Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Optimization of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticles- Attached-Polyethyleneglycol Template Using Response Surface Methodology- Box-Behnken

Dysprosium oxide nanoparticles (Dy2O3-nanoparticles) have been extensively used in many different fields of technologies. In addition, with a proper synthesis modification, Dy2O3-nanoparticles are promising materials not only for industry purposes, but also for biomedical applications, for instance, through polyethyleneglycol (PEG) attachment as a template on nanoparticles. This study focuses on the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of Dy2O3-nanoparticles using Response Surface Methodology – Box-Behnken experimental design (RSM-BBD). The influences of the volume and concentration of PEG-template to the size diameter of nanoparticles were also studied. The crystal structure and surface morphology Dy2O3-nanoparticles with PEG-template modification were characterized using Tabletop Scanning Electron Microscopy (TSEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Rays (SEM-EDX) and X-Rays Diffraction (XRD). Dy2O3-nanoparticles were prepared by using hydrothermal synthesis method with PEG-template attachment on the nanoparticles. PEG as a template will create the uniform shapes and prevent the agglomeration of the nanoparticles. For further biomedical applications, it also helps to enhance the biocompatibility of nanoparticles. The optimization of influence parameters on the hydrothermal synthesis of Dy2O3-nanoparticles, (e.g. mass ratio precursor (PEG and Dy2O3), temperature, and time) were investigated using RSM-BBD. The optimum conditions were 15 g PEG and 0.45 g Dy2O3 at 200°C for 7 h resulting in the highest amount of Dy2O3-nanoparticles products. SEM image results show spherical and nanowires shapes of Dy2O3-nanoparticles produced with the average size diameter of 10.1 nm as the smallest size of nanoparticles. In addition, XRD-patterns indicates the typical cubic structure of Dy2O3-nanoparticles with the estimation crystal size of 45.47 nm.

Intergrain connectivity in YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconductor added with Dy2O3 nanoparticles: AC susceptibility investigation

YBa2Cu3O7-δ (or YBCO) superconductors added with various concentrations of dysprosium oxide nanoparticles (NP-Dy2O3) were prepared using the solid-state process. The additive NP-Dy2O3 has a size of about 10 nm and presents a para/ferromagnetic transition at about 300 K. The characterization of samples was probed via XRD, TEM, SEM, DC magnetization, and AC susceptibility measurements. Some models were employed to compute superconducting parameters like intragranular critical current density under a magnetic field (Jcm(H)), the density of intragranular pinning force for Abrikosov vortex (εg(0)), intergranular critical current density (Jc,inter), intergranular electrical character, superconductor grain volume fraction (fs). The correlation between these parameters and microstructure was discussed. The inclusion of NP-Dy2O3 does not alter the structural properties and the spatial growth of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. NP-Dy2O3 addition led to significant enhancements of Jcm(H) and εg(0). The decrement in Jc,inter was attributed to the change of grain boundary characteristics that transformed from SNS to SINS junction due to NP-Dy2O3 addition.

Biosynthesis driven dysprosium oxide nanoparticles as a sensor for picric acid

In the present study, we have used biosynthesized Dy2O3 nanoparticles (Nps) for the selective detection of (Picric acid) PA. A simple and eco-friendly route to develop Dy2O3 nanoparticles (Nps) with the aid of clove bud extract as naturally available fuel was used. Biosynthesized and its counterpart, calcined sample c-Dy2O3 were characterized by UV–visible, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, XPS and TGA analysis. FT-IR results indicated the preliminary evidence of Dy–O bond in the synthesized Nps. XRD pattern confirmed that Dy2O3 has amorphous nature and its counterpart has typical cubic crystal structure. Toxicological profiling of Dy2O3 Nps was performed against bacteria and plants using bioassays. The experiments marked the absence of zone of inhibition against bacteria using Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) which revealed the non-toxicity of Dy2O3 Nps. Seed germination assay divulged elevated biocompatibility of Dy2O3 Nps towards black gram seeds w.r.t. control at a concentration of Nps even at high concentration of 1000 ​ppm. The synthesized Nps demonstrated excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards picric acid with Limit of detection (LOD) of 43 ​± ​1.5 ​nM. The high value of Stern –Volmer constant (Ksv), 4.19 ​× ​104 ​M signifies the high selectivity of Dy2O3 Nps for PA. We believe that the biosynthesized Dy2O3 Nps will emerge as potential candidate for selective detection of trace amounts of nitro explosives in waste water.

