Mouse Ear Edema Model Research Articles

Position Matters: Effect of Nitro Group in Chalcones on Biological Activities and Correlation via Molecular Docking

A series of nine nitro group-containing chalcones were synthesized to investigate their anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant activities via in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico studies. The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds were evaluated via a TPA-induced mouse ear edema model, and the vasorelaxant effects were evaluated via an isolated organ model in addition to molecular docking studies. The compounds with the highest anti-inflammatory activity were 2 (71.17 ± 1.66%), 5 (80.77 ± 2.82%), and 9 (61.08 ± 2.06%), where the nitro group is located at the ortho position in both rings, as confirmed by molecular docking with COX-1 and COX-2. The compounds with the highest vasorelaxant activity were 1 (81.16 ± 7.55%), lacking a nitro group, and 7 (81.94 ± 2.50%), where the nitro group is in the para position of the B ring; both of these compounds interact with the eNOS enzyme during molecular docking. These results indicate that the position of the nitro group in the chalcone plays an important role in these anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant activities.

Isothiocyanate-rich moringa seed extract reduces skin inflammation in mouse ear edema model

BackgroundMoringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed extract (MSE) and its primary bioactive compound, moringa isothiocyanate-1(MIC-1), mitigate inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and cancer in the in vivo rodent models following oral application. PurposeTo investigate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of MSE and purified MIC-1 in a TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. Study DesignThe present study elucidates the topical anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action of MSE, containing 38% of MIC-1 and purified MIC-1 using a mouse ear edema model utilizing 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), as the pro-inflammatory agent. MethodsA time-dependent and dose-dependent response was determined by pretreating CD-1 mice with various doses of MSE and MIC-1, positive control, dexamethasone, or vehicle control, followed by TPA, and the subsequent difference in ear thickness was measured using digital Vernier calipers. The effective doses of MSE and MIC-1were then selected to evaluate the change in weight of the ears using 6 mm biopsy punches and the results were confirmed by microscopy. Inflammatory markers were quantified with Luminex multiplex immunoassay. ResultsMSE and MIC-1 were effective in a dose-dependent manner in a TPA-induced ear edema model, causing a reduction in ear thickness and a 48% and 49% decrease in ear punch weight, respectively. MSE and MIC-1 also caused a reduction in the levels of cytokine and chemokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) in the ear tissue. MSE and MIC-1 reduced IL-6 expression by 84% and 78%, MCP1 by 74% and 73%, and KC by 56% and 43%, respectively. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effect of MSE and MIC-1 was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, used to assess the thickness of the ear swelling. MSE significantly reduced the thickness of the ears by 20% compared to TPA. ConclusionThese results reveal the topical anti-inflammatory properties of MSE, and MIC-1 likely transmitted via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways as mentioned in previous studies. This work also suggests therapeutic uses of MSE and/or MIC-1 for skin inflammation.

Therapeutic Applications of Essential Oils from Native and Cultivated Ecuadorian Plants: Cutaneous Candidiasis and Dermal Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Essential oils are a complex mixture of aromatic substances whose pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been widely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and dermal anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from native and cultivated Ecuadorian plants. Essential oils from Bursera graveolens, Dacryodes peruviana, Mespilodaphne quixos, and Melaleuca armillaris were isolated by hydrodistillation and were characterized physically and chemically. Its tolerance was analyzed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The antifungal activity was studied against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, whereas the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by a mouse ear edema model. The main compounds were limonene, α-phellandrene, (E)-methyl cinnamate, and 1,8-cineole, respectively. All essential oils showed high tolerability for skin application, antifungal activity against the three Candida strains, and anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing edema and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dacryodes peruviana essential oil showed the highest antifungal activity. On the other hand, Dacryodes peruviana and Melaleuca armillaris showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, decreasing edema by 53.3% and 65.25%, respectively, and inhibiting the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17A, and IL-23. The results suggest that these essential oils could be used as alternative therapies in the treatment of both cutaneous candidiasis and dermal inflammation.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Pteropodine in Rodents.

