Expression Of E-cad Research Articles

Periostin Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via p38-MAPK Pathway in Human Renal Tubular Cells by High Glucose.

Periostin mediates inflammation and fibrosis by regulating extracellular matrix adhesion, migration, and differentiation in multiple organ diseases. Studies have shown periostin mainly located in the dilated mesangium, tubulointerstitial and fibrotic regions of the diabetic kidney disease, which was negatively correlated with renal function. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly explored. The expression of periostin in HK-2 cells was investigated under high glucose and high concentration of TGF-β1. The signaling pathway of periostin involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation of HK-2 cells was also validated. The expression of periostin were investigated by RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays with different concentrations of glucose and TGF-β1. The expression of E-Cad, α-SMA and p38 proteins were also detected. The effects of periostin, E-Cad, and α-SMA in high glucose were investigated by p38 inhibitors. To demonstrate the interaction among periostin, p38 and EMT markers, periostin under high glucose and high TGF-β1 was knocked down, resulting p38 and phosphorylated p38 was evaluated. The combined of high glucose (HG, 22 mmol/L) and high TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) upregulated the expression of periostin obviously, stimulating the expression of α-SMA and p38 while inhibiting the expression of E-Cad. p38 inhibitors reduced the expression of periostin and α-SMA while promoted E-Cad protein expression in HK-2 cells under HG conditions. Additionally, p38-MAPK signal pathway was involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human renal tubules in high glucose environment. Significant, knockdown periostin expression effectively inhibited the expression of p38 and phosphorylated p38 under the combination of HG and high TGF-β1, verifying the interaction of periostin with the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. Periostin, a downstream factor of TGF-β1, is positively regulated by TGF-β1 under HG condition, affecting the epithelial-interstitial differentiation of HK-2 cells via p38-MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, periostin may serve as a biomarker of renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease.

E-Cadherin and Snail Immunohistochemical Expression in Multiple Ipsilateral Breast Carcinoma Disease

Abstract Background As compared to invasive breast cancer- no special type (IBC-NST), Invasive lobular cancer (ILC) traditionally shows loss of function of the E-cadherin- catenin membrane complex, frequent downregulation of E-cad expression and is significantly more associated with Multiple Ipsilateral Breast Carcinoma (MIBC). Nevertheless, E cadherin downregulation was also described in MIBC with IBC-NST phenotype. MIBC was suggested to have a more aggressive biologic nature than unifocal disease, Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested as an attribute to such poorer prognosis. The transcription factor Snail commonly acts as one of the earliest switches of the EMT process and E-cadherin downregulation is one of its major downstream effects. Causation and association links between EMT and MIBC in different types of breast cancer needs further elucidation. Objective to investigate whether the association betweenE-cadherin downregulation and MIBC is attributed to EMT and whether such association and expression of EMT markers is differentially presented in ILC and IBC-NST. Methods This study was conducted retrospectively on 77 breast cancer cases diagnosed at Ain Shams University Hospitals (2012-2022). We included all ILC cases meeting study criteria (20 unifocal, 14 MIBC) and randomly selected sets of IBC- NST cases (13 unifocal, 16 MIBC) and mixed ductolobular IBC (7 unifocal, 7 MIBC). Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Snail was evaluated and compared in different study groups with subsequent statistical analysis. Results E- cadherin expression showed 15/40 (37.5%) negative expression, 15/40 (37.5%) with low expression, and 10/40 (25%) with high expression in the unifocal group, compared to 14/37 (37.8%) negative result, 13/37 (35.1%) low E-cadherin expression, and 10/37 (27%) with high E-cadherin expression in the MIBC group. There was no significant difference in E-cadherin expression regarding focality neither in all cases (p-value: 0.97) nor in each of the histological subgroups (p-values: 0.34 for IBC- NST, 1.00 for mixed, 0.2 for ILC). On the other hand, Snail expression was extensive in 24/37 MIBC cases (64.86%) as compared to 17/40 unifocal cases (42.5%), this was statistically significant (p-value: 0.038). Conclusions E-cadherin downregulation doesn’t seem to contribute to MIBC whether ILC, mixed or IBC-NST, however snail overexpression is significantly associated with MIBC. This suggests that EMT may have a role in multiplicity of IBC.

