Earlier Encounters Research Articles

The politics of electricity use and non-use in late Ottoman Istanbul.

This article focuses on the earlier encounters and uses of electricity, its technology, and its infrastructure to understand how electricity formed a contested terrain of politics among the city's varying actors, such as state officials, financial investors, and consumers, in late Ottoman Istanbul, roughly between the 1870s and early 1920s. I contend that people used electricity as a political tool in their everyday lives even before they could access it physically. Electricity skepticism during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) increased Istanbul residents' inclination for an electrified future; the longer the sultan's prohibitions lasted, the more they fueled this inclination, causing problems about the use of electricity. In contrast to the previous regime's skepticism about electricity use, the Committee of Union and Progress (1909-18) administrators considered electricity a public service that a larger population could use rather than a source of energy for a small, privileged elite. The first urban-scale power plant was completed in 1914. However, the inability to import technical equipment and raw materials due to political and financial troubles caused by World War I (1914-18) and the Occupation Period (1918-23) hampered electricity production and consumption, causing serious problems in electricity use on public and private scales. Amid the wave of challenges, the city inhabitants witnessed numerous unpleasant encounters with electricity use; some perished in tram accidents, while others became criminals. At a time when much of society viewed electricity as a vital element for progress and economic growth, the prevalence of crowded trams, tram accidents, blackouts, and instances of electricity theft within the Ottoman capital called into question the notion of electricity as a technological promise and public good. Consequently, the initial enthusiasm for electricity's transformative potential waned due to tensions between expectations and daily realities, resulting in a cautious approach toward technological modernity.

Deep Learning Driven Instinctive Surveillance

It is a very boring and laborious job providing observation security. In order to determine whether the exercises that were caught were unusual or suspicious, a labour force is needed. Here, we’ll put together a structure to automate the task of reviewing video reconnaissance. We will regularly review the camera feed to look for any unusual activities like surprising or suspicious ones. and an automatic acknowledgment will be sent to the user with an alert email along with the suspicious frames and SMS to mobile number. Deep learning computations for deep reconnaissance have improved from earlier encounters. These developments have revealed a key pattern in thorough reconnaissance and promise a significant increase in efficacy. Deep observation is typically used for things like identifying evidence of burglary, finding violence, and recognising explosion potential. We will propose a spatio-temporal auto-encoder for this project that relies on a 3D convolutional brain structure. The decoder then reproduces the edges after the encoder section has removed the spatial and transient data. By recording the recreation misfortune using the Euclidean distance between the original and replicated batch, the odd occurrences are distinguished.

TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS: DIAGNOSTIC DIFFICULITIES OF ADVANVED LUNG CANCER IN A YOUNG MALE

TOPIC: Lung Cancer TYPE: Fellow Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, occurring at the highest rate in those aged over 70yrs(1). It is exceedingly rare for those under the age of 40 to be diagnosed with primary lung cancer, with an incidence of 0.6-4.6%(2). The low incidence of lung cancer in this age group can lead to diagnostic delay. We present a case of a 28 yr old male who was diagnosed with stage 4 lung adenocarcinoma after multiple ED and hospital visits. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28 yr old previously healthy male presented to our facility for evaluation of an 8wk history of shortness of breath and non-productive cough. Denied fevers, chills, malaise or myalgias. He stopped working for a car repossession company due to being too dyspneic to walk short distances. Social history is notable for social smoking and vaping but none in the 3 months prior to symptom onset. Denied recent travel or exposures. No relevant family history. He was previously seen at two outside facilities and thought to have an atypical pneumonia. No improvement after two courses of antibiotics, prednisone and trilogy inhaler. After an abnormal chest CT he was seen by an outside pulmonologist and cardiothoracic surgeon for biopsy but it was felt to not be indicated. He sought another opinion at our facility because he felt like something was being missed. A chest CT revealed an extensive central infiltrative masslike consolidation encasing the right main pulmonary artery with extensive interstitial thickening and diffuse nodular pattern throughout the right lung with mediastinal adenopathy. Left lung appeared normal. The outside facility chest CT from a few weeks prior was obtained for comparison. This showed similar findings but the central masslike consolidation was now more extensive and confluent. Biopsy confirmed metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. DISCUSSION: A recent review of lung cancer in those 35yrs and younger found that nearly half of these patients had metastatic disease at presentation(3). The reason for advanced stage at diagnosis in this age group has yet to be delineated. In this case, it is likely that at least one cognitive bias contributed to his diagnosis being delayed. Both ascertainment bias, where a physician's thinking is shaped by prior expectation and representativeness restraint which drives the diagnostician toward looking for prototypical manifestations of disease(4), likely contributed. When age is removed from the equation, his imaging alone would have prompted a biopsy during his earlier encounters. CONCLUSIONS: Illness scripts are an important part of diagnostic reasoning, but it is imperative that clinicians remain wary of potential cognitive biases which may put them at risk for diagnostic error. Relying too heavily on pattern recognition as in representativeness restraint, we risk missing atypical variants of disease such as lung cancer in young man. REFERENCE #1: U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Visualizations Tool, based on 2019 submission data (1999-2017): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute; www.cdc.gov/cancer/dataviz, released in June 2020. REFERENCE #2: Pan, X., Lv, T., Zhang, F. et al. Frequent genomic alterations and better prognosis among young patients with non-small-cell lung cancer aged 40 years or younger. Clin Transl Oncol 20, 1168–1174 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-018-1838-z REFERENCE #3: Liu B, Quan X, Xu C, et al. Lung cancer in young adults aged 35 years or younger: A full-scale analysis and review. J Cancer. 2019;10(15):3553-3559. Published 2019 Jun 9. doi:10.7150/jca.27490 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Katie Baxter, source=Web Response

