Ear Acupuncture Points Research Articles

Segmental Acupuncture for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. A Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction and HypothesisUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common medical problem and prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs is an ongoing clinical challenge. In the present study we examined whether acupuncture is able to prevent recurrent UTIs in women.MethodsThis multicentre randomised controlled trial, based at a University clinic and private acupuncture clinics, recruited women suffering from recurrent uncomplicated UTIs. Participants were randomised to the acupuncture group or control group. Acupuncture therapy consisted of 12 treatments over a period of 18 weeks, using a set of predefined body and ear acupuncture points. Cranberry products were recommended to all participants as standard of care.ResultsA total of 137 women were randomised (68 acupuncture, 69 control group) and occurrence of UTIs at 6 and 12 months could be assessed in 123 and 120 women respectively. Acupuncture combined with cranberry slightly increased the proportion of UTI-free women compared with cranberry alone at 6 months (59% vs 46%, p = 0.2). Between 6 and 12 months the proportion of UTI-free women was significantly higher in the acupuncture group (66 vs 45%, p = 0.03). The number of UTIs decreased from baseline to 12 months in both study groups. The number of UTIs at 12 months was significantly lower in the acupuncture group (median difference 1, p = 0.01).ConclusionsSegmental acupuncture may be an effective treatment option for women with recurrent UTIs over a longer follow-up period and may limit antibiotics use. Further studies are needed.

A new ear acupuncture point for the treatment of pollen allergies with a permanent needle

A new ear acupuncture point for the treatment of pollen allergies with a permanent needle

Laser Acupuncture and Dynamic Pulse Reaction Quantified by Smartphone:Two Experimental Examples.

The dynamic pulse reaction (Nogier reflex), Reflex-Auriculo-Cardiac (RAC), or vascular autonomic signal is a physiologic phenomenon that is not fully accepted and widely understood in contemporary medical practice. In order to provide appropriate scientific evidence for better understanding, qualitative and-above all-quantitative research in this area is necessary. In this short report, 2 recordings of dynamic pulse reactions based on an analysis performed on a modified smartphone are demonstrated during laser acupuncture experiments using stimulation at ear acupuncture points.

Values of Obese Male Patients Performed with Acupuncture

Obesity is a disease defined by excessive fat storage in the body. It is an energy balance problem; the increase in body fat is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The practice of acupuncture views the body as a combination of the soul and the body, not merely as a physical structure. This interpretation can lead to a successful therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. One of the factors for its success is the concept of the functional evaluation of the organ. According to acupuncture, the organs are alive and vitality is provided by the energy of life called ‘’qi’’ Pathogens that interrupt and obstruct the flow of qi form diseases. Acupuncture needles are inserted at specific points on the Bonghan channels and the qi stream is regulated by electron transfer. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in xxx University’s GETAT Center. Patients aged between 18–65 years with a BMI > 25 were included in the study. Acupuncture was shown to be effective not only in the obese groups but also in the control groups. Therefore, it could be beneficial in preventing weight gain. Both ear and body acupuncture points were used effectively in obesity patients. Therefore, acupuncture may be recommended as an effective adjunct in the treatment of obesity. Acupuncture can reduce the stress of patients on diets and increase patient compliance.

Values of Obese Male Patıents Performed Wıth Acupuncture

Obesity is a disease defined by excessive fat storage in the body. It is an energy balance problem; the increase in body fat is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The practice of acupuncture views the body as a combination of the soul and the body, not merely as a physical structure. This interpretation can lead to a successful therapy for the treatment of chronic pain. One of the factors for its success is the concept of the functional evaluation of the organ. According to acupuncture, the organs are alive and vitality is provided by the energy of life called ‘’qi’’ Pathogens that interrupt and obstruct the flow of qi form diseases. Acupuncture needles are inserted at specific points on the Bonghan channels and the qi stream is regulated by electron transfer. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in xxx University’s GETAT Center. Patients aged between 18–65 years with a BMI > 25 were included in the study. Acupuncture was shown to be effective not only in the obese groups but also in the control groups. Therefore, it could be beneficial in preventing weight gain. Both ear and body acupuncture points were used effectively in obesity patients. Therefore, acupuncture may be recommended as an effective adjunct in the treatment of obesity. Acupuncture can reduce the stress of patients on diets and increase patient compliance.

