E-banking Websites Research Articles

On the Assessment of e-Banking Websites Supporting Sustainable Development Goals

The main aim of this article was to test the authors’ proprietary method (i.e., the conversion method applied to evaluate e-banking services that support sustainable development goals in households, communities, and society). The authors’ conversion method can be applied with the aim of maintaining a balance between households, producers, and public administration services in line with the principles of sustainable development of the information society in Poland. To achieve this goal, the authors identified the differences between the results obtained using the conversion method and the results produced by other methods such as TOPSIS, Promethee II, and PROSA involving the same group of respondents. A hypothesis was made about the existence of significant differences in the results obtained as part of the studies. The research was carried out on a sample of nearly 830 ratings concerning the 27 most popular electronic banks in Poland. As part of the survey, the respondents assessed 18 characteristics (attributes) of the selected banks using a simplified Likert scale. The study was conducted during the pandemic in Poland in 2020. The authors compared the results achieved in the case of the TOPSIS, Promethee II, and PROSA methods and the ones obtained with the application of the conversion method. Then, the ratings of the e-banking websites were arranged in descending order, and the distances between the positions in the rankings obtained by the conversion method and other methods were calculated. In addition, the R2 correlation coefficients were calculated for all combinations of the results received using individual methods. The results showed the greatest differences both in the absolute distances between the positions obtained in the ranking and the lowest value of the R2 correlation coefficient in the case of the conversion method in relation to the other methods. The limitation of the present research resulted from the fact that the study sample included respondents who were all members of the academic environment. The students analyzed in the study were part of a group supporting globalization processes where e-business solutions are widely used. However, the purchases of goods and services both local and foreign made by this group were often limited in scope and value due to a lack of funds. The research results indicate a potential need for improvement of the conversion method.

A Smart Comparative Analysis for Secure Electronic Websites

Online banking is an ideal method for conducting financial transactions such as e-commerce, e-banking, and e-payments. The growing popularity of online payment services and payroll systems, however, has opened new pathways for hackers to steal consumers’ information and money, a risk which poses significant danger to the users of e-commerce and e-banking websites. This study uses the selection method of the entire e-commerce and e-banking website dataset (Chi-Squared, Gini index, and main learning algorithm). The results of the analysis suggest the identification and comparison of machine learning and deep learning algorithm performance on binary category labels (legal, fraudulent) between similar datasets, and understanding which function plays a vital role in predicting safe e-banking and e-commerce website datasets. The e-commerce and e-banking website dataset was compiled from the UCI machine learning library. We obtained 11,056 entries based on 30 unique website attributes. We used the machine learning algorithms support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors, random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and the multilayer perceptron (MLP) deep learning algorithm to analyze the datasets of e-commerce and e-banking websites and found the best algorithms based on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-measure. MLP had the highest precision at 97%. With this procedure we can now accurately test websites to assist in the early prediction of secure e-banking e-commerce transactions.

Towards VES Function for Creating a Sustainable Method for Evaluating e-Banking Websites Quality

