85 pages each with nine photographs (as in 1966). Changes are found in eight pages but there are only 23 new photomicrographs out of 765 photographs—less than 4%. I did not have access to previous revisions and conceivably some of the 23 new photomicrographs may have been inserted in earlier revisions. In most instances, the new photomicrographs are more useful than the old

Mark Twain's Revisions of The Innocents Abroad for the British Edition of 1872

S EVERAL YEARS AGO Mr. Leon T. Dickinson made a study of Mark Twain's revisions of his Alta California letters when preparing them for book publication as The Innocents Abroad.' Mr. Dickinson showed that Twain did a painstaking job of editing these hastily written newspaper letters-deleting much of the crude frontier humor, modifying the irreverence, formalizing the slangy diction, striving for a more polished style, and writing in the needed continuity. He revised in the light of two facts: (i) he was addressing a different audience from the one he had addressed in his newspaper letters, and (2) he was now writing, not newspaper articles, but a book.2 The present study is a sequel to Mr. Dickinson's. It will show what further revisions Mark Twain made when he prepared The Innocents Abroad for publication in England in I872. Although neither as fundamental nor, perhaps, as extensive as his earlier revisions, these later revisions are sufficiently numerous to mark a definite trend. This trend sheds additional light upon Twain's development as a literary artist and provides one more signpost along his progress toward one of the great styles of the English language.3 In the first place, why did Mark Twain bother to re-edit The Innocents Abroad at all? Domestically and professionally the years I870-I872 were among the most hectic and trying of his life.4 More-

Revision of the Index of General Business Conditions

chart and its predecessors, and the relations among the curves and their significance are comparable with those found in the study of similar index charts extending back to I875. Such changes as have been made in the present revision are directed toward improvement in the accuracy and clarity of the picture given by the three curves. These changes, like those in earlier revisions, have been intended, not to abandon in whole or in part, but to reinforce, the fundamental principle of the chart.'