Any Similarities Are Purely Coincidental

Years before Fascism was to seize Germany, W.W. Crotch, a writer who generally covered cultural and literary subjects, found himself fascinated by a strange, odd fellow he had observed on the streets of Munich, a character he was to learn was named Adolf Hitler. When Hitler and his political party took control of the German government in 1933, Crotch filed a story with the New Statesman, recalling his earlier encounters with Hitler, now the new German Chancellor. Another observer who took note of this new aggressive leader was Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, who warned the world of Hitler’s hidden personal and international ambitions. Closer to our own day, we have seen leaders and movements gravitating in similar directions. Draw conclusions as you will….

Between Form and Formalization: Angus Fletcher’sThe Topological Imagination

This is a review essay of Angus Fletcher’s posthumous The Topological Imagination: Spheres, Edges, and Islands (2016). Fletcher’s guiding intuition is that topology—a vast, foundational, formally rigorous pillar of modern mathematics—can offer fresh, useful ways of seeing and thinking about our world. These novel modes of perception and cognition are, Fletcher contends, naturally anticipated by literary creation and theories of it—hence the book’s title, The Topological Imagination. Half of my essay is consequently devoted to fleshing out the larger contexts of Fletcher’s investigation: topology’s core concepts, Romantic theories of the imagination, and earlier encounters between topology and literary and philosophical thought, particularly that of Blanchot and Deleuze. The other half of this essay asks whether Fletcher’s accounts of topology and the (Romantic) imagination are accurate and compatible, and what true compatibility might look like. To answer this final question, I turn to recent debates about form and formalization and A. R. Ammons’s book-length poem, Sphere: The Form of a Motion (1974).

This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving

While the title includes the word Thanksgiving, David J. Silverman primarily uses that term as a hook to reel the reader into a study of New England’s Wampanoag Indians. Most of the book focuses on what happened after that legendary event and reminds readers that despite sustained efforts to eradicate them, Wampanoags still exist today. Silverman acknowledges the many difficulties associated with recovering Wampanoag voices, a challenge that all historians of Native peoples face, but he believes that “imperfect histories of Indian life are better than no histories” (18). Silverman’s book is also imperfect in places, but it does much to enlighten his readers about the Wampanoags and recover their side of this misunderstood era of history.The strength of this text lies in its detail about the Wampanoag people, whom it puts at the center of the story while using more familiar episodes and personalities to frame that story. Silverman begins with a basic review of Wampanoag history and culture, as is customary for studies of this sort, and narrates their earlier encounters with other Europeans, which taught them to proceed with caution when the Pilgrims arrived in 1620. Interactions with the English caused much internal political strife among the Wampanoags, which Silverman carefully details throughout his text to inform his readers about Wampanoag perspectives on and complex reactions to famous historical events. The celebrated “Thanksgiving” was merely a social gathering of English and Wampanoags to share their bounty from the fall harvest. It proved the exception rather than the rule when it came to their dealings with each other. Relations between the two deteriorated with continued English expansion into Wampanoag territory, which caused the second generation of Wampanoag leaders to ally with other Native peoples in the area to protect their interests. Silverman glibly blames King Philip’s War in 1676 for “Ruining Thanksgiving” (299), and while the chapter title seems contrived, the conflict itself was complicated and had brutal results. After the war, the English forced many Wampanoags into servitude, and after the creation of the United States, negative stereotypes about and harsh discrimination against Wampanoags continued. They endured this prejudice by banding together into small communities where they kept their culture alive through the centuries and into the present day.Silverman delivers on his promise to provide an overview of the Wampanoags, and he starts each chapter with a sliver of conventional history as a way to ground his readers in the known before revealing the more unfamiliar side of the story. This methodology requires him to jump around both in chronology and subject matter, which his audience will either like or dislike depending on personal preference. Moreover, the majority of his text addresses history before and after the famed Thanksgiving, despite its inclusion in the title, which may further confuse readers. The author may invite some criticism for not taking a more academic tone with his writing style, but his book will help those unfamiliar with the Wampanoags, and indeed any Native society, gain a better understanding and appreciation of their history and of their influence on everyone’s history.