Ear Acupuncture Points in Neonates From Drug-Dependent Mothers: A Prospective Study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the presence or absence of ear acupuncture points (EAP) in newborn children with or without neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and to confirm the hypothesis that neonates with NAS have more EAP than healthy neonates.Methods: We conducted a prospective case control study with ethical consent at the University Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology Bern and the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Inselspital Bern in Switzerland. We determined the EAP in n = 26 newborn children born to drug-dependent mothers compared with n = 50 healthy newborns. For the detection of EAP, we used an ear point detection pen. EAP are present only if weakness exists in the corresponding area.Results: Twenty-six neonates who were born to drug-dependent mothers and developed NAS were screened on the 5th day after delivery (range 1–22). The median Finnegan Score was 12 points (range 6–18) on the day of examination. Twenty-four active EAP were detected on the left earlobe and 25 were detected on the right earlobe. There was no significant difference between the right and left lobes (p = 0.9285, two tailed test) and the number of acupuncture points. The correlation between the Finnegan Score and the number of EAP was highly significant (p = 0.0001). The most common active points were the psycho-vegetative rim of the reflex zone of sympathicus and parasympathicus. Organic points were also commonly detected. The urinary bladder, kidney and hip points were detected with a frequency of 12–15%. The shen men pain point was found in three neonates, and the point of desire as a psychological point, was also detected. The correlation between sex and active EAP was highly significant (p = 0.0093, Mann-Whitney test for the left earlobe and p = 0.0025 for the right earlobe). Boys had a significantly higher number of EAP than girls. All NADA points were detected in the neonates born to drug-dependent mothers, and the most frequent point was the vegetative point. Healthy neonates showed only the vegetative point in the vegetative rim 1/3 among the NADA points. A comparison of newborns born to drug-dependent mothers and 50 healthy neonates showed that the former group had statistically significantly more active points. For the left earlobe, the difference between neonates born to drug-dependent mothers and controls was statistically significant (p = 0.0008, Mann-Whitney test). Highly similar results were found for the right earlobe (p = 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test).Discussion: Our current work confirms that neonates born to drug-dependent mothers with high Finnegan scores and NAS have more EAP than healthy neonates. The vegetative rim is the most common point as shown in our previous studies. Our observations showed that twins had similar but not identical points; each individual had unique points depending on health status. Newborn boys with NAS had a higher number of EAP than newborn girls in the neonatal intensive care unit. This findings may be attributed to the reserve of newborns with NAS. Newborn girls are considered more robust than boys in the neonatal care setting. EAP in neonates might potentially be used for diagnosis and therapeutic opinions in neonates in the future.

Evaluation of anthropometric results after acupuncture and diet applications in obesity patients:an experimental-control study

Obesity is a disease defined by excessive fat storage in the body. It is an energy balance problem; the increase in body fat is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. This study aimed to determinate the changes in the anthropometric measurements of patients after acupuncture treatment used in obesity treatment. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 in xxx University's GETAT Center). Patients aged between 18–65 years with a BMI > 25 were included in the study. The participants were divided into two groups: Group 1 (acupuncture and diet) and Group 2 (diet only). Exclusion criteria: Pregnant women, breastfeeding patients , susceptible demographics (acute coronary insufficiency, immunodeficiency, severe psychotic disorder, liver and kidney failure), and those who could not give consent were not included in the study. Weight, BMI, and metabolic age values were measured with a Tanita device; the same diagnostic device was used for all patients. Both body and ear acupuncture were performed. In patients with all acupuncture, the yuan points of abnormal meridians were used for pulse diagnosis. ST 24, 25, and 36 (ZuSanLi); GV 20, 21, 5, 5, and LR 3 (Taichong); SP 6 and 9, GB 34, UB 62, HT 7, LU 9, and PC 6 (Nei Guan); and SI 3 and EXT-HN 3 (Yin-Tang) points were dewed. For ear acupuncture, hunger, kidney, larynx, stomach, jerome, and shen-men points were taken. A t-test was applied to pre- and post-acupuncture measurement values. After acupuncture, the waist circumference of the participants decreased significantly (p < 0.005). The BMI of the participants also decreased significantly after acupuncture (p < 0.005). In these studies, LU 6, ST 40, ST 21, K 4, ST 36 and 25, and LI 11 body points were used, while hunger, stomach, and shen-men points were commonly used as ear points.