Qingshen Granules alleviates renal fibrosis in mice by regulating exosomes, miR-330-3p, and CREBBP expression

To explore the effects of Qingshen Granules (QSG) on adenine-induced renal fibrosis in mice and in uric acid (UA)-stimulated NRK-49F cells and its mechanism for regulating exosomes, miR-330-3p and CREBBP. A mouse model of adenine-induced renal fibrosis were treated daily with QSG at 8.0 g·kg-1·d-1 via gavage for 12 weeks. An adenoassociated virus vector was injected into the tail vein, and renal tissues of the mice were collected for analyzing exosomal marker proteins CD9, Hsp70, and TSG101 and expressions of Col-III, α-SMA, FN, and E-cad using Western blotting and immunofluorescence and for observing pathological changes using HE and Masson staining. In the cell experiment, NRK-49F cells were stimulated with uric acid (400 μmol/L) followed by treatment with QSG-medicated serum from SD rats, and the changes in expressions of the exosomal markers and Col-III, α-SMA, FN, and E-cad were analyzed. Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to examine the targeting relationship between miR-330-3p and CREBBP, whose expressions were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting in treated NRK-49F cells. The mouse models of adenine-induced renal fibrosis showed significantly increased levels of CD9, Hsp70, and TSG101, which were decreased by treatment with QSG. The expressions of Col-III, α-SMA, and FN increased and Ecad decreased in the mouse models but these changes were reversed by QSG treatment. QSG treatment obviously alleviated renal fibrosis in the mouse models. Intravenous injection of adeno-associated viral vector obviously inhibited miR-330-3p, increased CREBBP levels, and reduced fibrosis in the mouse models. Dual luciferase assay confirmed CREBBP as a target of miR-330-3p, which was consistent with the results of the cell experiments. QSG inhibits renal fibrosis in mice by regulating the exosomes, reducing miR-330-3p levels, and increasing CREBBP expression.

MitoTracker Red for isolation of zone-specific hepatocytes and characterization of hepatic sublobular metabolism

BackgroundThe liver lobule is divided into three zones or regions: periportal (PP or Zone 1) that is highly oxidative and active in ureagenesis, pericentral (PC or Zone 3) that is more glycolytic, and midzonal (MZ or Zone 2) with intermediate characteristics. AimOur goal was to isolate and metabolically characterize hepatocytes from specific sublobular zones. MethodsMice were administered rhodamine123 (Rh123) or MitoTracker Red (MTR) prior to intravital imaging, liver fixation, or hepatocyte isolation. After in vivo MTR, hepatocytes were isolated and sorted based on MTR fluorescence intensity. Alternatively, E-cadherin (Ecad) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) immunolabeling was performed in fixed liver slices. Ecad and CYP2E1 gene expression in sorted hepatocytes was assessed by qPCR. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of sorted hepatocytes were also assessed. ResultsMultiphoton microscopy showed Rh123 and MTR fluorescence distributed zonally, decreasing from PP to PC in a flow-dependent fashion. In liver cross-sections, Ecad was expressed periportally and CYP2E1 pericentrally in association with high and low MTR labeling, respectively. Based on MTR fluorescence, hepatocytes were sorted into PP, MZ, and PC populations with PP and PC hepatocytes enriched in Ecad and CYP2E1, respectively. OCR of PP hepatocytes was ∼4 times that of PC hepatocytes. ConclusionsMTR treatment in vivo delineates sublobular hepatic zones and can be used to sort hepatocytes zonally. PP hepatocytes have substantially greater OCR compared to PC and MZ. The results also indicate a sharp midzonal demarcation between hepatocytes with PP characteristics (Ecad) and those with PC features (CYP2E1). This new method to sort hepatocytes in a zone-specific fashion holds the potential to shed light on sublobular hepatocyte metabolism and regulatory pathways in health and disease.

Changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is the outcome of the prolonged interstitial pneumonia, characterized by excessive accumulation of fibroblasts and collagen deposition, leading to its development. This study aimed to study the changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in a rat model of a novel bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The findings of our study showed the model was successfully established. The results showed that the alveolar septum in the model was significantly widened and infiltrated by severe inflammatory cells. Alveolar atrophy occurred due to the formation of multiple inflammatory foci. During this period, fibrous tissue was distributed in strips and patches, primarily around the pulmonary interstitium and bronchus. Moreover, lung damage and fibrosis progressively worsened over time. The mRNA expression of HO-1 and NRF2 in the model decreased while the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, PI3K and AKT increased. Furthermore, it was observed to decrease the protein expression of E-cad, HO-1 and NRF2, and increase the protein expression of α-SMA and p-AKT. Additionally, this model leaded to an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. This study demonstrate that the novel pulmonary fibrosis model activates the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway in rat lung tissues, and leading to intestinal barrier disorder.