New Class of Efficient T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: Carbon-Coated Paramagnetic Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles are considered potential candidates for a new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Negative MRI contrast agents require high magnetic moments. However, if nanoparticles can exclusively induce transverse water proton spin relaxation with negligible induction of longitudinal water proton spin relaxation, they may provide negative contrast MR images despite having low magnetic moments, thus acting as an efficient T2 MRI contrast agent. In this study, carbon-coated paramagnetic dysprosium oxide (DYO@C) nanoparticles (core = DYO = DyxOy; shell = carbon) were synthesized to explore their potential as an efficient T2 MRI contrast agent at 3.0 T MR field. Since the core DYO nanoparticles have an appreciable (but not high) magnetic moment that arises from fast 4f-electrons of Dy(III) (6H15/2), the DYO@C nanoparticles exhibited an appreciable transverse water proton spin relaxivity (r2) with a negligible longitudinal water proton spin relaxivity (r1). Consequently, they acted as a very efficient T2 MRI contrast agent, as proven from negative contrast enhancements seen in the in vivo T2 MR images.

Ultrasmall Europium, Gadolinium, and Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticles: Polyol Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical Imaging Applications.

Imaging agents are crucial in diagnosing diseases. Ultrasmall lanthanide oxide (Ln2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) (Ln = Eu, Gd, and Dy) are promising materials as high-performance imaging agents because of their excellent magnetic, optical, and X-ray attenuation properties which can be applied as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorescence imaging (FI), and X-ray computed tomography (CT) agents, respectively. Ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs (Ln = Eu, Gd, and Dy) are reviewed here. The reviewed topics include polyol synthesis, characterization, properties, and biomedical imaging applications of ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs. Recently published papers were used as bibliographic databases. A polyol method is a simple and efficient one-pot synthesis for preparing ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs. Ligand-coated ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs have good colloidal stability, biocompatibility, and renal excretion ability suitable for in vivo imaging applications. Ultrasmall Eu2O3 NPs display photoluminescence in the red region suitable for use as FI agents. Ultrasmall Gd2O3 NPs have r1 values higher than those of commercial molecular contrast agents and r2/r1 ratios close to 1, which make them eligible for use as T1 MRI contrast agents. Ultrasmall Dy2O3 NPs exhibit high r2 and negligible r1 values, which make them suitable for use as T2 MRI contrast agents. All ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs have high X-ray attenuation powers which make them suitable for use as CT contrast agents. Unmixed, mixed, or doped ultrasmall Ln2O3 NPs with different Ln are extremely useful for in vivo imaging applications in MRI, CT, FI, MRI-CT, MRI-FI, CT-FI, and MRI-CT-FI.

A novel voltammetric platform based on dysprosium oxide for the sensitive determination of sunset yellow in the presence of tartrazine

This study reports the preparation of a novel voltammetric platform based on the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) nanoparticles. The electrode material was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction method (XRD). The novel platform (Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE) was applied for the voltammetric determination of sunset yellow (SY) in the presence of tartrazine (TAR). SY was first adsorbed at the surface of Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE by keeping it into a solution of SY for 200 s. Afterwards, the proposed platform was washed with ultrapure water and transferred with the adsorbed species in a voltammetric cell containing only 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Then, the novel platform (Dy2O3NPs/MWCNTs/GCE) exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and presented improved voltammetric responses when compared to other electrodes. The novel platform produced an improved anodic peak at 0.705 V and a corresponding cathodic peak at 0.690 V for SY and an irreversible anodic peak at 0.957 V for TAR. When compared to the electrode modified with only MWCNTs, a remarkable increase in current response and a electrocatalytic activity of the proposed platform were observed for SY and TAR at a GCE modified with both MWCNTs and Dy2O3NPs. A linear relationship was obtained between the current response and the concentration of SY over range of 1.0 × 10−9 M − 1.4 × 10−7 M with an LOD of 3.5 × 10−10 M using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The proposed procedure provided an accurate and a precise quantification to the analysis of food and pharmaceutical samples.