The effect of acupoint massage combined with auricular seed-embedding on the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients after appendicitis

Objective To study the effect of acupoint massage combined with auricular seed-embedding on the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients after appendicitis. Methods A total of 70 patients with acute appendicitis in this hospital from April 2016 to April 2017 were selected as research objects.The patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 35 cases of each group.The control group received routine postoperative treatment, while the observation group received acupuncture point massage combined with ear acupuncture point seed burying intervention on the basis of routine nursing.Gastrointestinal function recovery, complication rate and clinical efficacy were recorded in the two groups. Results The recovery time of postoperative bowel sound, the time of first anal exhaust, the time of drainage tube removal and the time of hospitalization in the observation group were significantly less than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P 0.05). The overall therapeutic effect of observation group was significantly better than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion After acute appendectomy, acupoint massage combined with ear point implantation is helpful to promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function. Key words: Acupoint massage; Auricular seed-embedding; Appendicitis; Gastrointestinal function

New Paradigm in International Ear Acupuncture

(1) Background: In the international auriculotherapy practice there are relatively big differences in the exact localization of one and the same ear acupuncture point. On one hand, there are specialists who devote their efforts to find the active points. In that case it becomes intriguing that near of the point to be treated there may be another one (at 1-2 mm distance) indicating a relatively strong, even stronger activity than the one they were initially aiming to find. That point may be active because of another health problem. On the other hand, it may also occur that the same acupuncture point is localized 10-20 mm away from its correct place. Owing to the inaccurate localization the treatment will not have the expected effect and will cause disappointment to the patient and frustration to the therapist. The ’Széchenyi Orientation Ear Map’ offers a solution to the internationally debated problem of the adequate localization and standardization of ear acupuncture points. The ear map offers a solution for finding the exact location of acupuncture points in one uniform/flexible arrangement in various ear acupuncture systems, from the Chinese or Nogier’s ear acupuncture points to Széchenyi’s 191 ear acupuncture points. It is important to emphasize that apart from the correct diagnosis, the basis of successful therapy is finding the adequate localization of the acupuncture points. (2) Methods: We localize the acupuncture points on a comparative basis, that is to say, we use relative localization. To attain this, we put to use the anatomical formulas of the ear. Furthermore, the orientation points, the main orientation lines and the auxiliary orientation lines help determine the exact localization. (3) Results: The exact place of the acupuncture point determined with the aid of the orientation map and the relative localization spot will always be at the same place. Using this method one soon discovers that every ear has basically the same shape. Thus, it can be avoided that within the same or in different countries minimum 2 points from among the NADA or BLF 5 ear points get to an unlikely position or 15-20 mm further away on the top of the ear. It is important not to mix the positions as it is not the same if the needles are inserted in the Allergy point instead of the Omega 2 point, or Zero point will take the place of the Liver point. (4) Conclusions: The orientation points, the main- and auxiliary orientation lines will unambiguously help the therapist to accurately localize the acupuncture points, no matter what shape the ear has. Furthermore, they also enable to better comprehend the location of those points on different maps. Therapists will not come to a dead-end by trying to find the active points, and meanwhile end up treating a point responsible for another health problem instead of treating what they aim for. Consequently, it is important to be able to identify the proper location of the active points in question.