The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in invasive breast cancer among patients of Arab descent.

e13166 Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process wherein polarized and cohesive epithelial cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype and proceed to the invasive form of the tumor. Numerous regulators play a role in the complex signaling pathways that mediate the EMT process. This study aims to investigate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of several EMT-related markers and their implications on the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer in a cohort of Arab descent women. Methods: Patients of Arab descent treated surgically for invasive and in-situ breast cancer between 2017-2020 were included in the study. Expressions of Ki-67, Transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β), NF-kappaB (NF-kB), Snail, Vimentin, E-cadherin (E-Cad), and B-catenin (B-Cat) were evaluated by IHC in tissue microarray slides, as per guidelines in the literature. We examined the association between the tumor markers and other clinicopathological variables and prognosis. Fisher's exact tests were utilized to compare categorical variables between groups. Results: One hundred eleven patients were included, 65.8% had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); 19.8% had invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC); 13.5% had both ductal and lobular features, and 0.9% had ductal carcinoma in situ. 91 (54.1%) were grade 2 and 303 (41.4%) were grade 3 tumors. Most tumors were ER positive (81.8%), PR positive (75.7%), and HER-2 negative (77.5%). The median age at diagnosis was 52 years. High TGF- β expression was associated with higher frequency of grade 3 tumors (p=0.036), AJCC stage III (p=0.042), and larger tumor size (p=0.036) compared to those with low TGF-B expression. Patients with positive B-Cat expression had a higher risk of death compared to those with negative B-Cat expression (HR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.19 to 15.93; p=0.024). IDC had a statistically significant increased expression of TGF-B (69.9% vs.45.5%, p=0.045), E-Cad (76.7% vs. 13.6%, p<0.001), and B-Cat (P 39.7% vs. 0%, p<0.001) when compared to ILC. The overall survival at 1 and 5 years were 96.3% (95% CI, 92.7-99.9) and 81.7% (95% CI, 73.8-90.3), respectively. Conclusions: Tumors with high expression for TGF- β and B-Cat exhibit more aggressive clinical behavior, suggesting the potential prognostic and therapeutic value of these markers. Due to the limited research focused on Arab descent women, findings from this study may provide the foundation for more extensive molecular and clinical studies to assess the validity and clinical utility of these biomarkers in breast cancer patients from diverse ethnic backgrounds.

Evaluation of drug resistance for EGFR-TKIs in lung cancer via multicellular lung-on-a-chip

Drug resistance to irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a primary factor affecting their therapeutic efficacy in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC cells can undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by many factors in the tumour microenvironment (TME), which plays a crucial role in tumour drug resistance. In this study, a multicellular lung-on-a-chip that can realise the cell co-culture of the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line HCC827, human foetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is prepared. The TME was simulated on the chip combined with perfusion and other factors, and the drug evaluation of osimertinib was performed to explore the drug resistance mechanism of EGFR-TKIs. In the early stages, a two-dimensional static cell co-culture was achieved by microchip, and the results showed that HFL-1 cells could be transformed into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and HCC827 cells could undergo EMT, both of which were mediated by Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Vimentin (VIM) and Alpha Skeletal Muscle Actin (a-SMA) expression of HFL-1 was upregulated, whereas E-cadherin (E-cad) expression of HCC827 was down-regulated. Further, N-cadherin (N-cad) expression of HCC827 was upregulated. In both the static cell co-culture and multicellular lung-on-a-chip, HCC827 cells with CAFs co-culture or IL-6 treatment developed resistance to osimertinib. Further use of the IL-6 antibody inhibitor tocilizumab could reverse EGFR-TKI resistance to a certain extent. Combination therapy with tocilizumab and EGFR-TKIs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance caused by EMT in NSCLC. Furthermore, the lung-on-a-chip can simulate complex TME and can be used for evaluating tumour resistance and exploring mechanisms, with the potential to become an important tool for personalised diagnosis, treatment, and biomedical research.

Effects of MAL gene knockout on lung tissue morphology and on E-cad and α-SMA expression in asthma mouse models

Objectives To investigate the effects of myelin- and lymphocyte-associated protein (MAL) gene knockout on the morphological structure of lung tissue and the expression of E-cadherin (E-cad) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in an asthmatic mouse model. Methods Twenty-four specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: the wild-type normal (WT/SAL), wild-type asthmatic (WT/OVA), gene knockout normal (MAL-/-/SAL), and gene knockout asthmatic (MAL-/-/OVA) groups. The establishment of the asthma mouse models was confirmed by evaluating behavioral symptoms and histopathological H&E and Masson staining. Western blotting and RT–qPCR were used to measure E-cad and α-SMA expression levels in lung tissues. Results H&E staining of mouse lung tissues from WT/OVA, MAL-/-/SAL, and MAL-/-/OVA groups revealed a thickened bronchial wall, irregular lumen edge, locally fallen mucosal epithelium, and inflammatory cell infiltration compared with those of the WT/SAL group. In the WT and MAL-/- groups, the proportion of Masson-stained tissues in the OVA group was greater than that in the SAL group (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the WT/SAL group, the expression levels of α-SMA mRNA and protein were increased, while those of E-cad were decreased in the WT/OVA group (p < 0.01). Similarly, compared with those in the MAL-/-/SAL group, the expression levels of E-cad mRNA and protein were increased, while those of α-SMA were decreased in the MAL-/-/OVA group (p < 0.01). All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions The MAL gene contributes to EMT inhibition and the stability of the airway barrier under normal physiological conditions by regulating E-cad and α-SMA expression.