The main objective of the article is to analyze the possibility of using the authors’ own VES (variable elasticity of substitution) class function as a reference point to examine the adequacy of the use of multi-criteria analysis (MCDA) methods to make decisions during the evaluation and subsequently to select and evaluate websites in the electronic banking sector. The secondary goal is to identify the best e-banking websites in Poland in 2020 (during the Covid-19 pandemics) from the point of view of an individual client. Drawing on the previous experiences related to the VES function application and assessment of the internet banking sphere, the authors take hypothetical results from the VES function as a reference point and compare them with other selected methods: the scoring methods, the author’s own conversion method and the Promethee method. The data for the study are collected using an original questionnaire and verified during a pilot study. To participate in the survey, respondents had to visit a dedicated website containing a questionnaire and answer some additional questions concerning the relations between economic and technological attributes/criteria of the banking websites. The research sample included over 930 individuals from the academic environment, and the study was conducted in April 2020. The results obtained in the survey appear to be promising. The “ideal” VES function seems to be a very good reference point for the selected assessment methods. On this basis, the authors could determine which of the applied evaluation methods is the best in this case. Moreover, when analyzing the ranking of banks, it was found that economic criteria and some of the technological aspects such as the simplicity or intuitiveness of navigating the website or the number of access channels are the most important factors for customers when selecting e-banking services. The main implication for researchers is the possibility to use the VES function as a reference point for the assessment of MCDA methods, as evidenced in the course of the study. This function can also be applied for the evaluation of bank websites. However, there were two main areas of limitations of the present study. The first one concerned the subjective selection of parameters of the VES function. The second limitation was related to the selection of a research sample only from the academic community.Originality/value/contribution – The scope of this article fills the research gap that exists in terms of the methods applied in website assessment focusing on the selection of the best method to evaluate e-banking websites using the VES function. However, the VES function requires the estimation of parameters for the banking sphere on the basis of time series from recent years. Furthermore, it is recommended to expand the research sample to include the respondents who represent other demographic characteristics. The present article analyses the opinions of the academic community, and for this reason, the findings of the present study cannot be fully generalized.

Towards Sustainability in E-Banking Website Assessment Methods

Nowadays, banking services have evolved from offline financial services to online platforms available in the form of websites and mobile applications. While multiple methods exist for evaluation of generic-purpose websites, the appraisal of banking services requires a more sophisticated approach. Multiple factors need to be taken into consideration, revolving not only around technical and usability aspects of the sites, but also considering the economic and anti-crisis factors. Moreover, due to the fact that one of the groups of people interested in banking services assessment are potential clients, which might or might not be technically and theoretically literate, a sustainable approach to banking services evaluation is needed. The main contribution of this paper is a sustainable approach balancing the evaluation accuracy with usage simplicity and computational complexity of evaluation methods. Also, a reference model for banking services evaluation is provided. In practical terms, a set of all significant commercial banking services in Poland is assessed. Last, but not least, a preliminary study of practical applicability of various evaluation methods amongst computer-literate banking clients is performed.

Effects of Perceived Risk and Subjective Norms on Internet Banking Adoption Amongst the Students of University of Kelaniya: A Multilevel Linear Model Analysis

Challenging technology advancements necessitate robust macroeconomic performance to support overall economic development. Within the service sector of the economy, one of the broadly studied areas of technological transformation is retail financial services; particularly consumer banking activities. Internet banking enables customers to experience a vast array of financial services through e-banking websites. Nonetheless, in practice; this phenomenon is contingent on the particular context. Hence, this research addresses the significance of subjective norms and perceived risk towards acceptance of consumer internet banking in the Sri Lankan context with special reference to private commercial banks. The sample was drawn from the students of the University of Kelaniya those who are participating in the weekend study programs. The students of the Doctor of Business Administration Course attached to the university were selected as enumerators for data collection. Data collected through self-administered questionnaires from the respondents. Initially, 400 questionnaires were distributed and 287 duly completed questionnaires were considered for the final data analysis. TAM has been extended using the subjective norms and perceived risk variables and dimensions of the variables were measured by a five-point Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha was used to check reliability. To test the hypotheses, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and multilevel linear models were used. The empirical evidence supported three hypotheses indicating the significance of the variables/constructs on the adoption of internet banking. In conclusion, the authors have presented several suggestions for research studies, in time to come.

A Hybrid Method of Assessing Individual Electronic Banking Services in 2019. The Case of Poland