Effect of electroacupuncture on Indonesian patients with excess body weight

Excess body weight is a public health problem worldwide. This has led to an increase in the morbidity and mortality of excess body weight-related diseases, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Weight-loss methods include diet, physical activity, behavioral therapy, medications, surgery, and acupuncture. There has been much interest in the management of excess body weight via electroacupuncture (EA) therapy. This study aimed to determine whether EA at ear and/or body acupuncture points can achieve a body weight loss of ≥1% per week in patients with excess body weight. This was a case series with a sample size of 28. The study sample data were taken from the medical records of patients in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Acupuncture Clinic who received acupuncture therapy and met the inclusion criteria. The success criterion for body weight loss was a loss of 1%–2% per week from the previous body weight. The percentage of body weight loss in patients with excess body weight was 1.11% per week, with a success rate of 89.28%.

Active Ear Acupuncture Points in Neonates: Initial Results in a New Research Field.

Background: Little is known about active ear acupuncture points (EAP) in neonates. Previous unblinded studies by Stähler van Amerongen et al. showed that neonates have detectable active EAP, and that sick neonates could have more EAP relative to healthy neonates. EAP was investigated in an unblinded trial involving neonates with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Furthermore, a blinded, controlled observational trial was conducted to compare active EAP present in healthy neonates with EAP of sick neonates. Materials and Methods: An electrical point search device (PS3, Silberbauer, Vienna, Austria) was used to detect EAP. Active EAP were detected with an integrated optical and acoustical signal, and readings were transferred to a standardized ear map. A Mann-Whitney-U test and Spearman's correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 94 neonates were enrolled across both trials. EAP were detectable in all healthy and sick neonates. In the blinded trial, sick neonates had a significantly higher number of active EAP than did healthy neonates. Conclusions: A notable difference in the number of active EAP was detected between healthy and sick neonates. More trials with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the diagnostic power of EAP in neonates.

Active Somatic and Psychic Ear Acupuncture Points in Newborn Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) occurs within the first days after birth in newborns of mothers with a history of drug abuse. It may also occur in newborns whose mothers are undergoing substitution therapy. To determine the presence of active ear acupuncture points in newborn infants with NAS. Among newborn infants with NAS admitted to the Division of Neonatology at the University Hospital Graz between March 2009 and November 2014, an acupuncture-point detector (PS3 Silberbauer, Vienna, Austria) was used to identify active ear acupuncture points. An integrated optical and acoustical signal detects the ear points, which were then assigned to the ear map. A total of 31 newborn infants were assessed; 1 infant was excluded, however, because the mother had already weaned herself off opiates before admission. The excluded infant did not develop signs of NAS, had a low Finnegan score (3 points), and did not present any detectable active psychic ear acupuncture points. In all included newborn infants with NAS, active ear acupuncture points were identified: The psychovegetative rim was the most common active somatic area in each infant, followed by a few somatic and psychic ear acupuncture points. In all infants with symptoms of NAS, active psychic ear points were identified, of which the most frequently found points were the Frustration point and the R point. The activity of psychic ear acupuncture points may be specific for neonates with NAS.

Summaries of Recent Papers

### Sore throat ▸ Moss DA, Crawford P. Ear acupuncture for acute sore throat: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Board Fam Med 2015;28:697–705. Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) (n=54) of auricular acupuncture plus standard treatment versus standard treatment. ### Methods Adults presenting with sore throat were randomly enrolled for either standard treatment (ibuprofen 600 mg) or standard treatment plus ear acupuncture (points chosen from cingulate gyrus, thalamus, omega 2, point zero, Shenmen ; unilateral or bilateral, semipermanent needles, to stay in place until falling out spontaneously). Antibiotics were prescribed depending on the result of a rapid Streptococcus antigen test. Pain scores (not defined) were measured before treatment, and 15 min, 6, 24 and 48 h post-treatment. ### Results Fifty-six patients were enrolled, two were lost to follow-up. As shown in figure 1, participants in the acupuncture group reported significantly lower pain scores at 15 min (2.6 vs 6.0; p<0.0001), 6 h (2.5 vs 4.8; p=0.0005), and 24 h (1.9 vs 4.1), but not at 48 h (1.3 vs 2.3; p=0.063). Less consumption of pain relief medication was reported in the acupuncture group. No significant difference was found between the two groups with regards to time off work. Figure 1 Sore throat pain scores, units not stated. Based on J Am Board Fam Med 28:697–705. ### Comments The authors found significant improvement in pain relief from ear acupuncture added to pain relief medication. They achieved the number of subjects required according to their power calculation. The treatment was properly described and illustrated. However, there was no sham acupuncture group, and no blinding. From the perspective of a general practitioner (GP) in the National Health Service, how clinically significant is a treatment that gives benefit for <48 h, in a condition that settles spontaneously within a few days? ▸ Sriprasert I, Suerungruang S, Athilarp P, et al . Efficacy of acupuncture versus combined oral contraceptive pill in treatment of …