Abstract P24: Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of Lenvatinib in Estrogen Receptor-Positive (ER+) Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: ER+ breast cancer is the most common subtype of breast cancer. Although most patients respond initially to endocrine therapy (ET), endocrine resistance inevitably develops, leading to disease progression. Lenvatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, demonstrated clinical benefit in the treatment of patients with advanced ER+ breast cancer who have progressed on ET in a phase Ib/II clinical trial from our group. Our study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of lenvatinib in ER+ breast cancer. Methods: A cell viability assay was performed to assess the sensitivity of four ER+ cell lines to lenvatinib. Western blot was used to elucidate its effect on downstream pathway signalling, and cell cycle arrest investigated through flow cytometry. A series of functional assays, including BrdU, colony formation and wound-healing assays assessed proliferative, clonogenic and migratory activity respectively. The effect of lenvatinib on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was analysed using RT-qPCR, and compared with siRNA knockdown (KD) of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2. Results: ER+ cell lines demonstrated sensitivity to lenvatinib in the micromolar range. Western blot showed downregulation of FGFR1, FGFR2, pERK and pAKT expression post-treatment. Lenvatinib was found to induce a G1 phase arrest, suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and diminished both the clonogenic ability and migratory activity of ER+ cells. Lenvatinib treatment reduced expression of Fgfr1, Fgfr2 and the mesenchymal markers N-cad and Fibronectin, while increasing the expression of the epithelial markers E-cad and Claudin-1, indicating potential inhibition of EMT. A similar change in EMT marker expression was observed in Fgfr1 KD but not Fgfr2 KD cells. Conclusion: Lenvatinib demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity and induction of G1 phase arrest, leading to decreased cell proliferation, reduction of clonogenic ability and cell migration. EMT inhibition was also observed, possibly through the FGFR1 signalling pathway. Citation Format: Natasha Gandasasmita, Gauri Vaidya, Arpita Datta, Charlie Marvalim, Joline Si Jing Lim, Soo Chin Lee. Elucidating the Mechanism of Action of Lenvatinib in Estrogen Receptor-Positive (ER+) Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of Frontiers in Cancer Science; 2023 Nov 6-8; Singapore. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(8_Suppl):Abstract nr P24.

Abstract 3392: Generation and characterization of transgenic oncopig model for lung cancer

Abstract Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated death in the United States. Preclinical findings in small animal models do not translate into human clinics. There is an urgent need to develop relevant preclinical large animal models for LC. We describe a novel method to induce LC in transgenic pigs carrying Cre-inducible KrasG12D and TrP53R167H mutations (Oncopigs). The Oncopigs (n=12; 9 females, and 3 males) at 9 weeks of age were anesthetized and adenovirus (1 × 1011 PFU) carrying Cre recombinase gene (Ad-Cre) ± polybrene (1:100) ± IL-8 (5 ng/ml) was injected via flexible bronchoscopy with two techniques: (1) Bronchial lavage (n=6) and (2) Transbronchial needle injection (n=6) into different lung lobes. As controls, a combination of polybrene ± IL-8 was injected without AdCre into the contralateral lobes in the same pigs (n=8). Oncopigs were monitored via clinical monitoring, blood counts, basic metabolic panel, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) imaging for LC progression and metastasis at 3-, 4-, 7-, 10-, 16-, and 26 weeks post-intervention. All animals tolerated the injections with expected weight gains. Blood counts and metabolic panels remained normal during LC progression. At the site of injection/lavage, lung masses were detected on CT imaging at 3 weeks post-injections. However, a decrease in masses was observed on CT at 7 weeks post-intervention. The decrease in size of the lung masses coincided with increasing attenuation. No distant metastases were observed on CT imaging. Lavage-based lesions appeared to be more heterogeneous with surrounding inflammatory changes. Transbronchial-injection-based lesions appeared more consolidated and coin-shaped without surrounding inflammatory changes. Control injection sites did not show any mass growth on CT imaging. Immunohistochemistry analysis on lung tumors revealed increased pancytokeratin, trichrome, E-cad, Ki-67, IBA, and CD3 expression. Further, immunofluorescence revealed decreased E-Cad, CK-19, and Zo-1 expression, whereas increased expression of N-Cad, FN1, snail, CD44, α-SMA, and γ-catenin, was observed in the LC and metastatic tissue compared to normal. We successfully generated and characterized a novel transgenic Oncopig LC model. There is robust tumor production status post AdCre delivery. One of four Oncopigs had carcinomatous metastatic skin growth. The remaining 7 Oncopigs are monitored longitudinally for tumor growth and development of metastasis. Citation Format: Kirtan Joshi, Nagabhishek Sirpu, Amanda Schmelzle, Ravikanth Poonooru, Benjamin Nelson, Pradeep Subramanyam, Colleen Garrett, Mariana Sponchiado, Sarah Schlink, Samantha Gerb, Jesse Porter, Dae Kim, Jeffrey Kunin, Jeffrey Bryan, Timothy Hoffman, Bhanu Telugu, Jussuf Kaifi, Satyanarayana Rachagani. Generation and characterization of transgenic oncopig model for lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3392.