Abstract The main objective of the article is the application and discussion concerning the construction of the best method to assess the quality of e-banking websites from the perspective of individual clients. The considerations were limited to the banking sector, the sector which is specific and unique in terms of the existence of many financial attributes which are interesting for the client. Firstly, the same research sample was used to test eight multi-criteria methods of website evaluation (a scoring method, a scoring method with preferences, conversion method, Promethee II, Promethee II with preferences, PROSA, TOPSIS with and TOPSIS without preferences methods) for 22 of the most popular banks in Poland. The research was conducted in April 2019 on a sample of 276 respondents, and each of the survey participants evaluated three e-banking websites known to him or her. The results of the research were used to establish the ranking of selected e-banking websites, which is a summary of the results of the eight applied methods. The authors also carried out a pilot study of the evaluation of methods from the point of view of the respondent and tried to create a new hybrid method based on previous research. In order to achieve this goal, the authors carried out the literature review, presented the method and research procedure and possibilities of applying the hybrid method, based on measures of city distance and Fished-Snedeckor test. The limitations of the study consisted in the selection of the research sample which included the experienced, young people as well as reducing the options considered in the analysis to the most popular methods. The continuation of the studies should take the direction of expanding the research sample, testing further methods of e-banking websites evaluation as well as further in-depth analyses carried out by means of these methods.

The Selection and Comparison of the Methods Used to Evaluate the Quality of E-Banking Websites: The Perspective of Individual Clients

Abstract The main objective of the article is the application and discussion concerning the selection of the best method to assess the quality of e-banking websites from the perspective of individual clients. The considerations were limited to the banking sector, the sector which is specific and unique in terms of the existence of many financial attributes which are interesting for the client. The same research sample was used to test six multi-criteria methods of website evaluation (a scoring method, a scoring method with preferences, conversion method, Promethee II, Promethee II with preferences and PROSA methods) for 22 of the most popular banks in Poland. The research was conducted in April 2019 on a sample of 276 respondents, and each of the survey participants evaluated three e-banking websites known to him or her. The results of the research were used to establish the ranking of selected e-banking websites, which are the summary of the results of the six applied methods. The authors also carried out the pilot study of the evaluation of methods from the point of view of the respondent. In order to achieve this goal, in the next section, the authors carried out the literature review, presented the methods and research procedure, the comparison and discussion of the obtained findings and conclusions. The limitations of the study were the research sample including the experienced, young people as well as reducing the options to the most popular methods. The continuation of the studies should take the direction of expanding the study sample, testing further methods of e-banking websites evaluation as well as further in-depth analyses carried out by means of these methods.

On Aspects of Quality Assessment Criteria of Mobile Banking Applications in Poland

The main objective of this article is to present the findings and to analyse a survey questionnaire used to assess the quality of mobile banking applications offered by commercial banks in Poland. The study carried out by the authors concerned the importance of the evaluation criteria adopted in the studies into the quality of mobile applications for individual users. The findings discussed in the article focus on mobile banking applications offered by universal banks in Poland which are available for mobile devices running on the Android, iOS and Windows operating systems. The structure of the article consists of presenting the general assumptions of the study, describing the methodology and the research sample, analysing the obtained findings as well as relevant discussions and interpretations. The paper is of a quantitative nature and has been conducted on a selected sample of respondents using banking services and products. The presented study and its analysis will empirically verify how individual clients assess the quality of banking applications and which criteria of this evaluation are most important to them. The authors’ original contribution was: specifying the criteria used for websites’ evaluation as the main indicators of the perception of the quality of websites; identifying the best e-banking websites and formulating conclusions which may constitute the starting point for designing an efficient system for quality management of e-services in the sectors.

Analysis of e-Banking Websites’ Quality with the Application of the TOPSIS Method – A Practical Study

The main objective of this article is to identify the best e-banking websites in Poland in 2017 from the point of view of individual clients. The use of new ICT technology tools to contact e-banking customers creates a competitive advantage for the banks and presents the possibilities of providing banking services in the way which would be most convenient for the clients. The authors’ research examines the possibilities of the applications of the multi-criteria methods to evaluate e-banking websites in Poland. In the present study, the authors used the TOPSIS multi-criteria method. In order to obtain the data for the analysis, the authors’ created an electronic spreadsheet of evaluations which was made available on the Internet, and the participants for the study were selected with purposeful random sampling. Subsequently, on the basis of the obtained scores, the authors carried out analyses and presented the findings, together with the conclusions and recommendations resulting from the study. The authors’ own contribution to the research was the specification of the preferences of the website evaluation criteria as the main determinants of the perception of the websites’ quality, the identification of the best e-banking websites on the basis of the selected multi-criteria method as well as the formulation of conclusions which could be the starting point for the creation of a new, relevant solution to be applied in the area.

