Earlier Identifications Research Articles

Large Gas-Phase Source of Esters and Other Accretion Products in the Atmosphere.

Dimeric accretion products have been observed both in atmospheric aerosol particles and in the gas phase. With their low volatilities, they are key contributors to the formation of new aerosol particles, acting as seeds for more volatile organic vapors to partition onto. Many particle-phase accretion products have been identified as esters. Various gas- and particle-phase formation pathways have been suggested for them, yet evidence remains inconclusive. In contrast, peroxide accretion products have been shown to form via gas-phase peroxy radical (RO2) cross reactions. Here, we show that these reactions can also be a major source of esters and other types of accretion products. We studied α-pinene ozonolysis using state-of-the-art chemical ionization mass spectrometry together with different isotopic labeling approaches and quantum chemical calculations, finding strong evidence for fast radical isomerization before accretion. Specifically, this isomerization seems to happen within the intermediate complex of two alkoxy (RO) radicals, which generally determines the branching of all RO2-RO2 reactions. Accretion products are formed when the radicals in the complex recombine. We found that RO with suitable structures can undergo extremely rapid C-C β scissions before recombination, often resulting in ester products. We also found evidence of this previously overlooked RO2-RO2 reaction pathway forming alkyl accretion products and speculate that some earlier peroxide identifications may in fact be hemiacetals or ethers. Our findings help answer several outstanding questions on the sources of accretion products in organic aerosol and bridge our knowledge of the gas phase formation and particle phase detection of accretion products. As esters are inherently more stable than peroxides, this also impacts their further reactivity in the aerosol.

Annular pancreas in two cases after diamond-shaped anastomosis duodenoduodenostomy: case reports

Background: Annular pancreas is an infrequent congenital disorder characterized as a partial or complete pancreatic tissue around the descending part of the duodenum. Prenatal control is essential in the early detection of the annular pancreas. Initial management might increase better prognosis. We report two cases of the annular pancreas in Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali in 2016-2019 to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of different ages in annular pancreas managed by diamond-shaped duodenoduodenostomy.Case Description: The first case was a six days old baby boy with bile stained vomiting every time he breastfed when she was three days old and got worsen. USG fetal showed polyhydramnios with duodenal or jejunal stenosis. Besides, the abdominal X-ray showed double bubble sign and the laboratory findings were in a standard limit. The second case was a nine months old girl with bile-stained vomiting when she was eight months old and got worsen along with the time. She found with severe malnutrition and mild-moderate dehydration. The laboratory examination revealed electrolyte imbalanced, and abdominal X-ray showed double bubble sign. Postoperative to first feed was 1 day in both cases and full feed duration was 5 and 10 days. Length of stay was 16 and 25 days—both of the cases without complication after surgery.Conclusion: Annular pancreas is a rare congenital malformation that manifests primarily by signs related to duodenal obstruction. Earlier identifications will help to ensure that appropriate treatment can be instigated as soon as possible. Treatment by surgical with duodenoduodenostomy procedure is a surgical technique in the treatment of annular pancreas, with the advances in neonatal intensive care, may reduce the postoperative complications and will make a better outcome.

Chromosomal Relationships of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Simulium aureum Fries Species Group on the Greek Island of Rhodes

Larval black flies in the Simulium (Eusimulium) aureum Fries species group from the Greek island of Rhodes were chromosomally analyzed to clarify species limits and relationships with mainland taxa. Three species were identified, corresponding with earlier morphological identifications: S. flexibranchium Crosskey, S. petricolum (Rivosecchi), and S. rubzovianum (Sherban). The morphologically established endemic species S. flexibranchium shows chromosomal banding equivalency with S. angustipes Edwards, a widespread Palearctic species; the pair, therefore, are homosequential species, the ninth such example in the Simuliidae. The species status of S. flexibranchium is maintained on the basis of structural characters that allow diagnosis across the four islands from which it is known in the Aegean Sea. The chromosomal banding sequences of Rhodian populations of S. petricolum and S. rubzovianum, as well as a population of the latter that we examined from Cyprus, conform to the classic sequences of these species across their ranges, but tend toward the monomorphic condition typical of island black flies. The first definitive hybrid in the S. aureum group, a larva of S. flexibranchium × S. petricolum, was discovered chromosomally, and suggests an overall hybridization rate in the S. aureum group, with hybrid survival to the late larval stage, of less than 0.1%.

