Early Period Research Articles

Dynamics of structural transformations of intervertebral discs in humans in the fetal period

BACKGROUND:The process of formation of the intervertebral disc structure remains poorly understood. Therefore, evaluating the forecasts for the development of the disc’s fibrous component as the foundation of its strength and elastic properties in the postnatal period seems appropriate.
 AIM:To identify microstructural transformations of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus in the fetal period and compare them with the ontogenetic orientation of the spinal motion segment.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study material included 150intervertebral discs obtained during autopsy of 50fetuses. The gestational age of 42fetuses was in the early fetal period, 8fetuses were in the late fetal period. Intervertebral discs СV–СVI, ThV–ThVI, LV–SIwere examined in each fetus. All histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, silver impregnation method, PAS reaction, Alcian blue (pH=1.0), Van Gieson and Weigert stains. For intergroup comparisons, the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Newman–Keuls tests were used. Differences were considered statistically significant atp≤0.05.
 RESULTS:Elastic fibers in the late fetal period were found in the annulus fibrosus and the peripheral zone of the nucleus pulposus. The intensity of staining of collagen and elastic fibers was more pronounced in the outer layers of the annulus fibrosus. Analysis of the parameters of the vascular-connective tissue formations showed an increase in their number (p=0.0368) and an increase in the number of vessels in the vascular-connective tissue formations of the intervertebral disc (p=0.0449) in the direction of the lower levels of the spinal motion segments. Differences in these two indicators were obtained between the СV–СVIand LV–SIdiscs, as well as between the СV–СVIand ThV–ThVIdiscs. In relation to all the studied morphometric parameters of the vascular-connective tissue formations in the cervical and thoracic spine, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the early and late fetal periods.
 CONCLUSION:The development of the intervertebral disc occurs from the peripheral parts to the center; the source for its further development is the fibrous ring.

Discontinuous Arabic frozen expressions modelization and implementation

Frozen expressions hold significant importance in the field of natural language processing, attracting considerable attention from researchers across various languages in recent years. The Arabic language, in particular, boasts a wealth of frozen expressions inherited from the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods, with persistent usage to the present day. This linguistic richness has motivated researchers to systematically collect, classify, and elucidate these expressions. Various classifications have emerged, addressing aspects such as continuity, discontinuity, allowance for variations, and restriction from variations. Our aim is to produce lexicon-grammar tables of discontinuous Arabic frozen expressions and implement them. Our approach involves the meticulous collection and study of these expressions, followed by the transformation of their lexicon-grammar tables into dictionaries and syntactic grammars within the NooJ platform. This methodology allows us to recognize and annotate these expressions in texts and corpora, even when they exhibit discontinuity. Such recognition has the potential to address several challenges in automatic natural language processing, including the area of automatic translation.

Histories and Futures of Black Feminist Film Curation

Highlighting past and present film curatorial and programming projects by Black women, the roundtable conversation printed here featured Ina Archer, Cheryl Chisholm, Monica Freeman, Jennifer Lawson, O.Funmilayo Makarah, and Yvonne Welbon. Moderated by Allyson Nadia Field and Hayley O’Malley, the conversation began at the 2023 Sojourner Truth Festival of the Arts in Chicago and offered an occasion for curators of Black feminist film and media work to reflect on their careers and the labor involved in connecting films with audiences. Even as Black feminist media has gained more critical and popular attention in recent years, the behind-the-scenes labor of film programming—especially in earlier periods—remains largely underappreciated and understudied. This roundtable is one attempt to center those curatorial histories as vital for the understanding of American film culture.

Internalized Stigma in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study on Its Associations with Sociodemographic, Marital and Clinical Characteristics