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on an electrospun polymer nanocomposite membrane as electrolyte

A PVDF fibrous membrane with dysprosium oxide nanoparticles and an ionic liquid as an electrolyte for highly stable and efficient DSSCs.

Absorption and emission analysis of zinc borotellurite glass doped with dysprosium oxide nanoparticles for generation of white light

A series of zinc borotellurite glass doped with Dy2O3 nanoparticles with chemical formula {[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3]0.7(ZnO)0.3}1−x(Dy2O3NP)x (where x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05M fraction) has been fabricated by using conventional melt-quenching method. In this work, absorption and emission analysis of the glass systems have been done. The absorption data are obtained from the UV–Vis spectroscopy while the emission spectrum of the glass systems is recorded by using the Luminescence spectrometer. From the absorption data, the direct and indirect optical band gaps for the glass systems are calculated. Both of the band gaps are found to decrease as opposed to the concentration of Dy2O3 nanoparticles. The decrement of the optical band gaps leads to the increment of the refractive index of the glass systems. From the emission spectra, two transition bands are observed, which represent the transition from 4F9/2 to 6H15/2 and 6H13/2. Other than that, the x and y CIE chromaticity coordinates are determined from the emission spectra and are found in the region of white light. The values of the correlated colour temperature for this glass systems are in between 4104.22 and 4886.17K and is in the neutral white light region.

Pulsed Laser Ablation for Obtaining Contrast Agents Based on Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3) Nanoparticles

The use of the pulsed laser ablation method is proposed for obtaining solutions based on Dy2O3-nanoparticles for T2 MRI contrast agents at high magnetic fields. It has been demonstrated that the PLA method can help simplify and shorten the duration of obtaining stable Dy2O3 nanoparticle-based colloids, the relaxivity of which exceeds the relaxivity values of commercially-available MRI contrast agents.

Synthesis and characterization of Dy2O3 nanostructures: enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under UV irradiation

Dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized via a novel facile solvent-less solid state method. Dysprosium oxide nanostructures were prepared by heat treatment in air at 500 °C for 2 h via Schiff-base ligand as a capping agent and dysprosium source. The effect of the Schiff base ligand (N,N-Bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (H2salen)) as a capping agent on product by different molar ratios of dysprosium nitrate and Schiff base ligand were investigated to reach optimum conditions of Dy2O3 nanoparticles such as size and morphology. Analytical method such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were employed to characterized the as-prepared nanostructures. The results shows that the molar ration and calcination temperatures of Schiff base ligand and dysprosium nitrate have substantial and key effect on the size and morphology of the Dy2O3. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of Dy2O3 nanostructure was studied by the photocatalytic degradation of the rhodamine B as cationic dye under UV irradiation.

Preparation of dysprosium carbonate and dysprosium oxide efficient photocatalyst nanoparticles through direct carbonation and precursor thermal decomposition

Dysprosium carbonate nanoparticles were prepared through a direct precipitation method using Dy(NO3)3 and Na2CO3 as a facile, well-regulated and cost-effective technique for the production insoluble salts. Due to the importance of improving the capability and quality of a process for adjusting the size of the product particles the optimal precipitation reaction parameters were evaluated through the Taguchi method. The reaction conditions like the concentrations of the reacting species, the rate of the addition of the reagent as well as the reactor temperature were also optimized based on an orthogonal array design. It was concluded from the results that dysprosium carbonate nanoparticles can be synthesized through the direct carbonation process by controlling the concentration of carbonate ion, the rate of its addition to the reactor and the reaction temperature. Further, a one-step thermal decomposition method was used for the efficient conversion of dysprosium carbonate to dysprosium oxide nanoparticles. The characterization of the products was carried out through XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques. Furthermore, the as-synthesized dysprosium carbonate and dysprosium oxide nanoparticles were used as photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene orange under ultraviolet light.