Abstract 213: NEK1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 is key to prostate cancer progression

Abstract The key to preventing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progression is understanding how androgen-sensitive (AS) PCa cells progress to independence and modify accordingly their transcriptional repertoire. We recently identified a novel axis of the Hippo pathway characterized by the sequential kinase cascade induced by androgen deprivation, AR−&amp;gt;mTOR&amp;gt;TLK1B&amp;gt;NEK1&amp;gt;pYAP1-Y407, leading to CRPC adaptation. Phosphorylation of YAP1-Y407 increases upon androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), correlated with increased NEK1 activity, and this is suppressed in a YAP-Y407F mutant. Overexpression of wt-GFP-YAP but not the Y407F SDM resulted in dramatic morphologic changes. In fact, LNCaP expressing wt-YAP were AI whereas the Y407F mutant were AS, and LNCaP expressing wt-GFP-YAP underwent EMT transformation. This, largely reflecting transcriptional differences in both AR-dependent genes (FKBP5, PSA) and some involved in EMT (ZEB1, TWIST, E-CAD); all of which could be effectively reversed with J54-mediated inhibition of TLK1&amp;gt;NEK!&amp;gt;YAP signaling. We found that J54, a pharmacological inhibitor of the TLK1&amp;gt;NEK1&amp;gt;YAP1 nexus led to degradation of YAP1, suggesting that the Y407 phosphorylation is critical for transcriptional activation and stabilization of YAP. Specifically, Nek1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP-Y407 increases its productive interaction with transcriptional activators like TEAD or AR, resulting in its nuclear retention and stabilization. This was later demonstrated by coIP of TEAD4 or the AR with GFP-YAP antiserum, as well as via LUC expression transfections using ARE and Hippo reporter plasmids in LNCaP expressing wt-GFP-YAP or Y407F proteins, as well as by ChIP for key AR-responsive gene promoters. Further, in NEK1 haploinsufficient TRAMP mice we determined reduced YAP1 expression, a key transcriptional activator of CRPC progression, and, if castrated at 12 weeks, the mice failed to show to overt prostate carcinomas, even while displaying reduced E-Cadherin (E-Cad) expression in hyperplastic ductules. Finally, IHC examination of prostate cancer biopsies revealed that pYAP1-Y407 nuclear signal is low in samples of low-grade cancer but elevated in high GS specimens. Citation Format: Damilola M. Olatunde, Ishita Ghosh, Arrigo De Benedetti. NEK1-mediated phosphorylation of YAP1 is key to prostate cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 213.

EFFECT OF MIR-21-3P ON INTESTINAL INJURY IN RATS WITH TRAUMATIC HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK RESUSCITATED WITH THE SODIUM BICARBONATE RINGER'S SOLUTION.

Background : This study aims to determine the impact and mechanism of miR-21-3p on intestinal injury and intestinal glycocalyx during fluid resuscitation in traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS), and the different impacts of sodium lactate Ringer's solution (LRS) and sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution (BRS) for resuscitation on intestinal damage. Methods : A rat model of THS was induced by hemorrhage from the left femur fracture. The pathological changes of intestinal tissues and glycocalyx structure were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscope. MiR-21-3p expression in intestinal tissues was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of glycocalyx-, cell junction-, and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins was analyzed by western blot. Results : MiR-21-3p expression was increased in THS rats, which was suppressed by resuscitation with BRS. BRS or LRS aggravated the intestinal injury and damaged intestinal glycocalyx in THS rats. The expression of SDC-1, HPA, β-catenin, MMP2, and MMP9 was upregulated, the expression of E-cad was downregulated, and the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in THS rats, which were further aggravated by BRS or LRS. The adverse effect of LRS was more serious than BRS. MiR-21-3p overexpression deteriorated the injury of intestinal tissues and intestinal glycocalyx; increased the expression of SDC-1, HPA, β-catenin, MMP2, and MMP9 while decreasing E-cad expression; and activated the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in BRS-resuscitated THS rats. Conclusion : MiR-21-3p aggravated intestinal tissue injury and intestinal glycocalyx damage through activating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with THS resuscitated with BRS.