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and complex affective disorder among top diseases that cause disability worldwide. Internalized stigmatization is a process including the awareness of negative stereotypes adopted by the society, participation in and internalization of these judgements, associated with impaired social functionality. Studies examining internalized stigma and related factors in BD is limited.ObjectivesIn this study, it is aimed to investigate the associations between internalized stigmatization and clinical characteristics, as well as sociodemographic and marital features of patients with BD.MethodsThis observational and cross-sectional study was conducted at a specialized affective disorders clinic in a university hospital between November 2020 and March 2021. During routine follow-up, each consecutive patient with BD was invited and a total of 118 were included in the study. Information about sociodemographic, marital and clinical characteristics of patients was collected through a prepared data form and follow-up documents. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMIS) was administered to assess internalized stigma. Statistical analysis of data was conducted by SPSS version 25 and a statistical significance level of p<0.05 was determined.ResultsMean ISMIS total score of the sample was 56.50 ±13.65. Multiple linear regression was used to test the predictors of higher ISMIS scores. Being currently unemployed (p=0.012, Β=0.208), shorter BD duration (p<0.001, Β=0.302) and presence of inter-episode residual symptoms (p=0.004, Β=0.248) predicted higher ISMIS total. Younger age (p=0.002, Β=0.264), being female (p=0.007, Β=0.226) and absence of mania dominance (p=0.019, Β=0.190) predicted higher alienation scores. Presence of inter-episode residual symptoms predicted both stereotype endorsement (p<0.001, Β=0.320) and perceived discrimination (p<0.001, Β=0.358). Younger age (p=0.001, Β=0.281) and total number of depressive episodes (p=0.015, Β=0.212) also predicted perceived discrimination. Shorter BD duration and absence of seasonality predicted higher ISMIS social withdrawal, while history of hospitalization predicted higher ISMIS stigma resistance.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated similar mean ISMIS total scores to the findings previously reported in Türkiye, while roughly lower than results in the international literature. Considering that internalized stigmatization was increased in earlier stages of BD and in younger patients, as well as in patients with inter-episode residual symptoms, it might be important to implement psychosocial interventions for internalized stigmatization and appropriate psychoeducation programs in the earlier periods of BD. Therefore a multidimensional and holistic approach towards internalized stigmatization may positively contribute to the functionality of patients with BD.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

백제 후기 벽주건물지 유형과 전개

This paper examines the current state and structures of the building sites in Gongju, Buyeo, and Iksan, the central areas of the late Baekje period (Ungjin and Sabi periods) where pillar-wall buildings are primarily found, and defines the individual types of walled buildings. The significant attributes of each building type are derived based on their distribution in each region and statistical analyses, upon which the changes in the form and function of each type of building site are examined. The walled building sites were categorized into three types and an additional special type. In Gongju, they were concentrated in key archaeological sites such as Jeongjisan and Gongsanseong Fortress. The pillar-wall buildings at Jeongjisan and Gongsanseong Fortress, where walls supported superstructures like roofs, were judged to have been clearly planned, displaying hierarchical differences in the layout of the building site. Meanwhile, pit-dwelling structures, created by digging the ground to form the floor and erecting pillars, were still used in areas other than these core sites. Regarding the Buyeo region, at Ssangbuk-ri, located southeast of Busosan Mountain, the earliest features were found to consist of pillar-wall buildings and ground or lifted floor buildings of the post-and-lintel construction style, erected by driving the bottoms of pillars into the ground. In contrast, the Gwanbuk-ri site, situated southwest of Busosan Mountain, seems to have been dominated by foundation stone buildings of the post-and-lintel construction style, erected by using flat and carved stones under pillars erected on the ground. Although this might be due to the spatial arrangement of buildings within the city, it was judged to more likely reflect architectural changes over time. Statistical analysis showed that pillar-wall buildings became increasingly formalized from the Ungjin period to the Sabi period, with the sizes of the first and second types being larger than the third type. In particular, Type 1 pillar-wall buildings were all square-shaped, and there was no significant difference in area from the Ungjin period to the Sabi period, making them the most formalized of all the types of pillar-wall buildings. Also, the area of the (elongated) rectangular pillar-wall buildings in the Gongju region was found to be significantly larger than that of the buildings in the Buyeo region. This difference is believed to be related to the fact that the elongated (rectangular) buildings from the Sabi period were in the form of foundation stone buildings of the post-and-lintel construction style. When examining the changes undergone by each type of pillar-wall building sites, Type 1 showed a tendency for the four protruding columns to gradually move away from the walls, and the oemi-gidoong (i.e. the pillar located in the center of the side wall), which had been clearly present in the early buildings, gradually disappeared. Type 2-1 initially featuring a whole-connected drain but began to deminstrate disconnection, with the doorway becoming more prominent. Type 2-2 was an important building type in the Ungjin period but began to be replaced by foundation stone buildings in the Sabi period, during which its number and size reduced. Type 3 was simple in terms of structure, and evidenced changes in the method of column erection, rather than the plane shape. A-I and A-II were identified from the earliest period, and the A-V types were identified in the latest period. Through a comprehensive review of the distribution and size of the buildings, it is possible to propose that the changes in the nature of the building sites would have proceeded differently for each type, with the Type 1 buildings continuously used as important buildings such as national facilities from the Ungjin period to the Sabi period. It is inferred that the function of the third type changed, and they were used for general residential purposes, except for a few cases.