A facile approach to synthesize dysprosium oxide nanoparticles

In this report, Dy2O3 (dysprosia) nanoparticles were prepared by using the combustion method. The innovative aspect of this method is preparation of dysprosium oxide nanoparticles without applying calcination temperature. To study the effect of the heating and annealing on the structure of dysprosia, three different calcination temperatures, 450, 550, and 650 °C were applied on the no-calcined sample. TEM and X-ray diffraction XRD were used for characterization of the samples. Diffraction pattern of samples were achieved by selected area electron diffraction (SAED). XRD patterns show the desired cubic structure for all samples. The results of crystallite sizes, estimated by the broadening of XRD peaks, showed the size of crystallites in the range of 24–28 nm. TEM showed the average size of the particles in the range of 28–41 nm.

Ultrasonic effect on the bubble nucleation and heat transfer of oscillating nanofluid

Ultrasonic sound effect on bubble nucleation, oscillating motion activated by bubble formation, and its heat transfer enhancement of nanofluid was experimentally investigated. Nanofluid consists of distilled water and dysprosium (III) oxide (Dy2O3) nanoparticles with an average size of 98 nm and a mass ratio of 0.5%. Visualization results demonstrate that when the nanoparticles are added in the fluid influenced by the ultrasonic sound, bubble nucleation can be significantly enhanced. The oscillating motion initiated by the bubble formation of nanofluid under the influence of ultrasonic sound can significantly enhance heat transfer of nanofluid in an interconnected capillary loop.

Critical Current Density and Intergranular Coupling Study of the Dysprosium Oxide Nanoparticle Added Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O y Superconductor

The dysprosium oxide nanoparticles’ addition effects on structural, DC electrical resistivity, critical current density, and AC magnetic susceptibility properties of polycrystalline Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy samples are investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that both (Bi,Pb)-2223 and Bi-2212 phases coexist in the samples having orthorhombic crystal structure. Bi-2223 phase concentration increases with increasing dysprosium nanoparticle concentration. DC electrical resistivity, critical current density (Jc), and AC susceptibility measurements reveal that adding dysprosium nanoparticles to bismuth–strontium–calcium–copper–oxide (BSCCO) improves superconducting properties of this system and enhances its critical current density due to the improvement of the grain connectivity with dysprosium nanoparticle addition.

Manufacture and Characterization of Dy2 O3 Nanoparticles via X-Ray Diffraction, TEM and Photoluminescence

In this research, Dysprosium Oxide (Dysprosia) nanoparticles with the composition, Dy 2 O 3 , were prepared by using the combustion method. The precursor sol was obtained from Dysprosium Nitrate and Glycine was used as the fuel. The molar ratio of cation/glycine = 1.5 was used to prepare very fine powder of dysprosium oxide. The innovative aspect of this method is the preparation of Dy 2 O 3 nanoparticles without applying calcination temperature. To study the effect of the heating and annealing on the structural and optical properties of dysprosia, three different calcination temperatures, 450 °, 550° and 650°C were applied on the initial product (no-calcined sample). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used for structural characterization and Photo Luminescence (PL) was used for studying optical properties of the samples. XRD patterns show the ideal cubic structure for all samples. The crystallite sizes were estimated from the broadening of XRD peaks, using Scherrer’s formula. XRD estimated the crystallite sizes from 24 nm for no-calcined sample to 28 nm for the calcined sample at 650°C. TEM shows the sizes of the particles produced by this method ranged from 5 nm to 100 nm. The samples also exhibited room temperature PL, having a strong emission in the visible region. The band gap of the samples was measured by PL results.

Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Field Effect on the Magnetic Nanofluid Oscillating Heat Pipe

The magnetic field effect on oscillating motion and heat transfer in an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) containing magnetic nanofluid was investigated experimentally. The nanofluid consisted of distilled water and dysprosium (III) oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 98 nm. A magnetic field was applied to the evaporating section of the OHP by using a permanent magnet. The heat pipes charged with magnetic nanofluids at mass ratios of 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.01% were tested. In addition, the effects of orientation and input power ranging from 50 W to 250 W on the heat transport capability of the heat pipe were investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the magnetic field can affect the oscillating motions and enhance the heat transfer performance of the magnetic nanofluid OHP. The magnetic nanoparticles in a magnetic field can reduce the startup power of oscillating motion and enhance the heat transfer performance.