A survey on the training needs on nursing personnel for the aged from the perspective of nursing targets and their relatives

Objective To understand the training status and learning requirement of nursing personnel for the aged from the perspective of nursing targets and their relatives in the city of Nanjing. Methods The questionnaire involved six categories, 80 questionnaires were sent out, 57 of them were recollected. The effective recovery rate was 71.3% (57/80). All the data were input into Excel to do statistical analysis. Results The nursing personnel did not fully grasp the skills of transfusion nursing and muscle injection [45.6%(26/57) and 33.3%(19/57)] in the basic theory of basic care, knowledge and skills from the perspective of nursing targets and their relatives. The Chinese medicine nursing skills such as scrapping [needing very much 40.4% (23/57)] and burying seeds [needing very much 40.4% (23/57)] in the ear acupuncture point were also needed to be enhanced. A total of 75.4% (43/57) of respondents chose online examination as the way of nursing personnel's evaluation. Conclusions Nursing personnel are in great need of on-job professional training. Key words: Questionnaires; Nursing personnel; Nursing learning needs; Nursing target; Family member

Altered Impedance of Ear Acupuncture Point MT2 in Breast Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Observation

Skin impedance at acupuncture points (APs) has been used as a diagnostic aid for more than 50 years. In this study, we have a diagnostic tool (JXT-2008) to measure the skin impedance of ear APs of 30 breast cancer patients and the corresponding skin impedance of ear APs of 30 healthy humans, and then we compared these changes in ear AP impedance in breast cancer patients and healthy individuals.

The Application of a Comprehensive and Systematic Auricular Diagnosis for Musculoskeletal System Disorder: A Treatment Protocol for Chronic Low-Back Pain

Abstract Background: This article presents a clinical application for a comprehensive and systematic auricular diagnosis protocol for musculoskeletal system disorder and a treatment protocol for chronic low-back pain (CLBP). This protocol includes (1) locating the somatotopic correspondences between the auricular zone and musculoskeletal system, (2) visual inspection, (3) palpitation, and (4) electrical detection. Methodology: To treat CLBP, the current authors have developed an auricular therapy protocol. In this CLBP protocol, the selection of ear acupuncture points (EAPs) takes into account (1) corresponding points, (2) points featuring both disharmony of Zang organs and disturbance of meridians, and (3) active points located at the Waist triangle, groove of Spinal posterior, and groove of Sciatic posterior areas of the ear. The Chinese Standard Ear-Acupoints Chart is used to locate the EAPs. The clinical application of this comprehensive and systematic auricular diagnosis protocol for diagnosing muscu...

Randomised Clinical Trial of Five Ear Acupuncture Points for the Treatment of Overweight People