A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway.

Gut epithelium is the first natural barrier against Trichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism by which larval penetration of gut epithelium is not completely elucidated. Previous studies showed that proteases secreted by T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degraded tight junctions (TJs) proteins of gut epithelium and mediated larval invasion. A new T. spiralis serine proteinase (TsSPc) was identified in the IIL surface proteins and ES proteins, rTsSPc bound to the intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) and promoted larval invasion of IECs. The aim of this study was to characterize the interacted proteins of TsSPc and IECs, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of TsSPc mediating larval invasion of gut mucosa. IIFT results showed natural TsSPc was detected in infected murine intestine at 6, 12 hours post infection (hpi) and 3 dpi. The results of GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-IP indicated that rTsSPc bound and interacted specifically with receptor for activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) in Caco-2 cells. rTsSPc did not directly hydrolyze the TJs proteins. qPCR and Western blot showed that rTsSPc up-regulated RACK1 expression, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, reduced the expression levels of gut TJs (occludin and claudin-1) and adherent protein E-cad, increased the paracellular permeability and damaged the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, the RACK1 inhibitor HO and ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 abolished the rTsSPc activating ERK1/2 pathway, they also inhibited and abrogated the rTsSPc down-regulating expression of occludin, claudin-1 and E-cad in Caco-2 monolayer and infected murine intestine, impeded larval invasion and improved intestinal epithelial integrity and barrier function, reduced intestinal worm burdens and alleviated intestinal inflammation. rTsSPc bound to RACK1 receptor in gut epithelium, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut epithelial TJs proteins and disrupted the epithelial integrity, consequently mediated T. spiralis larval invasion of gut epithelium. The results are valuable to understand T. spiralis invasion mechanism, and TsSPc might be regarded as a vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.

The mechanism of OC-STAMP overexpression induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling in promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cell

Objective: To explore the mechanism of osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP) overexpression on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) . Methods: In April 2021, mice alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells MLE-12 were divided into five groups: overexpression control group (NC group), Ocstamp overexpression group (over-Ocstamp group), Fasudil intervention group (over-Ocstamp+Fasudil group), silence control group (si-NC group), Ocstamp silence group (si-Ocstamp group). The protein expressions of OC-STAMP, epithelial marker protein-E-cadherin (E-cad), interstitial marker protein-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor α (Rho GDIα), Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), phosphate myosin phosphatase (p-MYPT) were examined by Western blotting and Immunocytochemical staining. The filamentous actin (F-actin) was detected by Phalloidin method. t test was used to compare the relative expression of each protein between the two groups. Results: Western blotting and Immunocytochemical staining showed that compared with the NC group, the expression level of E-cad was down-regulated, while the expression levels of α-SMA, Rho GDIα, RhoA, ROCK, p-MYPT were increased, and F-actin expression was enhanced in the over-Ocstamp group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in E-cad and α-SMA protein expression in si-Ocstamp group compared with si-NC group (P>0.05). Compared with over-Ocstamp group, the expression level of E-cad protein in over-Ocstamp+Fasudil group was up-regulated, the expression levels of α-SMA, Rho GDIα, RhoA, ROCK and p-MYPT protein were decreased, and F-actin expression was weakened, with statistical significance (P<0.05) . Conclusion: OC-STAMP overexpression in alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells may induce actin cytoskeleton remodeling through activation of Rho GDIα/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, thus promoting EMT.

Glucocorticoid receptor regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process through GR/ZEB1/E-cad and is involved in breast cancer endocrine drug resistance-a bioinformatics analysis.