Detection of phishing attacks in financial and e-banking websites using link and visual similarity relation

Today, phishing is one of the biggest problems faced by the cyber-world. In this paper, we present an approach that can detect phishing attacks in commercial and e-banking websites using the link and visual similarity relations. Phisher always tries to mimic the visual design of the webpage and the fake webpage contains identity keywords and hyperlinks that point to the corresponding legitimate webpage to trap internet users. Therefore, our proposed approach analyse the keywords, hyperlinks and CSS layout of the webpage to detect phishing attack. In the proposed approach, we make a set of associate domains with the suspicious webpage and explore the link and similarity relation to identifying phishing webpages. Also, we use the login form and whitelist based filtering to increase the running time of the proposed approach. Our proposed approach is not only able to detect phishing webpages accurately but its source webpage also. Moreover, it does not require any prior training to detect zero hour phishing attack. Experiments are conducted over a 6,616 phishing and legitimate webpages and the proposed approach gives approximately 99.72% true positive rate and less than 1.89% false negative rate.

On Analysis of e-Banking Websites Quality – Comet Application

The main goal of this article is to identify the best e-banking websites in Poland in 2017 from the point of view of individual clients. But on the other hand, it is a need to do it by the best method. So, the authors’ research examines the possibilities of the applications of the modelling using fuzzy sets for an intuitive approach to multi-criteria evaluate e-banking websites in Poland. In the present study, the authors used for this purpose the Characteristic Objects METhod (COMET). In order to obtain the data for the analysis, the authors’ created an electronic spread-sheet of evaluations which was made available on the Internet, and the participants for the study were selected with purposeful random sampling. Subsequently, on the basis of the obtained scores, the authors carried out analyses and presented the findings, together with the conclusions and recommendations resulting from the study. The authors’ own contribution to the research was the specification of the preferences of the website evaluation criteria as the main determinants of the perception of the websites’ quality, the identification of the best e-banking websites on the basis of the selected COMET multi-criteria method as well as the formulation of conclusions which could be the starting point for the creation of a new, relevant solution to be applied in the area.

Detection of phishing attacks in financial and e-banking websites using link and visual similarity relation

Today, phishing is one of the biggest problems faced by the cyber-world. In this paper, we present an approach that can detect phishing attacks in commercial and e-banking websites using the link and visual similarity relations. Phisher always tries to mimic the visual design of the webpage and the fake webpage contains identity keywords and hyperlinks that point to the corresponding legitimate webpage to trap internet users. Therefore, our proposed approach analyse the keywords, hyperlinks and CSS layout of the webpage to detect phishing attack. In the proposed approach, we make a set of associate domains with the suspicious webpage and explore the link and similarity relation to identifying phishing webpages. Also, we use the login form and whitelist based filtering to increase the running time of the proposed approach. Our proposed approach is not only able to detect phishing webpages accurately but its source webpage also. Moreover, it does not require any prior training to detect zero hour phishing attack. Experiments are conducted over a 6,616 phishing and legitimate webpages and the proposed approach gives approximately 99.72% true positive rate and less than 1.89% false negative rate.

How does the web game design influence the behavior of e-banking users?

Gamification has a clear influence on software design, development and plays an important role in the motivation and intention of users to use a website and buy online. Nevertheless, in the case of e-banking, the influence of gamification in software design and on the user's intention to use are still very unclear. We intend to verify how game design elements and mechanics combined in the design of a bank website, influence the intention of customers to use e-banking. To explore and analyze the effects of gamification on a bank website, we propose a conceptual model considering the interaction between six variables: gamification, ease of use, information, design, web page characteristics, and intention to use the website. To test this model we develop a quantitative study involving 219 bank customers as participants who interacted with a gamified e-banking website to manage their financial investments. Participants then responded to an online questionnaire (including items related to the main variables), in order to measure their reactions to gamified software and their intentions. All data were statistically analyzed and results indicate that gamification has a significant influence on the ease of use and the intention to use e-banking, as well as on the web design, information, and webpage characteristics. We find that gamification may motivate customers to use e-banking, and that it improves their financial literacy and facilitates online processes and transactions. This study provides insightful guidelines for web design, development and e-banking contents that can be taken into account by marketing, IT, and business teams working in electronic banks.