Constantius heros – Notes on the history of Pannonia in the 5th century

AbstractIn his paper the author deals with a lost late Roman funerary text, Constantius’ epitaph. Based on the manuscript tradition, the epitaph was probably erected in Rome or more rather at Ravenna. Constantius was an important military commander of Western Rome in the 5thcentury and he had an important role in the fifth century history of Roman Pannonia as he fought against the Barbarians, most probably the Huns who settled down in Pannonia. The earlier identifications must be rejected but his person – unfortunately – cannot be identified with Flavius Constantius Felix. On the other hand, the events (fights against the Huns and the sea-going Vandals) mentioned in the funerary epigram fit perfectly into the period at the beginning of Valentinian III’s reign.

Evidence of enhanced magnetism in cool, polluted white dwarfs

We report the discovery of a new, polluted, magnetic white dwarf in the Luyten survey of high-proper motion stars. High-dispersion spectra of NLTT 7547 reveal a complex heavy element line spectrum in a cool (~5 200 K) hydrogen-dominated atmosphere showing the effect of a surface averaged field of 163 kG, consistent with a 240 kG centred dipole, although the actual field structure remains uncertain. The abundance pattern shows the effect of accreted material with a distinct magnesium-rich flavour. Combined with earlier identifications, this discovery supports a correlation between the incidence of magnetism in cool white dwarfs and their contamination by heavy elements.

Contextualising Roman-related glass artefacts in China. An integrated approach to Sino-Roman relations

Relations between the Roman and the early Chinese Empires have been considerably popular fields of research, however, principally from a trade-oriented point of view. Contextualising Roman-related glass finds unearthed in the People’s Republic of China provides a more complex nexus. Transparent glass vessels carry multiple testimonia of cultural impacts and interactions, leading towards a stereotyped and utopian perception of the Imperium Romanum. This paper focuses on the complexity of such inter-imperial connections through contextualising the most significant Roman-interpreted glass finds in China. Furthermore, by a detailed and critical examination of Roman-related transparent glass vessels, it also aims to highlight problems of earlier identifications and interpretations. In addition, a precise recollection of the existing data not only allows to catalogue these various glass objects, but also helps to insert these glass artefacts into the Roman glass typology system.

From “Customary” to “Illegal”: Yao Ethnic Marriages on the Sino-Vietnamese Border

This article examines changing governing practices in the context of the Sino-Vietnamese border in the Guangxi Autonomous Region of China. The groups inhabiting the mountainous ranges of this ethnically diverse part of Southeast Asia evaded the reach of the state until the 1970s, when China and Vietnam started tightening control over the land border after the border war. With an increasingly rigid and clearly delimited Sino-Vietnamese borderland, binary forms of classification began to replace earlier fluid identifications, and the room for diverse social and cultural expressions became restricted. It is within this context that the ethnic marriage practices straddling the borders of China and its southern neighboring states discussed in this article took place. Cross-border ethnic Yao marriages have changed from customary to illegal in recent years as a result of China’s strict population control, its changing demography, and the accelerated shortage of manual labor in its border area. Border politics have permeated the private sphere, transforming common ethnic marriage partners into illegal migrants. Although ethnic marriage partners are relegated to an illegal status, they are indispensible in the local labor market and moral economy as mothers, caretakers, translators, guides, and manual workers. This article argues that, despite being antithetical to the bordering logic of state sovereignty, they are important agents who depend on and capitalize on the border economy.