Islam and the West: From Clash to Dialogue

No doubt that the present fluctuating relation between Islam and the West is, and has always been, coloured by earlier encounters, (the spread of Islam, the Crusades, the Reconquista of Spain, the Inquisitions, to name a few). This article readdresses Islam-West relation by examining the fundamental underpinnings of the clash theory as delineated by Bernard Lewis in Roots of Muslim Rage and Samuel Huntington in Clash of Civilizations. Though Lewis laid the foundation of civilizational conflict, it was Huntington who later fashioned and set the parameters of this conflict. The article also attempts to forge the idea of mutual understanding and dialogue by way of building bridges of scholarship, knowledge, respect and cooperation between people within this global village. To achieve this goal, the article highlights seven principles of the Islamic perspective of dialogue, drawing practical precedence from Islamic history, particularly from the Prophetic as well as the rightly-guided Caliphs' era.

Since Time Immemoriall: A Story of Common Law Jurisdiction, Native Title and the Case of Tanistry

In the 10 th anniversary year of the decision in Mabo, this article offers one possible account of the relationship between native title and the common law The article provides a description of this relationship, based on an account of common law jurisdiction and the ways in which the common law historically used the concept of jurisdiction in order to supplant other sites of adjudication and authority. The article traces the jurisdictional story of the common law,from its origins as one of many decentralised legal spaces, through the important first colonial context of Ireland,to the new settlement of New South Wales, and the first encounters with 'the natives'. It then examines the decisions in Mabo, Wik and others, and concludes that in 'recognising 'and constructing the interest of native title, the common law relied on the same techniques which characterised its earlier encounters with the 'other' in the English domestic and Irish colonial contexts. It is only by understanding the way in which native title has come to be at common law that we can explore its possibilities and limitations as a vehicle for justice.

MERGER HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE LUMINOUS CLUSTER RX J1347.5–1145

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the complex gas hydrodynamics in the X-ray-luminous galaxy cluster RX J1347.5–1145 caught in the act of merging with a subcluster to its southeast using a combined 186 ks Chandra exposure, 2.5 times greater than previous analyses. The primary cluster hosts a sloshing cold front spiral traced by four surface brightness edges west, southeast, east, and northeast from the primary central dominant galaxy, suggesting that the merger is in the plane of the sky. We measure temperature and density ratios across these edges, confirming that they are sloshing cold fronts. We observe the eastern edge of the subcluster infall shock, confirming that the observed subcluster is traveling from the southwest to the northeast in a clockwise orbit. We measure a shock density contrast of and infer a Mach number of 1.25 ± 0.08 and a shock velocity of km s−1. Temperature and entropy maps show cool, low-entropy gas trailing the subcluster in a southwestern tail, consistent with core shredding. Simulations suggest that a perturber in the plane of the sky on a clockwise orbit would produce a sloshing spiral winding counterclockwise, opposite to that observed. The most compelling solution to this discrepancy is that the observed southeastern subcluster is on its first passage, shock-heating gas during its clockwise infall, while the main cluster’s clockwise cold front spiral formed from earlier encounters with a second perturber orbiting counterclockwise.

Multiple Temporalities of Policy Circulation: Gradual, Repetitive and Delayed Processes of BRT Adoption in South African Cities

AbstractIn 2006, bus rapid transit (BRT) swept across South African cities. Within three years of learning of the Bogotá model of BRT, Johannesburg's Rea Vaya opened, followed shortly by Cape Town's MyCiTi, while several other cities are at various stages of planning and implementation. This article traces the circulation of BRT across the South African urban context to expose the multiple and varied temporalities through which BRT came to appear as the only available solution. These earlier encounters, which include the first published discussion of BRT in South Africa in a 1973 conference report, study visits to Curitiba in the 1990s and a failed attempt to implement a Bogotá‐style BRT system in Cape Town in 2003, were instrumental in creating a fertile ground for later adoption practices. While it may appear as if circulated policies shorten the gestation time from policy introduction to policy adoption, these repeated attempts to implement circulated innovations ensure that the turnover only seems accelerated. This article unravels the story of BRT adoption, departing from the theoretical discussions of the policy circulation process as a rapid phenomenon, instead demonstrating that it is gradual, repetitive and at times delayed.