Metaphorical Expressions in E-Commerce: A Study of Arabic Language Websites

ABSTRACTThis study examines the use of metaphors in Arabic language e-commerce websites and shows that metaphorical language plays an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of websites and e-commerce businesses in general. Arabic text was extracted from 3,065 websites across 22 Arab countries and 10 types of e-commerce domains. More than 14,000 metaphors were annotated in a sample of 1,208 rhetorical clusters (cohesive text units). Metaphor usage was highest in fashion, restaurant, and retail websites, and lowest in e-banking, airline, and tourism websites. Colloquial figurative language was rare—suggesting e-commerce businesses could do more linguistically to localize their websites.

Assessing Usable Security of Multifactor Authentication

An authentication mechanism is a security service that establishes the difference between authorised and unauthorised users. When used as part of certain website processes such as online banking, it provides users with greater safety and protection against service attacks and intruders. For an e-banking website to be considered effective, it should provide a usable and secure authentication mechanism. Despite existing research on usability and security domains, there is a lack of research on synthesising the contributions of usable security and evaluating multifactor authentication methods. Without understanding the usability and security of authentication mechanisms, the authenticating process is likely to become cumbersome and insecure. This negatively affects a goal of the authentication process, convenience for the user. This thesis sought to investigate the usability and security of multifactor authentication and filled an important gap in the development of authenticating processes. It concentrated on users’ perspectives, which are crucial for the deployment of an authenticating process. To achieve the thesis goal, a systematic series of three studies has been conducted. First, an exploratory study was used to investigate the current state of the art of using multifactor authentication and to evaluate the usability and security of these methods. The study involved a survey of 614 e-banking users, who were selected because they were likely long-term users of online banking and they had two different bank accounts, a Saudi account and a foreign account (most foreign accounts were British). The study indicated that multifactor authentication has been widely adopted in e-banking in Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, with high levels of security and trustworthiness as compared to single factor authentication. The second study was a descriptive study of the most common authentication methods. This study aimed to learn more about commonly used methods that were identified in the previous study and sought to propose an appropriate combination of authentication methods to be evaluated in the third study. The third study was an experimental study with 100 users to evaluate the usable security of three different multifactor authentication methods: finger print, secure device and card reader. A web based system was designed specifically for this study to simulate an original UK e-banking website. One of the main contribution of this study was that the system allowed users to choose their preferred authentication method. Moreover, the study contributed to the field of usable security by proposing security evaluation criteria based on users’ awareness of security warnings. The key result obtained indicated that fingerprinting was the most usable and secure method. Additionally, the users’ level of understanding security warnings was very low, as shown by their reaction to the security indicators presented during the experiment.

E-Service-dominant Logic

In this paper we analyze digital services, called e-services, which we expect to dominate the market of services in the not-to-distant future. Beyond the classic scenario of service provision, three scenarios of e-service provision are considered. First, “actor – e-service – actor”, where actors are humans, but e-service is provided remotely through a software platform, e.g., through social media. Second, a scenario, where an e-service is provided by software instead of a human: “software – e-service – actor”. An example of such a scenario is an e-banking website. In this case, the software remains under consumer control. Finally, a scenario where an e-service is provided by a software agent instead of a human or software. A software agent is a program that autonomously performs tasks in a given time and place according to predefined instructions of its owner; hence: “software agent – e-service – actor”. An example of such scenario is a software agent that selects ads in search engines. Such an agent can continuously operate in the background on the consumer's behalf, without the consumer's direct control. In concluding, the consequences of a shift from classical services to digital e-services on the education marketplace are discussed.