Pteropodine (PT) is a component of some plants with potentially useful pharmacological activities for humans. This compound has biomedical properties related to the modulation of the immune system, nervous system, and inflammatory processes. This study addresses the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of pteropodin in a murine model of arthritis and induced edema of the mouse ear. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, we used the reversed passive Arthus reaction (RPAR), which includes the rat paw edema test, the rat pleurisy test, and a mouse ear edema model. The antioxidant effect of PT was evaluated by determining the myeloperoxidase enzyme activity. PT showed an anti-inflammatory effect in the different specific and non-specific tests. We found a 51, 66 and 70% inhibitory effect of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of PT, respectively, in the rat paw edema test. In the pleurisy assay, 40 mg/kg of PT induced a low neutrophil count (up to 36%) when compared to the negative control group, and 20 mg/kg of PT increased the content of lymphocytes by up to 28% and the pleural exudate volume decreased by 52% when compared to the negative control group, respectively. We also found an 81.4% inflammatory inhibition of the edema ear with 0.04 mg/ear of PT, and a significant myeloperoxidase enzyme inhibition by the three doses of PT tested. We conclude that PT exerted a potent anti-inflammatory effect in the acute inflammation model in rodents.

Anti-inflammation activity of Zhizi Jinhua Pills and overall quality consistency evaluation based on integrated HPLC, DSC and electrochemistry fingerprints.

Zhizi Jinhua Pills (ZZJHP), a compound preparation composed of 8 traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), is widely used clinically to clearing heat, purging fire, cooling blood and detoxifying. However, the studies on its pharmacological activity and the determination of active compounds are relatively few. There is a lack of quality control methods that can reflect the effectiveness of the drug. The objective was to construct fingerprint profiles, conduct a spectrum-effect relationship study and establish an overall quality control method for ZZJHP through anti-inflammatory and redox activity studies. Firstly, anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the xylene-induced ear edema model in mice. Then, Five-wavelength fusion HPLC fingerprint, electrochemical fingerprint, and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiling were established to evaluate ZZJHP more comprehensively, where Euclidean quantified fingerprint method (EQFM) was proposed for the similarity assessment of these three fingerprints. Moreover, the spectrum-activity relationship of HPLC-FP and DSC-FP with electrochemical activity helped explore the active components or ranges in the fingerprint. Finally, integrated analysis of HPLC, DSC and electrochemistry were used for the quality screen of samples from different manufacturers. ZZJHP was found to significantly decrease the levels of both TNF-α and IL-6 in the mice. Qualitatively, the integrated similarity Sm of 21 samples were all greater than 0.9, indicating the great consistency in chemical composition. Quantitatively, 9 batches of samples were classified as Grade1∼4; 6 batches of samples were classified as Grade5∼7 due to higher PINT; 6 batches of samples were classified as Grade4∼5 due to lower PINT. EQFM can qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fingerprint profile information from an overall perspective. This strategy will contribute to the quantitative characterization of TCM and promote the application of fingerprint technology in the phytopharmacy field.

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) Root Extract and Its Triterpene Baccharis Oxide Display Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Different Mice Ear Edema Models.

B. dracunculifolia is popularly used to treat skin diseases. This work aimed to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory properties of B. dracunculifolia root extract (BdR) and its major compound baccharis oxide (BOx) on mice ear edema models. BdR was analyzed by GC-MS, and BOx was isolated by chromatographic fractionation. Topical anti-inflammatory activities were determined by using the croton oil, capsaicin, histamine, and phenol-induced mouse ear edema models. N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as NO dosage and histopathological analyses, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analysis of BdR showed BOx as one of the major constituents. BdR and BOx (both at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ear) significantly reduced croton oil, histamine, and phenol-induced ear edema, while only BOx was effective in reducing capsaicin-induced edema. MPO and NAG activities, as well as NO production, were significantly inhibited by BdR and BOx. Histopathological analysis confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory properties of BdR and BOx. Our findings showed that BdR and BOx demonstrated significant topical anti-inflammatory effects in mouse ear edema induced by different agents, suggesting their possible application on skin inflammatory diseases.