First record of long-tailed pelagic sea slug Stylocheilus longicauda (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from southwest coast of India

long-tailed sea slug Stylocheilus longicauda was recorded for the first time from southwest coast of India. A single specimen measuring a total length of 70.51mm was collected from a floating bottle, along with bunch of goose-neck barnacles from Arabian sea off Narakkal, Vypeen Island, Kochi. Earlier identifications were made based on the morphology of the animal without resorting to description of radula. This makes it difficult to differentiate the species from Stylocheilus striatus which has similar characters. The present description details the external and radular morphology of Stylocheilus longicauda .

Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review

The Mesozoic and Palaeocene record of lissamphibians (i.e. anurans, caudates, gymnophionans and albanerpetontids) in North America is reviewed on the basis of over 400 published and unpublished occurrences from 61 geological formations. The record is heavily biased towards isolated bones, although some associated and articulated skeletons and rare tracks and trackways are known. Most of the localities are in the Western Interior: in central and southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, Canada, extending southwards through the USA and into northern Mexico. Outside of that region, records are limited to one Late Cretaceous age formation in Baja California and several Late Triassic and Cretaceous age formations in the eastern USA. Putative lissamphibians have been reported from the Late Triassic (middle Carnian and early Norian). Unambiguous lissamphibians are known from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian), the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian), the basal Cretaceous (late Berriasian–Valanginian) and a nearly continuous sequence extending from the Aptian through to the terminal Palaeocene. The Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) of Arizona documents the oldest global occurrences of an anuran (i.e. crown frog) and a stem caecilian; the latter also is the only North American fossil occurrence for Gymnophiona prior to the Quaternary. Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian) age deposits in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming contain a moderate diversity of anurans, urodeles (i.e. crown salamanders) and possibly stem salamanders. A basal Cretaceous locality (late Berriasian–Valanginian) in South Dakota contains a urodele and the first North American occurrence for Albanerpetontidae. Aptian/Albian age localities in Montana, Wyoming, Texas and Oklahoma contain a mixture of anurans, urodeles and albanerpetontids—that tripartite lissamphibian composition persists in North America through the remainder of the Cretaceous and intermittently through the Palaeocene. Most of the anurans are of uncertain familial affinities. The urodeles contain a mixture of extinct families (Scapherpetontidae and Batrachosauroididae) that were prominent through the Cretaceous into the early Palaeogene, along with the earliest appearances of several extant families, specifically sirenids in the Santonian, amphiumids and proteids in the late Maastrichtian and dicamptodontids and unequivocal cryptobranchids in the late Palaeocene. The albanerpetontid genus Albanerpeton was moderately diverse during the Cretaceous and Palaeocene, before vanishing from the North American record near the end of the Palaeocene. Temporal richness estimates of North American lissamphibians were calculated based on taxic and minimum lineage level occurrence data per 5 million year time interval beginning in the Early Jurassic and though to the end of the Palaeocene. The resulting richness curves demonstrate a general pattern of increasing richness leading up to the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, with peak values during the Campanian and Maastrichtian and a decline thereafter. The latter part of that pattern suggests higher extinction rates for lissamphibians across the K-Pg boundary compared to previous estimates, which we attribute to our coarser temporal binning, taxonomic additions and changes to some earlier taxonomic identifications. Although the overall richness pattern may at least partially reflect a true signal, it is heavily influenced by factors such as taphonomy, temporal gaps, fossil sampling and publication biases towards particular intervals and taxonomic groups; more detailed studies of all major lissamphibian clades are needed to corroborate these findings. This review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the Mesozoic and Palaeocene portion of the North American lissamphibian record and provides a framework for future work.

Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings

Genetic analysis strongly increases the opportunity to identify skeletal remains or other biological samples from historical figures. However, validation of this identification is essential and should be done by DNA typing of living relatives. Based on the similarity of a limited set of Y-STRs, a blood sample and a head were recently identified as those belonging respectively to King Louis XVI and his paternal ancestor King Henry IV. Here, we collected DNA samples from three living males of the House of Bourbon to validate the since then controversial identification of these remains. The three living relatives revealed the Bourbon's Y-chromosomal variant on a high phylogenetic resolution for several members of the lineage between Henry IV and Louis XVI. This 'true' Bourbon's variant is different from the published Y-STR profiles of the blood as well as of the head. The earlier identifications of these samples can therefore not be validated. Moreover, matrilineal genealogical data revealed that the published mtDNA sequence of the head was also different from the one of a series of relatives. This therefore leads to the conclusion that the analyzed samples were not from the French kings. Our study once again demonstrated that in order to realize an accurate genetic identification of historical remains DNA typing of living persons, who are paternally or maternally related with the presumed donor of the samples, is required.

The resolved structure of the extragalactic supernova remnant SNR 4449−1

We present very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the milliarcsecond-scale radio structure of the supernova remnant SNR 4449$-$1 in the galaxy NGC 4449. This young and superluminous remnant was observed at 1.6 GHz ($\lambda = 18$\,cm) with the European VLBI Network. The observations confirm earlier identifications of this object with a supernova remnant (SNR) while revealing a somewhat different morphology compared with the structure reported by Bietenholz et al. from VLBI observations at 1.4 GHz. This difference is discussed here in the context of structural sensitivity of both observations. The 1.6 GHz image yields accurate estimates of the size (0.0422 arcsec $\times$ 0.0285 arcsec and 0.8 $\times$ 0.5 pc) and age ($\sim$55 yr) of SNR 4449$-$1. With a total flux of 6.1 $\pm$ 0.6 mJy measured in the VLBI image, the historical lightcurve of the source can be well represented by a power-law decay with a power index of $-$1.19 $\pm$ 0.07. The SNR exhibits a decline rate of the radio emission of 2.2$%$ $\pm$ 0.1$%$ yr$^{-1}$ and a radio luminosity of 1.74 $\times$ 10$^{35}$ erg s$^{-1}$.

Chemical identification of luminescence due to Sn and Sb in ZnO

We show that the I10 line in ZnO photoluminescence is associated with Sn impurities. The evidence comes from material implanted with radioactive 117Ag, which decays through 117Cd and 117In to stable 117Sn, and 121Ag, which decays through the same chain to stable 121Sb. Supporting evidence is provided by ZnO:Sn prepared by the in-diffusion of stable Sn. Furthermore, the I2 and I9 lines are shown conclusively to be due to In, confirming earlier identifications in the literature. We also observe shallow bound exciton emission at 3.3643(3) eV due to Sb impurities produced at the end of the decay chain of 121Ag.

Biology and molecular characterization of necroviruses affecting Olea europaea L.: a review

Three necroviruses, family Tombusviridae, are known to infect Olea europaea L., Olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), Olive mild mosaic virus (OMMV) and Tobacco necrosis virus D (TNV-D), often asymptomatically. OLV-1 has a wide geographical distribution whereas that of OMMV and TNV-D is not known as their discovery is recent, dating from 2005 and 2009, respectively. OMMV has received special attention because of its origin, likely to have resulted from a recombination event between TNV-D, with which it shares a coat protein (CP) amino acid identity of 86% and OLV-1 sharing an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase amino acid identity of 91%. Due to these properties OMMV and TNV-D are indistinguishable by serology or Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction assays that use primers hybridizing in the CP gene region, rendering ambiguous earlier TNV-D identifications based on such tests. OLV-1 and OMMV are transmitted through the soil to roots of host plants in the absence of any vectors but the transmission rate of OMMV increases to more than double in the presence of Olpidium brassicae zoospores that vector this virus in an in vitro manner. A point mutation leading to an amino acid substitution located in an inner region of the virion is responsible for the loss of biologically assisted transmission, probably by altering the particle conformation rendering the binding site inaccessible to the zoospore receptors. The field occurrences of necrovirus multiple infections are common and increase the chances for recombination events, the epidemiological implications of which are still uncertain. The biological and molecular properties of the necroviruses identified in olive trees are the main focus of this review.