The analysis of the development of artistic music in Kosovo from the historical and educational perspective

The development of artistic music is connected to the society’s overall development and at the same time depends on the artistic educational philosophy and institutional capacities in society. This is the first time that the development of artistic music in Kosovo is analyzed from both perspectives -historical and educational and will fill the gap about artistic music and music education research in Kosovo context. The purpose of this study is to explore in what ways the historical and societal factors have influenced the development of artistic music in Kosovo, since 1945 to recently. The study uses mainly content analysis of the documents reviewed, content analysis of the transcribed interviews and music analysis of the music works of specific periods. Interviews with persons, artists, composers, who have experienced those developments in various periods of time will shed more light and illustrate certain developments. The study finds that political regimes ruling in the early period 1945-1960 have shown no interest in the development of artistic music in Kosovo, mainly for the purposes of acculturating the Albanian population living in Kosovo, depriving them from cultural emancipation and development. At different political circumstances in other periods from 1970-1980 the focus on education as a tool for national and cultural emancipation, there were opportunities for greater development thus first artistic institutions were created. The political developments in the period 1980-1990 brought back the assault against cultural empowerment of the Albanian nation living in Kosovo, thus after 1990-1999 the artistic music life in Kosovo ceased to exist completely and hardly survived, including the artistic and educational institutions. This study looks at the one-way trajectory, in which artistic music life and artistic music education interrelate and collaborate, but there are different aspects remaining to be further researched, especially in relation to the status of previous artistic institutions that cease to exist further, the artists that left Kosovo and other interesting aspects in historical research about the music of one country. The results of the study can both serve for further research paths and also to be used by the appropriate institutions that manage the creation or maintenance of the artistic institutions that create, cultivate and promote artistic music in Kosovo. Finally, the cultural life in general, but especially the artistic music life and appropriate institutions rebuilt from scratch and new ones are created in a long, difficult yet dynamic and interesting development journey.

The seasonal characteristics of English Channel storminess have changed since the 19th Century

Information from a variety of sources has suggested that increased storminess was experienced across the British Isles in the late eighteenth/early nineteenth century. However, it is not clear how stormy that period was relative to current conditions. Using newly recovered barometric pressure data that extend back to 1748 we have constructed a measure of geostrophic wind speed for the English Channel region using a pressure-triangle approach. We show that the 1790−1820s was a period of increased storminess across the region. This storminess extended throughout the year, which is different to comparable increases observed since the 1990s, which were confined to the winter season. While a strengthened North Atlantic jet stream is implicated in both periods, in the earlier period it is likely that the storm track shifted slightly to a more southerly location. We discuss the potential forcing mechanisms responsible for the changes in storminess over this multi-century timeframe.

Processing water birds for food at the Island of Kökar in the Baltic Sea during the medieval and early modern period (ca. CE 1400–1700)

AbstractFew studies have been made of the specific importance of waterfowl as food in the Baltic Sea during the late medieval and early modern period. This study shows the seasonal importance of water birds to island and coastal inhabitants living in the middle of the Baltic Sea during the late medieval and early modern periods (ca. CE 1400–1700) and practical implementations for interpretation of cut and chop marks. The paper is based on a bird bone assemblage retrieved from a remote ecclesial site on the island group of Kökar, which is part of the Åland Islands, as well as historical documents and local specialist knowledge. The site was established by Franciscan friars somewhere in the mid‐15th century. Documents indicate that the friars had landownership, income from taxing nearby fisheries, and the right to seal tithe. These assets were taken over by the crown in the mid‐16th century due to the Reformation and a parish church was established on the same site after the friary was dissolved. The bone assemblages from the site include birds, mammals, and fish. The material shows a relatively small number of chicken bones in relation to waterfowl, allowing one to look closer into the structural food economy around water birds for the area. The bones also show several cut and chop marks, which have been analyzed to explore the possible processing of these birds. The results show that fowling was concentrated to a couple of species most likely during spring when these species were abundant. The placement of the cut and chop marks indicates that a large number of birds were likely processed at the same time.