Meconopsis quintuplinervia Regel Improves Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Ear Edema Model and Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine Production via the MAPK and NF-κB Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common adolescent skin condition which is mainly caused by Cutibacterium acnes overcolonization and subsequent inflammation. Our previous studies demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Meconopsis quintuplinervia Regel (EMQ) possess significant antimicrobial properties. However, their protective effects and potential mechanisms against AV remain unclear. In the present study, the EMQ treatment potential for AV was evaluated in a C. acnes-induced mouse ear edema model, and the EMQ anti-inflammatory mechanism was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results showed that EMQ alleviated edema formation and inflammatory cell infiltration in an acne mouse model by suppressing inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α expression. Moreover, EMQ inhibited the phosphorylation of MAP kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, JNK, and ERK, the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These findings suggest the potent anti-inflammatory activity of EMQ is possibly through the regulation of the MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Inhibition of C. acnes activity combined with a powerful anti-inflammatory effect of EMQ indicated its potential as a novel therapeutic option for AV.

Fatty-Acid-Rich Agave angustifolia Fraction Shows Antiarthritic and Immunomodulatory Effect.

Agave angustifolia is a xerophytic species widely used in Mexico as an ingredient in sweet food and fermented beverages; it is also used in traditional medicine to treat wound pain and rheumatic damage, and as a remedy for psoriasis. Among the various A. angustifolia extracts and extract fractions that have been evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects, the acetonic extract (AaAc) and its acetonic (F-Ac) and methanolic (F-MeOH) fractions were the most active in a xylene-induced ear edema model in mice, when orally administered. Four fractions resulting from chemically resolving F-Ac (F1-F4) were locally applied to mice with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation; F1 inhibited inflammation by 70% and was further evaluated in a carrageenan-induced mono-arthritis model. When administered at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, F1 reduced articular edema and the spleen index. In addition, it modulated spleen and joint cytokine levels and decreased pain. According to a GC-MS analysis, the main components of F1 are fatty-acid derivatives: palmitic acid methyl ester, palmitic acid ethyl ester, octadecenoic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid ethyl ester, and oleic acid ethyl ester.

Enhancement of the Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid via Novel Soluplus®-A Glycyrrhetinic Acid Solid Dispersion.

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an anti-inflammatory drug with potential for development. However, the poor solubility of GA in water leads to extremely low bioavailability, which limits its clinical applications. Solid dispersions have become some of the most effective strategies for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Soluplus®, a non-cytotoxic amphiphilic solubilizer, significantly improves the solubility of BCS II drugs and improves the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. l-arginine (L-Arg) can be used as a small molecular weight excipient to assist in improving the solubility of insoluble drugs. In this study, we developed a new formulation for oral administration by reacting GA and L-Arg to form salts by co-solvent evaporation and then adding the polymer-solvent Soluplus® with an amphiphilic chemical structure to prepare a solid dispersion GA-SD. The chemical and physical properties of GA-SD were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and TG. The anti-inflammatory activity of GA-SD was verified by LPS stimulation of RAW 267.5 cells simulating a cellular inflammation model, TPA-induced ear edema model in mice, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The results showed that the amide bond and salt formation of GA-SD greatly improved GA solubility. GA-SD effectively improved the anti-inflammatory effect of free GA in vivo and in vitro, and GA-SD had no significant effect on liver and kidney function, no significant tissue toxicity, and good biosafety. In conclusion, GA-SD with L-Arg and Soluplus® is an effective method to improve the solubility and bioavailability of GA. As a safe and effective solid dispersion, it is a promising anti-inflammatory oral formulation and provides some references for other oral drug candidates with low bioavailability.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Fusidic Acid Derivatives as Two-in-One Agent with Potent Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Fusidic acid (FA), a narrow-spectrum antibiotics, is highly sensitive to various Gram-positive cocci associated with skin infections. It has outstanding antibacterial effects against certain Gram-positive bacteria whilst no cross-resistance with other antibiotics. Two series of FA derivatives were synthesized and their antibacterial activities were tested. A new aromatic side-chain analog, FA-15 exhibited good antibacterial activity with MIC values in the range of 0.781–1.563 µM against three strains of Staphylococcus spp. Furthermore, through the assessment by the kinetic assay, similar characteristics of bacteriostasis by FA and its aromatic derivatives were observed. In addition, anti-inflammatory activities of FA and its aromatic derivatives were evaluated by using a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced mouse ear edema model. The results also indicated that FA and its aromatic derivatives effectively reduced TPA-induced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner. Following, multiform computerized simulation, including homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and QSAR was conducted to clarify the mechanism and regularity of activities. Overall, the present work gave vital clues about structural modifications and has profound significance in deeply scouting for bioactive potentials of FA and its derivatives.