To evaluate the efficacy of the five ear acupuncture points (Shen-men, Spleen, Stomach, Hunger, Endocrine), generally used in Korean clinics for treating obesity, and compare them with the Hunger acupuncture point. A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted in 91 Koreans (16 male and 75 female, body mass index (BMI)≥23), who had not received any other weight control treatment within the past 6 months. Subjects were divided randomly into treatment I, treatment II or sham control groups and received unilateral auricular acupuncture with indwelling needles replaced weekly for 8 weeks. Treatment I group received acupuncture at the five ear acupuncture points, treatment II group at the Hunger acupuncture point only and the sham control group received acupuncture at the five ear acupuncture points used in treatment I, but the needles were removed immediately after insertion. BMI, waist circumference, weight, body fat mass (BFM), percentage body fat and blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. For the 58 participants who provided data at 8 weeks, significant differences in BMI, weight and BFM were found between the treatment and control groups. Treatment groups I and II showed 6.1% and 5.7% reduction in BMI, respectively (p<0.004). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups. This finding suggests that the five ear acupuncture points, generally used in Korean clinics, and the Hunger point alone treatment are both effective for treating overweight people.

Comprehensive and Systematic Auricular Diagnosis Protocol

Abstract Introduction: This article presents a comprehensive and systematic auricular diagnosis protocol that summarizes 14 different and specific ear acupuncture point (EAP) diagnosis routes and covers 165 EAPs distributed on the ear that are organized around the anatomical structure and organ systems of the human body. Methods: Strategies used for auricular diagnosis are described, including visual inspection, palpation, auricular electrical detection, and differentiation. In particular, auricular electrical detection is an objective diagnostic method for identifying acupoints by assessing auricular cutaneous resistance. Illustrations related to clinical observations of skin-surface changes in the ear and related body symptoms are presented. This protocol can be used to diagnose and differentiate diseases/symptoms in the corresponding body areas. This article provides valuable information related to auricular diagnosis and disease differentiation. Conclusions: Empirical studies will be needed to validat...

Acupuntura con implantes auriculares en el síndrome de piernas inquietas: Investigación sobre su eficacia y seguridad

AimA prospective and consecutive clinical trial was performed for the evaluation of efficacy and safety of implant ear acupuncture in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). BackgroundIn this procedure small titanium needles are implanted in ear acupuncture points. So far, there has been no clinical data for implant ear acupuncture in RLS available. MethodOnly patients with primary RLS were treated and observed for 24 weeks after implantation. All patients took a constant dosage of dopaminergic drugs for at least 4 weeks before this investigation. Primary targets were observed changes in the International Restless Legs Severity Scale (IRLS score) and reduction of dopaminergic drug intake after implantation. Secondary target was the “mood” score according to the IRLS score. All adverse events of ear and body were documented. ResultsFour weeks after implantation, the iRLS-Score was significantly reduced about 7%. Twenty-four weeks after implantation, the reduction came down to 18% of the initial score. Six months after implantation, 52 patients (54%) were able to reduce the individual medication by about 25%. The number of “excellent” mood assessment results was increased from 9% in the beginning to 25% after 6 months. Finally, 1,189 titanium-needles were implanted with no relevant side-effects. ConclusionThese data demonstrate a possible indication for the benefit of implant ear acupuncture in RLS. Socio-economic evaluations were not regarded in this trial. However, the procedure may provide for a significant reduction of dopaminergic drug intake in RLS patients. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which confirm these data are necessary for the integration of implant ear acupuncture in the guidelines of evidence based medicine in RLS. Implantation of titanium needles in the outer ear is a safe procedure and was well tolerated by the patients.

Battlefield Acupuncture and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy–Miniaturized Computer-Triggered Electrical Stimulation of Battlefield Ear Acupuncture Points and 50-Channel Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Mapping

Abstract Background: Battlefield acupuncture was developed in the course of researching a more-efficient auriculotherapy system for rapid relief of pain. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) parameters in the frontal area of the brain during electrical stimulation of battlefield acupuncture points. Design and Setting: One channel recordings and, for the first time, 50-channel NIRS recordings were performed to obtain new insights into the possible cerebral effects of ear acupuncture. Subjects: The test subjects were 11 healthy volunteers (8 female, 3 male; mean age±standard deviation: 27.6±4.6 years) and 1 subject for the 50-channel NIRS recording (female, age 24). Intervention: Electrical ear stimulation was performed using a constant current 1 mA, with a duration of 1 ms at a frequency of 1 Hz. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcomes sought were concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) in brain tissue. Results:...