Lack of control enhances accurate and inaccurate identification responses to degraded visual objects

Recent studies have shown that lack of control induces illusory pattern perception. In this study, we demonstrate that lacking control also affected identification responses to degraded pictures of visual objects. As compared with control participants, participants in whom lack of control was experimentally induced produced identification responses to visual objects at a significantly higher level of degradation of the stimulus. Lacking control did not influence accuracy of identification, since the effect was present for both correct and incorrect identification responses, and did not encourage pure random guessing. Our results indicate that lacking control makes individuals more prone to achieve visual closure by attempting earlier identifications of perceptually degraded visual objects. Possible mechanisms involved in this effect are discussed.

Near-Earth Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections During Solar Cycle 23 (1996 – 2009): Catalog and Summary of Properties

In a previous study (Cane and Richardson, J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), SSH6-1, 2003), we investigated the occurrence of interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996 – 2002, corresponding to the increasing and maximum phases of solar cycle 23, and provided a “comprehensive” catalog of these events. In this paper, we present a revised and updated catalog of the ≈300 near-Earth ICMEs in 1996 – 2009, encompassing the complete cycle 23, and summarize their basic properties and geomagnetic effects. In particular, solar wind composition and charge state observations are now considered when identifying the ICMEs. In general, these additional data confirm the earlier identifications based predominantly on other solar wind plasma and magnetic field parameters. However, the boundaries of ICME-like plasma based on charge state/composition data may deviate significantly from those based on conventional plasma/magnetic field parameters. Furthermore, the much studied “magnetic clouds”, with flux-rope-like magnetic field configurations, may form just a substructure of the total ICME interval.

Emission lines of Fe xi in the 257-407 Å wavelength region observed in solar spectra from EIS/Hinodeand SERTS

Theoretical emission-line ratios involving Fe xi transitions in the 257–407 Å wavelength range are derived using fully relativistic calculations of radiative rates and electron impact excitation cross-sections. These are subsequently compared with both long wavelength channel Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) spectra from the Hinode satellite (covering 245–291 Å) and first-order observations (∼235–449 Å) obtained by the Solar Extreme-ultraviolet Research Telescope and Spectrograph (SERTS). The 266.39, 266.60 and 276.36 Å lines of Fe xi are detected in two EIS spectra, confirming earlier identifications of these features, and 276.36 Å is found to provide an electron density (Ne) diagnostic when ratioed against the 257.55 Å transition. Agreement between theory and observation is found to be generally good for the SERTS data sets, with discrepancies normally being due to known line blends, while the 257.55 Å feature is detected for the first time in SERTS spectra. The most useful Fe xi electron density diagnostic is found to be the 308.54/352.67 intensity ratio, which varies by a factor of 8.4 between Ne= 108 and 1011 cm−3, while showing little temperature sensitivity. However, the 349.04/352.67 ratio potentially provides a superior diagnostic, as it involves lines which are closer in wavelength, and varies by a factor of 14.7 between Ne= 108 and 1011 cm−3. Unfortunately, the 349.04 Å line is relatively weak, and also blended with the second-order Fe x 174.52 Å feature, unless the first-order instrument response is enhanced.

C24H14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of catechol

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of the C24H14 isomer class, some of which are potent mutagens and carcinogens, are produced during the burning of solid fuels. For a clearer understanding of the formation of PAH, pyrolysis experiments have been performed in an isothermal laminar-flow reactor with the model fuel catechol (ortho-dihydroxybenzene)–a phenol-type compound representative of structural entities in complex solid fuels like coal, wood, and biomass. The catechol pyrolysis experiments are conducted at 1000°C and at a residence time of 0.3 s. The pyrolysis products are analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible absorbance detection and mass spectrometric detection. Product analysis reveals that the C24H14 PAH products of catechol pyrolysis belong to three structural classes: perylene benzologues, fluoranthene benzologues and pyrene benzologues. The 12 C24H14 PAH identified in the present study are: benzo[b]perylene, naphtho[1,2-b]fluoranthene, naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, dibenzo[b,k]fluoranthene, naphtho[2,3-b]fluoranthene, naphtho[2,3-k]fluoranthene, naphtho[1,2-e]pyrene, naphtho[2,3-e]-pyrene, naphtho[1,2-a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[e,l ]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene. In addition to these, our earlier identifications of naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene, naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,i]pyrene among the products of catechol pyrolysis bring the total number of C24H14 PAH identified as products of catechol pyrolysis to 15. Of these 15, 12 have been reported to be mutagens and 6 have been reported to be carcinogens. The UV spectra establishing the identities of the 15 C24H14 catechol pyrolysis products are presented.