Lantana undulata Schrank – A New Source of Biological Potential in the Verbenaceae Family

Background : The presence of condensed tannins, flavonones, flavonols, flavones, xantones, catechins and alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Lantana undulata leaves has been associated with cytotoxicity and virucidal effect on suid herpesvirus. Objective: To evaluate cellular toxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and anti-phlogistic property of the ethanolic extract leaves of Lantana undulata, a plant from the Verbenaceae family. Method: Cytotoxicity was evaluated on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and erythrocytes and through leukocyte DNA damage. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed using the agar diffusion technique and broth microdilution. The inhibition percentage and viral inhibition index were established against bovine herpesvirus. The antioxidant effect (EC50) was determined by the DPPH technique and the mouse ear edema model was used to determine the anti-phlogistic activity. Results: The maximum nontoxic concentration for MDBK cells was 650 μg/ml. The ethanolic extract of L. undulata was considered non-hemolytic from 2 to 16 μg/ml and not genotoxic at the concentration tested (<8 μg/ml). High concentrations (3500 μg/ml) were needed to inhibit bacteria and yeasts, and the action of the extract was bacteriostatic or fungistatic. The IIV was of 0.37 and the IP was of 57.34% against bovine herpesvirus. The antioxidant EC50 was 540.87 μg/ml and the reduction of oedema occurred at 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in the mouse model used. Conclusion: Although the ethanolic extract of L. undulataleaves showed to be potentially toxic and to have a reduced spectrum of action on microorganisms, the outstanding antiphlogistic action puts the therapeutic potential of this plant into perspective.

A novel core skeleton design and synthesis of N‐alkyl‐1′‐(substituted sulfonyl)spiro[chromene‐2,4′‐piperidin]‐6‐amine derivatives as 5‐lipoxygenase inhibitors

Abstract5‐LO inhibitors can potentially be employed for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we have designed and synthesized new N‐alkyl‐1′‐(substituted sulfonyl)spiro[chromene‐2,4′‐piperidin]‐6‐amine‐based library as potential and novel 5‐LO inhibitors. In vitro results showed that several synthesized compounds exhibited high 5‐LO inhibitory activity, in parallel with the inhibition of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production in the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‐1) cells. Among the synthesized compounds, 8l was selected for in vivo study using a mouse ear edema model: oral administration of 8l (100 mg/kg) inhibited arachidonic acid‐induced ear edema, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and LTB4 synthesis. SAR analysis and molecular docking studies demonstrated the allosteric binding mode between 5‐LO and the synthesized compounds including 8l.

Preliminary Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Inga jinicuil Schltdl & Cham. ex G. Don.

Several Mesoamerican cultures have used Inga jinicuil as traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and infectious issues. The aims of this contribution were to elucidate the phytochemical profile of the organic extracts from the bark and leaves of I. jinicuil and to assess the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of these extracts. The preliminary chemical profile was determined by HPLC-PDA and GC-MS; the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with a mouse ear edema model, whereas the antibacterial activity was screened against several bacteria. The phytochemical profile of both organs (bark and leaves) of I. jinicuil led to the identification of 42 compounds, such as polyphenolic, flavonoids, triterpenes, prenol-type lipids, and aliphatic and non-aliphatic esters. This molecular diversity gave moderate anti-inflammatory activity (67.3 ± 2.0%, dichloromethane bark extract) and excellent antibacterial activity against Pseudomona aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus (MIC values of ˂3.12 and 50 µg/mL, respectively). These results contribute to the chemotaxonomic characterization and the rational use in traditional medicine of Inga jinicuil Schltdl & Cham. ex G. Don.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Chalcone Analogs Containing 4-Phenylquinolin and Benzohydrazide.