Studies have shown that there is a connection between estrogen receptor (ER) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which can impact the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and contribute to endocrine resistance in breast cancer. However, the specific mechanism is unclear. It is crucial to investigate this mechanism further. This study aimed to confirm the role of GR in breast cancer endocrine resistance. Based on our hypothesis, GR is linked to a gene involved in the EMT process, and thus contributes to endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We obtained survival data and GR expression data from Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC). Additionally, we gathered GR expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Using Cytoscape, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and identified key genes. Data of Vimentin, E-cad, and Wnt/β-catenin expression were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We used the co-expression method to identify key proteins. UALCAN and cBioPortal were utilized to verify the function of the key protein. In ER+ breast cancer, GR (P=3.12780899271121E-08) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) (P=1.716157E-01) were lowly expressed and down-regulated genes of GR differentially expressed genes were enriched in cell adhesion molecules. We screened for the key protein ZEB1 and found high levels of it was positively associated with prolonged recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients receiving endocrine therapy (P=0.0024), while high levels of E-cad were negatively associated (P=0.0038). GR expression was positively associated with ZEB1 (Spearman =0.29, P=8.50e-21), negatively associated with E-cad (Spearman =-0.13, P=5.17e-5), and negatively associated with the SETD1B (Spearman =-0.14, P=1.527e-5), a gene downstream of ZEB1. In contrast, ZEB1 expression was negatively correlated with E-cad (Spearman =-0.081, P=3.132e-3) and negatively correlated with SET domain-containing 1B (SETD1B) (Spearman =-0.177, P=9.07e-11). In ER+ breast cancers, GR expression is suppressed, and the EMT process is inhibited by suppressing ZEB1 expression and thus promoting E-cad expression. For the investigation of endocrine medication resistance in breast cancer, it is crucial to identify the mechanisms by how GR participates in the EMT process.

E-cadherin expression pattern in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its association with clinico-pathological predictors

BackgroundThe molecular makeup of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) could vary as per the geography and corresponding variability in prevalent etiopathological factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression pattern of E-cadherin (E-cad), a transmembrane glycoprotein with tumour suppressor function, in a cohort of HNSCC treated at a tertiary care medical centre in the southern part of India.Material and methodsAfter obtaining the institutional ethics committee’s permission, the expression of E-cad in HNSCC was assessed by using immunohistochemistry on retrospectively collected tumour specimens, obtained by a surgical cohort of cases operated between September 2018 and July 2019. The E-cad expression was then correlated with various clinical and pathological characteristics of HNSCC, retrieved via the medical records of corresponding patients.ResultsA total of 60 patients of HNSCC were included, most of whom had lesion in the oral cavity, in an advanced stage. The majority had a strong or moderate expression of E-cad on the surface. On analyzing further, oral cavity tumours had significantly less expression of E-cad compared to laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumours taken together, and primary tumours had less E-cad expression than recurrent cases. Multivariate analysis with proportional odds regression showed the significant associations of low expression of E-cad expression with the moderate/poor differentiation of tumours and with the extranodal extension.ConclusionsAmong the HNSCC, the loss of E-cad expression was mostly associated with primary tumours of the oral cavity, moderate/poorly differentiated tumours, and in those HNSCCs that had an extranodal extension.

Brucea javanica oil inhibits tongue squamous cell invasion and metastasis by regulating miR-138-EZH2 pathway

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of head and neck. Its incidence is on the rise, and the proportion of young patients is gradually increasing, which is prone to tumor recurrence and metastasis. At present, there is no effective method to completely treat TSCC. Studies have shown that brucea javanica oil (BJO) has good antitumor activity against lung cancer and gastrointestinal tumors, but its therapeutic effect on TSCC is not clear. We have previously confirmed that oleic acid, the main component of BJO, can induce apoptosis of TSCC and reduce its invasion and metastasis ability. However, the anticancer effect and mechanism of BJO in TSCC remain unclear. In order to further explore the effects of BJO on the biological characteristics of TSCC cells, we studied the effects of different concentrations of BJO on the migration, invasion ability and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression of TSCC cells and the possible mechanisms through in vitro experiments. We found that BJO could inhibit the invasion and metastasis of TSCC and up-regulate miR-138. After BJO treatment, the expression of E-cad was significantly increased, while the expression of EZH2, Slug, p-ERK1/2 and Vimentin was significantly decreased. EZH2 is a miR-138 target gene involved in TSCC. BJO inhibits TSCC invasion and metastasis by regulating the miR-138-EZH2 pathway. In vivo experiments have also well demonstrated the targeting effect of this pathway. This study provides a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of TSCC.

Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Cyrtopodion Scabrum: An in vitro Study against Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Natural treatment of cancer has received a lot of attention recently due to its advantages including low cost, and fewer side effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimetastatic properties of Cyrtopodion scabrum, a common home gecko, through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process. Human colon cancer HCT116 cell line was selected and allocated into the following experimental groups: untreated control, vehicle control (DMSO), Retinoic acid (RA), and two treatment groups including aqueous C.scabrum Whole Extract (CWE) and C.scabrum Cell Extract (CCE) groups. The effects of the two different extracts on the viability, migration, and morphology of HCT116 cells were investigated using MTT, colony formation, and wound healing assay as well as microscopic evaluation. We also investigated the gene expression of E-cad, N-cad, and Snail genes using Real-Time PCR analysis. Our findings revealed that CWE and CCE were toxic to the HCT116 cell line with IC50 values of 590 and 680 µg/mL, respectively. Colony formation and migration ability of cancer cells were also inhibited by the two extracts, and the morphology of the cells were determined as epithelial phenotype. Moreover, the expression of N-cad and Snail were remarkably decreased in CWE and CCE, and RA groups, while E-cad didn't change significantly as compared to the control. The results suggest that C. scabrum extract (CsE) may induce its anti-cancer activity through the inhibition of cancer cell growth and the EMT process. CCE, as a valuable natural source, could be also suggested, to be used as an alternative/complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer, in clinical trials.

Maintenance of airway epithelial barrier integrity via the inhibition of AHR/EGFR activation ameliorates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using effective-component combination

BackgroundAirway epithelial barrier dysfunction is highly related to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Effective-component combination (ECC) derived from Bufei Yishen formula (BYF) is an effective treatment regimen for patients with COPD and has previously been found to attenuate COPD and airway epithelial inflammation in rats. PurposeTo determine the mechanism underlying the protective effects of ECC-BYF against the disruption of the airway epithelial barrier in COPD. MethodsThe protective effects of ECC-BYF on the airway epithelial barrier were investigated in a rat COPD model. BEAS-2B epithelial cells were stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to determine the direct effects of ECC-BYF on epithelial barrier function and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/ epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. ResultsThe results revealed that ECC-BYF attenuated COPD in rats and maintained the airway epithelial barrier by upregulating the expression of apical junction proteins, including occludin (OCC), zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and E-cadherin (E-cad). In BEAS-2B cells, ECC-BYF decreased permeability, increased transepithelial electrical resistance, and prevented the decrease in OCC, ZO-1, and E-cad expression induced by CSE exposure. In addition, transcriptomics and network analysis revealed that the protective effects of ECC-BYF may be related to multiple signaling pathways, including ErbB, AHR, and PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathways. ECC-BYF treatment suppressed the protein levels of p-EGFR and p-ERK1/2 and mRNA levels of CYP1A1 in CSE-exposed BEAS-2B cells as well as the protein levels of p-EGFR, p-ERK1/2, and CYP1A1 in the lungs of rats with COPD. In BEAS-2B cells, the AHR agonist FICZ weakened the protective effect of ECC-BYF on the epithelial barrier by suppressing the increase in ZO-1 and OCC expression induced by ECC-BYF and preventing the inhibitory effects of ECC-BYF on EGFR phosphorylation. ConclusionsThis is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of ECC-BYF on airway epithelial barrier function. The underlying mechanism may be associated with the suppression of the AHR/EGFR pathway to promote apical junction protein adhesion.

Loss of miR-6844 alters stemness/self-renewal and cancer hallmark(s) markers through CD44-JAK2-STAT3 signaling axis in breast cancer stem-like cells.

MicroRNAs regulate breast stemness and self-renewal properties in breast cancer cells at the molecular level. Recently we reported the clinical relevance and in vitro expression profile of novel miR-6844 in breast cancer and -derived stem-like cells (mammosphere). In the present study, we first time explore the functional role of loss of miR-6844 in breast cancer cells derived mammosphere. Down expression of miR-6844 significantly decreased cell proliferation in MCF-7 and T47D cells derived mammosphere in a time-dependent manner. MiR-6844 down expression reduced the sphere formation in terms of size and number in test cells. Loss of miR-6844 significantly altered stemness and self-renewal markers (Bmi-1, Nanog, c-Myc, Sox2, and CD44) in mammosphere compared to negative control spheres. Moreover, loss of miR-6844 inhibits the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway by decreasing p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 levels in breast cancer cells derived mammosphere. Loss of miR-6844 expression significantly decreased CCND1 and CDK4 mRNA/protein levels and arrested breast cancer stem-like cells in G2/M phase. Reduced expression of miR-6844 increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, late apoptotic cell population, and Caspase 9 and 3/7 activity in the mammosphere. Low expression of miR-6844 decreased migratory and invasive cells by altering the expression of Snail, E-cad, and Vimentin at mRNA/protein levels. In conclusion, loss of miR-6844 decreases stemness/self-renewal and other cancer hallmark in breast cancer stem-like cells through CD44-JAK2-STAT3 axis. Thus, downregulation of miR-6844 by therapeutic agents might be a novel strategy to target breast cancer stemness and self-renewal.