Henri Verneuil (1920–2002) – cinéaste de première classe

ABSTRACT Albeit a director scornfully dismissed by the Cahiers du cinéma’s ‘Young Turks’, writing in the 1950s, as part and parcel of the derided ‘cinéma de papa’, Henri Verneuil was, as this essay will show – through a discussion of two films from his early period, Des gens sans importance/People of No Importance (1956) and L’Affaire d’une nuit/It Happened All Night (1960) – part of the ‘quality’ cinema of the 1950s. He successfully combined his cinematic skills with consummate storytelling which made him both a traditionalist (through his training) and a modern filmmaker (through his ability to accurately address contemporary issues).

Evaluating population-level outcomes in Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia in the era of novel therapies using the SEER registry

In the last decade, novel agents such as BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors have revolutionized treatment of CLL/SLL, with clinical trials showing improved overall survival compared to chemotherapeutic agents. However, studies examining whether they have improved overall survival at the population level are lacking. We evaluated this by conducting a retrospective analysis of CLL/SLL patients registered in the National Cancer Institute’s surveillance epidemiology and end results (SEER) database, analyzing overall survival (OS) in periods pre- and post-availability of novel agents, along with demographic information. Our results showed that median OS significantly improved over time [7.8 years (2000–2005), 9.1 years (2006–2013), and not reached (2014–2018) (p < 0.001)]. Compared to diagnosis in 2014–2018, diagnosis in earlier periods was associated with higher mortality risk (2000–2005-HR 1.32, 95 % CI 1.28–1.37, p < 0.001: 2006–2013-HR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.06–1.13, p < 0.001). Lower mortality risk was seen in patients age < 85 years whereas median household income of <$75000 was associated with higher mortality. Our study provides real-world data suggesting a possible multifactorial contribution to improvement in survival, including availability of novel agents, better monitoring, and supportive care. They also show discrepancies in overall survival for CLL/SLL patients due to socioeconomic status and demographic factors.

Flexural behavior of steel-UHPC composite beams with different connectors in negative moment

This paper investigates the flexural performance of steel-ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) composite beams with different types of connectors (normal studs and rubber-sleeve studs) and concrete types (normal strength concrete, UHPC and slag UHPC) in the negative moment region. The feasibility of the application of environmentally friendly UHPC in composite beams is analyzed and a moment-curvature calculation model for composite beams is developed. The cracking moment calculation formula is proposed based on the plane section assumption, and the reliability of the method is verified. The results show that UHPC can significantly improve the flexural performance of the structure in the negative moment region, but the change in the type of UHPC has less effect on the flexural performance. Slag UHPC reduces price, reduces environmental impact and is viable for structural applications. The rubber connectors can change the strain distribution of composite beams in the early loading period and improve the cracking resistance of composite UHPC slabs. The moment-curvature model developed in this paper can effectively identify the change characteristics of the structure during the loading process, and then determine the characteristic moment of the structure. Comparison of the equations for cracking moments shows that the cracking loads on the structure are overestimated if the interface between the concrete slab and the steel beam is assumed to be free to move.

Techniques for conservative treatment of peri-implantitis

Relevance. Dental implants are widely used to restore the patient’s teeth. They have become aworthy alternative to removable dentures. With the accumulation of clinical experience, the indications for dental implantation expanded, and as aresult, the evaluation of long-term results became possible. In parallel with the expansion of clinical use of dental implants and the introduction of the technology into everyday practice, the experience of complications and errors accumulated, and from single publications in the 1990s, at the very beginning of development, to large-­scale studies in the 10s. And if in the early period of implantology development the success of treatment was mainly associated with implant survival, then modern research focuses on the state of tissues around the implant, and the influence of processes in them on the overall outcome of treatment. One of the main complications is inflammation of peri-implant tissues - peri-implantitis. Modern authors define peri-implantitis as an inflammatory process affecting the tissues around afunctionally integrated implant, resulting in loss of supporting bone. Continued bone loss around the implant can significantly impair implant stability and function. The authors review the scientific literature describing experimental conservative treatment protocols for peri-implantitis and attempts to achieve osseointegration. Conclusion. The reviewed literature advocated various methods of surgical regenerative treatment for peri-implantitis, including the use of bone substitutes, methods of detoxification of implant surfaces, and the administration of antimicrobial agents. There are many different protocols for the treatment of peri-implantitis; they all share the same goal of reducing disease progression and bone loss by eliminating bacterial infection. The controversy over the proper approach to treating peri-implantitis and restoring osseointegration clearly demonstrates the need for more research to answer this question.