A series of chalcone derivatives (3a-3m) containing 4-phenylquinoline and benzohydrazide were designed and synthesized, and their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant activities were evaluated. Using the classic antidepressant model, except for compounds 3a and 3d, 11 compounds all showed certain antidepressant activity at a dose of 100 mg/kg, among which compounds 3f, 3h, and 3m showed good antidepressant activity (inhibition rate, respectively 63.0 %, 73.2 %, and 76.4 %), which was equivalent to the positive control fluoxetine (inhibition rate of 70.0 %). Secondly, the inhibitory activity of these compounds on mouse MAOA was evaluated. At 10 mM, compounds 3f and 3j showed a certain selective inhibitory effect on mouse MAOA , while compounds 3b, 3d, 3g, 3i, and 3m had a good inhibitory effect on mouse MAOA (inhibition rate is 42.3-71.4 %). The mouse ear edema model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 3a-3m. At 30 mg/kg, compounds 3b, 3c, 3e, 3f, 3g, and 3m showed certain anti-inflammatory effects (inhibition rate of 51.5-99.9 %), which was equivalent to the positive control indomethacin (inhibition rate of 69.7 %). Results of the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test showed that, at 30 mg/kg, excepted for compounds 3a, 3b and 3d, all the other 10 compounds can show certain analgesic activity (inhibition rate 67-99.9 %). The use of Auto dock Vina (simina) to simulate molecular target docking shows that the development of quinoline and benzohydrazide groups is of great significance to MAOA inhibitors.

Anti-inflammatory Study on the Constituents of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., Angelica pubescence Maxim and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Essential Oils.

Umbelliferae plants, which are widely used as traditional Chinese medicine because of their characteristics of relieving rheumatism, alleviating fever, circulating blood and easing pain. This experimental study was based on ear edema model caused by 12-O-tetracycline-propylphenol-13-acetic acid (TPA) in mice and compared with the Ibuprofen (Ib) group. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the composition of the essential oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, A. dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., A. pubescens Maxim and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Biologically active components in volatile oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants were evaluated. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and RelA (p65) in mouse skin were determined by immunohistochemical method. The refractive index of the four essential oils was calculated. A total of 239 compounds were identified by GC-MS from the four studied plants, and the main constituents were osthole (44.61%, APEOs), obepin (0.59%, APEOs & 86.58%, FVEOs), undecanol (8.58%, ADEOs), α-muurolene (7.95%, ADEOs) and cis-anethol (9.11%, ADEOs). E-ligustilide (0.14%, APEOs & 81.14%, ASEOs), (-)-spathulenol (0.08%, FVEOs & 1.21%, ASEOs), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (4.91%, FVEOs), 2-butylthiolane (5.76%, APEOs) and α-bisabolol (3.80%, APEOs). This study showed that all the essential oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants contained various lactones, including ligustrongolactone, trans-anisol and imperatorin. According to the results of the TPA induction test in the mouse ear edema model, the essential oils of four Umbelliferae plants reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, COX-2, IL-6 and p65. All of them showed extraordinary biological activity in anti-inflammatory, so they have potential application value for biomedical products, pharmaceutical preparations, natural functional nutrients and cosmetic additives.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sargassum muticum Ethanol Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells and Mouse Ear Edema Models

This study investigated the effects and the anti-inflammatory activity of Sargassum muticum ethanol extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells and in a croton oil-induced mouse ear edema model. Pretreatment of lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells with Sargassum muticum ethanol extract (0.1-100 μg/ml) inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the Sargassum muticum ethanol extract-treated group was also suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that Sargassum muticum ethanol extract induced anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting Mitogenactivated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38) and nuclear factor kappa B, p65 phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The antiinflammatory activity of Sargassum muticum ethanol extract in vivo was evaluated in the ear edema model of a croton oil-treated mouse. Compared to the untreated control, croton oil-induced ear edema was found to be reduced by about 33 % upon treatment with 250 mg/kg Sargassum muticum ethanol extract.

Anti Inflammatory Activity of Herbal Formulation Prepared Using Mint and Green Tea

Aim: The aim of my study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of herbal formulation prepared using mint and green tea.
 Introduction: Green tea is a ‘non-fermented’ tea, and contains more catechins than black tea or oolong tea. Green tea and epigallocatechin 3-gallate, suppress the gene and/or protein expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.Mint have a potent anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced mouse ear edema model.
 Materials and Method: Preparation of herbal formulation:
 To 100 ml of distilled water,1 g of tea leaves and 1 g of powdered mint is added .This mixture was heated for about 15-20 minutes and then filtered using filter paper.The mixture was again heated and concentrated from 70 ml to 20 ml.
 Result: At 20 μl there is 59 percent of inhibition,at 50 μl there is 90 %of inhibition ,whereas in the standard there is only 40%of inhibition .Thus as the concentration increases the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract increases.
 Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that green tea and mint have a great anti-inflammatory property.Anti-inhibitory zone ranging from 90 and is indicating that it is higher than the standard diclofenac sodium which has only 40% of inhibition.