Lateralization in refuge selection in Podarcis hispanica at different hierarchical levels

The traditional explanation of brain lateralization is that it avoids costly duplication of neural circuitry with the same function as well as decreasing the interference between different functions. This advantage could have important ecological implications in terms of predator–prey interactions. If species are lateralized in escape behavior at an individual level, any predator is facing individually asymmetric prey. On the other hand, if species are lateralized at a higher hierarchical level, such as at the population or species level, the predator can learn from experience arising from earlier encounters. In the present study, we investigate patterns of lateralization in 5 lizard populations of the Podarcis hispanica species complex, with the aim of analyzing the occurrence of lateralization at different hierarchical levels. Our results show that refuge selection during escape behavior is not universal in the P. hispanica species complex at different hierarchical levels, some individuals and populations are lateralized, with a consistent bias toward the refuge on the right. However, 2 populations showed no refuge preference, with lack of lateralization mainly arising due to the dominance of individuals with no preference rather than from a mix of right- and left-biased individuals. When considered at the P. hispanica species complex level, a pattern for right-refuge preference was

A Discussion of Jack Drescher's “Handle with Care: The Psychoanalysis of a Touchy Case”

The author discusses Jack Drescher's paper “The Psychoanalysis of a Touchy Case.” The discussion takes up issues related to Drescher's patient's symptoms, his long-term relationship, and his developmental history as a gay man. This discussion focuses not only on the nature of the patient's problems, but also draws attention to the helpful clinical ways in which Drescher approached his patient, and the way in which Drescher's approach differed from the patient's earlier encounters with other therapists.

The Politics of Policing the Anti-WTO Protests in Hong Kong

The confrontations between anti-World Trade Organisation (WTO) protestors and Hong Kong police proved that their earlier encounters brought about uncompromising attitudes and escalating activities on both sides. As a result, riots on the penultimate day of the WTO meeting were inevitable. Applying David Waddington's flashpoint model, this article shows that other factors at the structural, political/ideological, cultural, contextual and situational levels were at play, creating an environment conducive to violence. Waddington's model provides a useful framework for us to comprehend the interactional dynamics of the anti-WTO protests in Hong Kong. However, it has neglected the possibility of an interactive bond between protestors and the public. The contextual uniqueness of forging a dynamic relationship between protestors and the public can enrich Waddington's analytical framework.

Linguistics and Claim Construction

Despite its great importance in patent litigation and recent interest derived from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's en banc Phillips opinion, claim construction - the process of giving a patent claim meaning through defining its terms - is largely an unsettled and uncertain area of patent law. In part, this uncertainty may be due to the Federal Circuit's failure to provide adequate guidance on the process. This Article suggests that the Federal Circuit should clarify its claim construction jurisprudence, looking to the science of linguistics to provide bases for an improved set of guidelines that will improve certainty in patent law. This Article argues that claim construction should instead track the way in which we, as readers of a language, attempt to understand what is being conveyed via the written word. First, there is a base level of conventional understanding from which all interpretation starts, an understanding that either a priori exists based on our earlier encounters with the word or is obtained from a dictionary in cases where we lack previous knowledge. Second, from this conventional understanding, we construct the actual meaning of the term based on a number of linguistic clues, both internal to the document and external from our prior experiences. In particular, there are at least five notions from linguistics that can help shape a more consistent claim construction methodology: 1) every reader, including a judge, possesses a mental lexicon with a common sense (or conventional) understanding of word meaning which is a point from which to start when interpreting claims; 2) there is an appropriate place for dictionary usage, which is to inform the judge's common sense understanding about a word where he has none; 3) patent claims have their own grammar which must inform the syntactical and contextual analysis, but may also skew the reader's common understanding that was obtained either from a mental lexicon or from a dictionary; 4) regardless of the common sense understanding, the PHOSITA must be returned to the analysis and changes made to the law to effectuate the return of the PHOSITA; and 5) extensive resort to the specification and prosecution history to divine the patentee's intent is inappropriate.

Plasma Processes in the Heliosphere

In this review a few plasma processes in the heliosphere are highlighted. Undoubtedly the major event from mid-1987 to mid-1990 was the Voyager 2 fly by of Neptune on 25 August 1989, of which results are now becoming available. However, most papers dealt with the processing and interpretation of the results from the fly by of Uranus (on 24 January 1986), as well as from earlier encounters with Jupiter and Saturn. Similarly, there continued to be great interest in results from the spacecraft missions to comets P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley in 1985-1986. Mention should also be made of the Phobos missions to Mars and its satellites which yielded valuable scientific results, though unfortunately prematurely aborted. Of necessity, only recent literature will be cited, as these references include earlier ones.