Triggers for transition from active surveillance to radical treatment of prostate cancer 2008-2020 - a case-control study.

To examine associations between objective signs of progression (triggers) and transition from active surveillance (AS) to radical treatment for prostate cancer (PC). This case-control study included men with low- or favourable intermediate-risk PC in the region of Halland, with data from The National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR), Sweden, starting AS between 2008 and 2020. Cases were men who transitioned to radical treatment. For each case, 10 controls who remained in AS were selected without further matching. Triggers for transition to treatment were histopathological progression, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) progression and increases in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. We compared the probabilities for triggers between cases and controls, in 2008-2014 and 2015-2020, using logistic regression. Amongst 846 men, we identified 98 cases in 2008-2014 and 172 cases in 2015-2020. Histopathological progression was associated with transition, most strongly in the later period (2008-2014: odds ratios [OR] 6.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.69-12.80; and 2015-2020: OR 75.29, 95% CI 39.60-143.17). MRI progression was associated with transition in 2015-2020 (OR 6.38, 95% CI 2.70-15.06), whereas an increase in PSA was weakly associated with transition in the early period. The absence of triggers was associated with no transition (2008-2014: OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.15-0.40, and 2015-2020: OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.06-0.14). The probability of no trigger was 27% in cases 2015-2020. The increase in association between histopathological trigger and transition to treatment indicates increased quality of AS. Still, amongst men treated from 2015 to 2020, 27% transitioned without any trigger.

A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study on the Effect of Socio-Cultural Factors and Edication in Early Detection of Breast Cancer

Backgrounds: The aim of this study is to investigate the preferences of female patients regarding the choice of surgeon for breast examination and the factors impacting this preference. Methods: A questionnaire was administered by interviewing 746 patients who applied to the General Surgery outpatient clinic with complaints of breast disease, and the results were analyzed statistically. The questionnaire form included the patient's age, marital status, hormonal status, history of delivery, complaints, factors that may impact the choice of physician, educational status, physical examination findings, and imaging results. Results: The study group included 746 patients aged between 14 and 76 years. While 284 (38%) of our patients applied to the outpatient clinic within 7 days of their first symptoms, 462 (62%) applied more than 7 days later. Due to late admission, advanced-stage breast cancer was detected in 2.8% of the patients. The most common reason for the delay in admission was the feeling of embarrassment in females of all age groups. Conclusion: Women with breast disease apply to the physician in the late period due to feeling embarrassed, religious beliefs, spouse pressure, and having a reservation for being examined by a male doctor. Breast diseases could be detected and treated in an earlier period, by enabling patients to apply to a physician earlier, with training, especially for women.

Associations of radiologic characteristics of the neonatal hypothalamus with early life adiposity gain.

The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is a key brain area for regulation of energy balance. Previous neuroimaging studies suggest that T2-based signal properties indicative of cellular inflammatory response (gliosis) are present in adults and children with obesity, and predicts greater adiposity gain in children at risk of obesity. The current study aimed to extend this concept to the early life period by considering if, in full-term healthy neonates (up to n = 35), MRI evidence of MBH gliosis is associated with changes in early life (neonatal to six months) body fat percentage measured by DXA. In this initial study, neonatal T2 signal in the MBH was positively associated with six-month changes in body fat percentage. This finding supports the notion that underlying processes in the MBH may play a role in early life growth and, by extension, childhood obesity risk.

Effects of different surgical treatments on pain, disability, anxiety and quality of life in lumbar disc herniation.