Modulation of psoriatic-like skin inflammation by traditional Indian medicine Divya-Kayakalp-Vati and Oil through attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Background and aimPsoriasis (Ps) is a chronic skin inflammatory disorder, that progresses to scaly-red dermal plaque formations associated with inflammation. Divya-Kayakalp-Vati (DKV) and Divya-Kayakalp-Oil (DKO) are traditional Ayurveda herbo-mineral formulations, that are prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory dermal ailments. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of Divya-Kayakalp-Vati and Divya-Kayakalp-Oil (DKV-O) combined treatment in ameliorating Ps-like skin inflammation under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. Experimental procedureEfficacy of DKV-O was analyzed in λ-carrageenan-treated Wistar rats paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-treated CD-1 mouse ear edema models through physiological and histopathological analysis. Mode of action for the DKV-O was studied in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells through pro-inflammatory cytokine analysis. Observed effects were correlated to the phytochemicals constituents of DKV-O analyzed using the HPLC method. Result and conclusionDKV and DKO formulations were individually found to contain phytochemicals Gallic acid, Catechin, Berberine, Curcumin, Phenol and Benzoic acid. DKV-O treatment significantly reduced the paw volume and edema in Wistar rats stimulated through λ-carrageenan-treatment. Furthermore, DKV-O treatment significantly reduced the ear edema and enhanced biopsy weight, epidermal thickness, inflammatory lesions and influx of neutrophils stimulated by TPA-treatment in CD-1 mice. DKV alone ameliorated the LPS-stimulated release of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-23, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha cytokines in the THP-1 cells.Taken together, DKV-O showed good efficacy in ameliorating acute systemic inflammation stimulated by effectors such as, λ-carrageenan and TPA in animal models. Hence, Divya-Kayakalp-Vati and Divya-Kayakalp-Oil co-treatment can be further explored as an anti-inflammatory treatment against dermal diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

How anthocyanin biosynthesis affects nutritional value and anti-inflammatory effect of black rice

Black rice is reportedly more nutritious than common white rice and has specific health-promoting effects. To accurately evaluate nutritious and functional differences between black rice and white rice, we generated a homogenous mutant line with anthocyanin-deficient mutation (AM22) from the black rice variety Heishuai. Compositional and metabolomic analyses identified significant content differences in six amino acids, vitamin B2, copper, manganese, and 257 secondary metabolites between AM22 and Heishuai. Meanwhile, the result from mouse ear edema model suggested that anti-inflammatory effect of AM22 was significantly attenuated compared with Heishuai. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory effects elicited by black rice was coupled with expression alterations of 32 inflammation-associated genes in mice and four of them (Il-1b, Il-17ra, Icam1, and Ptgs2) were confirmed by western blotting assay. Our results provide insights how anthocyanin biosynthesis affects the nutritional and functional values of black rice.

ASPP 092, a phenolic diarylheptanoid from Curcuma comosa suppresses experimentally-induced inflammatory ear edema in mice.

Curcuma comosa Roxb., family Zingiberaceae, exhibits diverse biological activities. This study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of a major phenolic diarylheptanoid isolated from C. comosa, ASPP 092 [(3S)-1-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-phenyl-(6E)-6-hepten-3-ol] in an experimentally-induced inflammatory ear edema model in mice. Ear edema in the mice was induced by the topical application of irritant, ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP). The topical application of ASPP 092 at the edema site was directed immediately after the EPP application. The edematous responses were assessed at different time points by measuring the thickness of each ear before and after the EPP application followed by histopathology analysis. The expressions of major inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR followed by the immunohistochemistry analysis of cyclooxygenase (COX-2). The topical application of ASPP 092 effectively suppressed the EPP-induced edematous formation in the ear of mice. Histopathological analysis showed substantial improvements in epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. ASPP 092 treatment also modulated the expressions of inflammatory cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). The expressions of cyclooxygenases (COX) including COX-1 and COX-2 were significantly reduced by ASPP 092 treatment. For the first time, our results suggest the efficacy of ASPP 092 to suppress experimentally-induced inflammation in a preclinical model in mice; however, a more detailed evaluation of its mechanism of action is necessary before evaluating its efficacy and safety in randomized trials.