Paramagnetic dysprosium oxide nanoparticles and dysprosium hydroxide nanorods as T2 MRI contrast agents

We report here paramagnetic dysprosium nanomaterial-based T2 MRI contrast agents. A large r2 and a negligible r1 is an ideal condition for T2 MR imaging. At this condition, protons are strongly and nearly exclusively induced for T2 MR imaging. The dysprosium nanomaterials fairly satisfy this because they are found to possess a decent r2 but a negligible r1 arising from L + S state 4f-electrons in Dy(III) ion (6H15/2). Their r2 will also further increase with increasing applied field because of unsaturated magnetization at room temperature. Therefore, MR imaging and various physical properties of the synthesized d-glucuronic acid coated ultrasmall dysprosium oxide nanoparticles (davg = 3.2 nm) and dysprosium hydroxide nanorods (20 × 300 nm) are investigated. These include hydrodynamic diameters, magnetic properties, MR relaxivities, cytotoxicities, and 3 tesla in vivo T2 MR images. Here, MR imaging properties of dysprosium hydroxide nanorods have not been reported so far. These two samples show r2s of 65.04 and 181.57 s−1mM−1, respectively, with negligible r1s at 1.5 tesla and at room temperature, no in vitro cytotoxicity up to 100 μM Dy, and clear negative contrast enhancements in 3 tesla in vivo T2 MR images of a mouse liver, which will be even more improved at higher MR fields. Therefore, d-glucuronic acid coated ultrasmall dysprosium oxide nanoparticles with renal excretion can be a potential candidate as a sensitive T2 MRI contrast agent at MR field greater than 3 tesla.

Sonochemical synthesis of Dy 2(CO 3) 3 nanoparticles and their conversion to Dy 2O 3 and Dy(OH) 3: Effects of synthesis parameters

Dysprosium carbonates nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of Dy(CH 3COO) 3·6H 2O and sodium hydroxide by a sonochemical method. Dysprosium oxide nanoparticles with average size about 12 nm were prepared from calcination of Dy 2(CO 3) 3· xH 2O nanoparticles. Dy(OH) 3 nanoparticles were synthesized by facial hydrothermal processing from Dy 2O 3 nanoparticles. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and photoluminescence (PL). The PL result showed one broad emission band centered at 390 nm ( λ ex = 300 nm) of the pure Dy 2O 3 nanoparticles. The role of surfactant, calcination temperature and sonication time were investigated on the morphology and particle size of the products.

?Longitudinal Water Proton Relaxivities of Ultra Small 3d and 4f Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

We report the longitudinal water proton relaxivities (r1) of several 3d and 3f transition metal oxide nanoparticles. These include ultrasmall iron oxide, manganese oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, and dysprosium oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 nm in diameter. Ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticles with metal ions of high and pure S-state electron magnetic moments showed high r1 relaxivities. The measured relaxivities indicate that ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with a high r1 relaxivity of 12.6 mM −1s−1 may be suitable for use as a sensitive T1 MRI contrast agent.

Sonochemical synthesis of Dy 2(CO 3) 3 nanoparticles, Dy(OH) 3 nanotubes and their conversion to Dy 2O 3 nanoparticles

Dysprosium carbonates nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of dysprosium acetate and NaHCO 3 by a sonochemical method. Dysprosium oxide nanoparticles with average size about 17 nm were prepared from calcination of Dy 2(CO 3) 3·1.7H 2O nanoparticles. Dy(OH) 3 nanotubes were synthesized by sonication of Dy(OAC) 3·6H 2O and N 2H 4. The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Photoluminescence measurement shows that the nanoparticles have two emission peaks around 17,540 cm −1 and 20,700 cm −1, which should come from the electron transition from 4F 9 / 2 → 6H 15 / 2 levels and 4F 9 / 2 → 6H 13 / 2 levels, respectively. The effect of calcination temperature and sonication time was investigated on the morphology and particle size of the products. The sizes could be controlled by the feeding rate of the precipitating agent (NaHCO 3 and N 2H 4) and slower feeding rate lead to smaller nanoparticles.