This study aims to compare the effects of microscopic microdiscectomy and microendoscopic discectomy on pain, disability, fear of falling, kinesiophobia, anxiety, quality of life in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). A total of 90 patients who underwent microscopic microdiscectomy (n = 40) and microendoscopic discectomy (n = 50) for LDH were included in this study. The patients' pain, disability, fear of falling, kinesiophobia, anxiety, and quality of life were evaluated before the surgery, in the early postoperative period and three months after. In patients who underwent microendoscopic discectomy, the results of pain, disability, fear of falling, kinesiophobia and anxiety were statistically decreased compared with the microscopic microdiscectomy in the early postoperative period and three months later (p < 0.05). Also, a statistically higher increase was observed in the general health perception of patients who underwent microendoscopic discectomy three months after the operation (p < 0.01). Microendoscopic microdiscectomy, remains the most effective and widely applied method with advantages on pain, quality of life, and improved physical functions.

The Effects Of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Applied in the Early Postpartum Period After Cesarean Birth on Healing, Pain, and Comfort.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applied in the early postpartum period after cesarean birth on incision site healing, postoperative recovery, pain, and comfort. This randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 138 women (TENS group n = 46, placebo group n = 46, control group n = 46) who gave birth by cesarean between January and September 2023. TENS was applied twice at a frequency of 100 Hz with a pulse width of 100 microseconds, at 10 to 12 and 14 to 16 hours after birth, for 30 minutes each. Outcomes were measured with the Postoperative Recovery Index; Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation Scale; Visual Analogue Scale; and Postpartum Comfort Questionnaire. Outcomes between groups were compared postintervention, correcting for baseline using analysis of covariance. The study was registered at www. gov (NCT05991921). Mean scores for postoperative recovery were significantly lower (improved) in the TENS group (113.58) compared with the placebo and control groups (134.67, 136.61; P <.001). The postoperative recovery subscales (psychological symptoms, physical activities, appetite symptoms, bowel symptoms, general symptoms) were also significantly decreased in the TENS group compared with the placebo and control groups. Similarly, mean scores for postpartum comfort, and the corresponding physical comfort, psychospiritual comfort, and sociocultural comfort subscales, were significantly improved in the TENS group (110.26) compared with the placebo and control group (83.80, 81.19; P <.05). TENS application can be preferred as an alternative method to increase pain control, recovery, and patient comfort after cesarean birth.

The Customary Atlas of Ancien Régime France

Customary law governed most European societies during the Middle Ages and early modern period. To better understand the roots of legal customs and their implications for long-run development, we introduce an atlas of customary regions of Ancien Régime France. We also describe the historical origins of French customs, their role as a source of law, and their legal content. We then offer some insights into the research possibilities opened by this database.

Introduction: “Moral Meteorology” as comparative framework from and beyond the history of East Asia

The concept of “moral meteorology” has been first introduced into the study of Late Imperial China. With several example, this introduction demonstrates its applicability to earlier periods of East Asian history and beyond across the ancient and medieval word before briefly referring to the contents of the special issue devoted to this topic.&#x0D;

Subcutaneous air entrapment after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation evaluated by computed tomography.

Inappropriate shock (IAS) caused by subcutaneous air entrapment (AE) in an early period after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation has been reported, however, no detailed data on air volume are available. We evaluated the subcutaneous air volume after implantation and its absorption rate one week after implantation. Patients who underwent S-ICD implantation in our hospital received chest CT scans immediately after implantation and followed up 1 week later. The total subcutaneous air volume, air around the generator, the distal electrode, and the proximal electrode within 3cm were calculated using a three-dimensional workstation. Fat areas at the level of the lower edge of the generator were also analyzed. Fifteen patients received CT immediately after implantation. The mean age was 45.6±17.9 (66.7% of men), and the mean body mass index was 24.3±3.3. The three-incision technique was applied in seven patients and two-incision technique was in the latter eight patients. The mean total subcutaneous air volume was 18.54±7.50mL. Air volume around the generator, the distal electrode, and the proximal electrode were 11.05±5.12, 0.72±0.72, and 0.88±0.87mL, respectively. Twelve patients received a follow-up CT 1 week later. The mean total subcutaneous air was 0.25±0.45mL, showing a 98.7% absorption rate. Although subcutaneous air was observed in all patients after S-ICD implantation, most of the air was absorbed within 1 week, suggesting a low occurrence of AE-related IAS after a week postoperation.