The Models of Picasso's Rose Period: The Family of Saltimbanques

The word "model" in this context has a variety of meanings. The concept of "model" encompasses the external person who is represented by the artist, as well as the internal, conscious and unconscious, past and present mental representations of other individuals and the work of other artists. In all of these meanings, the relationships of artist and model have been quite specific to the artist under consideration and the historical-cultural period. For Picasso, the relationship of artist and model was particularly intense, reflecting myriad aspects of his personality and artistic development. The theme of artist and model was the subject of many of his paintings and graphic works. We focus particularly on his use of harlequins, saltimbanques, and circus performers during his blue and rose periods. The change in predominant models and moods between periods is noted. Among the issues considered is the relevance of these models in this particular period. Why were they especially salient objects for identification and for his artistic identity? Identification with the model may represent or be linked to earlier identifications of adolescence and childhood. We discuss the implications of these portrayals for his object relationships and the magical power, possession, and control in the development of his art. The painting "The Family of Saltimbanques," his most ambitious work to date, the integration and culmination of this theme during this period, is of particular interest.

New WSR-88D Volume Coverage Pattern 12: Results of Field Tests

Abstract For the first time since the installation of the national network of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), a new scanning strategy—Volume Coverage Pattern 12 (VCP 12)—has been added to the suite of scanning strategies. VCP 12 is a faster version of VCP 11 and has denser vertical sampling at lower elevation angles. This note discusses results of field tests in Oklahoma and Mississippi during 2001–03 that led to the decision to implement VCP 12. Output from meteorological algorithms for a test-bed radar using an experimental VCP were compared with output for a nearby operational WSR-88D using VCP 11 or 21. These comparisons were made for severe storms that were at comparable distances from both radars. Findings indicate that denser vertical sampling at lower elevation angles leads to earlier and longer algorithm identifications of storm cells and mesocyclones, especially those more distant from a radar.

High-resolution local vibrational mode spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance study of the oxygen-vacancy complex in irradiated germanium

It was recently discovered that in electron-irradiated germanium doped with oxygen a local vibrational mode occurs at $669\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ that could be ascribed to the negatively charged oxygen-vacancy complex $({\mathrm{VO}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$. In the $669\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ band and in another unassigned band at $731\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ due to a different defect, fine structures indicating the occurrence of a germanium isotope splitting of the modes could be partly resolved. We report here the results of high-resolution $(=0.02\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ infrared measurements at liquid helium temperature of bands at $635,669,716,\mathrm{and}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}731\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In this work, the experimentally observed splitting of all four local vibrational modes and the amplitudes of the individual components within each mode are accurately predicted from a nonlinear symmetric $\mathrm{Ge}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Ge}$ quasimolecule embedded in the germanium lattice. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements have also been performed on an $\mathrm{O}$ doped $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ quasi monoisotopic sample after electron irradiation. The symmetry of the dominant paramagnetic defect in the sample is found to be orthorhombic I and the principal $g$ values are in good agreement with those reported earlier for the ${\mathrm{VO}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center. Through annealing (at $120\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$) a correlation can be made between the intensity of this electron paramagnetic resonance signal and the infrared band at $669\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, giving explicit support to earlier identifications of these signals as due to ${\mathrm{VO}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.