Website Quality: Case Study on Local Government Bank and State Own Bank in Bekasi City

The purpose of this study are to analyze how the characteristics of the customer's user profile or e-banking services and service quality measurement methods called webqual in analyzing service quality of e-banking websites using six variables: Accessibility, Interaction, adequacy of information, Usefulness of content, Lifestyle and Personality. The stages of the study include the validity and reliability of research instrument, descriptive statistical analysis and discriminant analysis. The results showed that there was no difference in the perception of e-banking services between the customer of Mandiri bank and the BJB Bank.

A FUZZY APPROACH TO E-BANKING WEBSITE QUALITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON AN INTEGRATED AHP-ELECTRE METHOD / E-BANKININKYSTĖS TINKLAPIŲ KOKYBĖS VERTINIMAS PAREMTAS INTEGRUOTU NEAPIBREŽTŲJŲ AIBIŲ AHP-ELECTRE METODU

Given the lack of physical constraints of retail banking; attraction, satisfaction, and retention of customers in e-banking mostly depend on the quality of service delivered by the website. Hence, effective assessment and monitoring of website quality have become prerequisites for profitable e-banking. Determining the overall quality of a banking website is a multidimensional issue that involves evaluation of information system (IS) quality, customer services quality, and product quality. The purpose of this study is to propose an e-banking website quality assessment methodology based on an integrated fuzzy AHP-ELECTRE approach. The fuzzy set theory has been developed for dealing with the problems arising from the vagueness, ambiguity, and subjectivity of human judgment. In the proposed methodology, the weights of the criteria are generated by a fuzzy AHP analysis. Next, fuzzy ELECTRE is used to assess the quality levels of the websites. In the third step, a fuzzy dominance relation approach is used to rank the alternatives. In order to show the potentials of the proposed method, a case study in Turkish banking sector is reported together with a sensitivity analysis. Santrauka Mažmeninės e-bankininkystės sėkmė priklauso nuo klientų aptarnavimo kokybės tinklapyje. Taigi, tinklapio kokybės stebėjimas ir vertinimas yra svarbi sąlyga e-bankininkystės pelningumui. Tinklapio kokybės nustatymas yra daugiadimensis uždavinys, kuris apima informacinės sistemos, klientų aptarnavimo ir produktų kokybę. šio tyrimo tikslas – pasiūlyti e-bankininkystės tinklapio vertinimo metodiką, paremtą integruotu neapibrežtųjų aibių AHP-ELECTRE metodu. Neapibrežtųjų aibių teorija buvo sukurta tam, kad spręsti subjektyvaus žmogiško vertinimo problemą. Siūlomoje metodikoje rodiklių reikšāmin- gumai apskaičiuojami neapibrežtųjų aibių AHP metodu, po to ELECTRE metodu ivertinamas tinklapių kokybės lygis. Toliau, taikant neapibrežtųjų aibių dominavimo teoriją, surikiuojamos alternatyvos. Metodo tinkamumas demonstruojamas atliekant Turkijos bankininkystės sektoriaus tyrimą ir jautrumo analizę.

Explaining Efficiency in Electronic Banking

Expansion of rivalry accompanied with the vast upheavals in the field of trade and banking has changed many traditional styles and has brought a competitive environment in using new technologies. Banking system neither was an exception in this subject and with emerging of modern concepts in banking, method of servicing the customers has changed at all over the world. Traditional methods which exist in the Iranian banks and their necessity of this research focusing on the increase of e banking This paper uses cost and profit functions and customer satisfaction and Internet to estimate efficiency at the E-banking using these measures we explained cross-bank differences over Time, which are related to bank size, ownership structure and other relevant Variables In the internet economy, the business model of web portals has spread rapidly over the last few years. Despite this, there have been very few scholarly investigations into the services and characteristics that transform a web site into a portal as well as into the dimensions that determine the customer’s evaluation of the portal’s service quality the Internet has brought about fundamental changes in the rules of operation of the banking industry (Gunasekaran and Love, 1999). Specifically, the industry has moved rapidly to exploit the new communication/ transaction channels offered by the Internet to improve their front-end Internet applications. As a result, the number of e-banking Web sites has increased rapidly (Aladwani, 2001).