Dyon Condensation Research Articles

Phenomenological theory of Superconductivity in the frameworks of QCD and RCD

Carrying out the study of phenomenological theory of superconductivity at microscopic level in the framework of QCD and restricted chromodynamics, we have investigated the topology of dyons in magnetic gauge space and showed that RCD vavuum containing plasma of dyons and anti-dyons behave like a chromomagnetic superconductor within which the chromomagnetic gluons propagate in the non-perturbative vacuum. Study of the superconductivity, dual superconductivity and color superconductivity have shown to automatically incorporate the condensation of monopoles or dyons ultimately leading to superconducting confining phases of the QCD vacuum.

Phenomenological theory of Superconductivity in the frameworks of QCD and RCD

Carrying out the study of phenomenological theory of superconductivity at microscopic level in the framework of QCD and restricted chromodynamics, we have investigated the topology of dyons in magnetic gauge space and showed that RCD vavuum containing plasma of dyons and anti-dyons behave like a chromomagnetic superconductor within which the chromomagnetic gluons propagate in the non-perturbative vacuum. Study of the superconductivity, dual superconductivity and color superconductivity have shown to automatically incorporate the condensation of monopoles or dyons ultimately leading to superconducting confining phases of the QCD vacuum.

Constructing symmetric topological phases of bosons in three dimensions via fermionic projective construction and dyon condensation

Recently, there is a considerable study on gapped symmetric phases of bosons that do not break any symmetry. Even without symmetry breaking, the bosons can still be in many exotic new states of matter, such as symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases, which are short-range entangled and symmetry-enriched topological (SET) phases, which are long-range entangled. It is well known that noninteracting fermionic topological insulators are SPT states protected by time-reversal symmetry and U(1) fermion number conservation symmetry. In this paper, we construct three-dimensional exotic phases of bosons with time-reversal symmetry and boson number conservation U(1) symmetry by means of fermionic projective construction. We first construct an algebraic bosonic insulator, which is a symmetric bosonic state with an emergent U(1) gapless gauge field. We then obtain many gapped bosonic states that do not break the time-reversal symmetry and boson number conservation via proper dyon condensations. We identify the constructed states by calculating the allowed electric and magnetic charges of their excitations, as well as the statistics and the symmetric transformation properties of those excitations. This allows us to show that our constructed states can be trivial SPT states (i.e., trivial Mott insulators of bosons with symmetry), nontrivial SPT states (i.e., bosonic topological insulators), and SET states (i.e., fractional bosonic topological insulators). In nontrivial SPT states, the elementary monopole (carrying zero electric charge but unit magnetic charge) and elementary dyon (carrying both unit electric charge and unit magnetic charge) are fermionic and bosonic, respectively. In SET states, intrinsic excitations may carry fractional charge.

Dyon condensation in topological Mott insulators

We consider quantum phase transitions out of topological Mott insulators in which the ground state of the fractionalized excitations (fermionic spinons) is topologically non-trivial. The spinons in topological Mott insulators are coupled to an emergent compact U(1) gauge field with a so-called ‘axion’ term. We study the confinement transitions from the topological Mott insulator to broken symmetry phases, which may occur via the condensation of dyons. Dyons carry both ‘electric’ and ‘magnetic’ charges, and arise naturally in this system because the monopoles of the emergent U(1) gauge theory acquire gauge charge due to the axion term. It is shown that the dyon condensate, in general, induces simultaneous current and bond orders. To demonstrate this, we study the confined phase of the topological Mott insulator on the cubic lattice. When the magnetic transition is driven by dyon condensation, we identify the bond order as valence bond solid order and the current order as scalar spin chirality order. Hence, the confined phase of the topological Mott insulator is an exotic phase where the scalar spin chirality and the valence bond order coexist and appear via a single transition. We discuss the implications of our results for generic models of topological Mott insulators.

Confronting Seiberg’s duality withrduality inN=1supersymmetric QCD

Systematizing our results on r duality obtained previously we focus on comparing r duality with the generalized Seiberg duality in the r vacua of N=2 and N=1 super-Yang-Mills theories with the U(N) gauge group and N_f matter flavors (N_f>N). The number of condensed (s)quarks r is assumed to be in the interval 2N_f/3 < r \le N. To pass to N=1 we introduce an N=2-breaking deformation, a mass term \mu for the adjoint matter, eventually decoupling the adjoint matter in the limit of large \mu. If one starts from a large value of the parameter \xi\sim\mu m, where the original theory is at weak coupling, and decreases \xi one hits a a crossover transition from weak to strong coupling (here m is a typical value of the quark masses). Below this transition the original theory is described in terms of a weakly coupled infrared-free r dual theory with the U(N_f-r) gauge group and N_f light quark-like dyon flavors. Dyon condensation leads to confinement of monopoles, defying a naive expectation of quark confinement. The quarks and gauge bosons of the original theory are in an "instead-of-confinement" phase. The r and Seiberg dualities are demonstrated to coincide in the r=N vacua. In the (2/3) N_f <r<N vacua two dualities do not match. In this window Seiberg's dual is at strong coupling while our r-dual model is at weak coupling. Thus, we can speak of triality. Seiberg's dual solution at weak coupling reappears again at r<N_f-N< (1/3) N_f$.

Seiberg-Witten and “Polyakov-like” magnetic bion confinements are continuously connected

We study four-dimensional $ \mathcal{N} = 2 $ supersymmetricpure-gauge (Seiberg-Witten) theory and its $ \mathcal{N} = 1 $ mass perturbation by using compactification on $ {\mathbb{S}^1} \times {\mathbb{R}^3} $ . It is well known that on $ {\mathbb{R}^4} $ (or at large $ {\mathbb{S}^1} $ size L) the perturbed theory realizes confinement through monopole or dyon condensation. At small $ {\mathbb{S}^1} $ , we demonstrate that confinement is induced by a generalization of Polyakov’s three-dimensional instanton mechanism to a locally four-dimensionaltheory — the magneticbion mechanism — which also applies to a large class of nonsupersymmetric theories. Using a large-vs. small-L Poisson duality, we show that the two mechanisms of confinement, previously thought to be distinct, are in fact continuously connected.

Superconductivity in Supersymmetric Theories

The study of superconductivity has been undertaken through the breaking of supersymmetric gauge theories which automatically incorporate the condensation of monopoles and dyons leading to confining and superconducting phases. Constructing the effective Lagrangian near a singularity in moduli space for N=2 supersymmetric theory with SU(2) gauge group, it has been shown that when a mass term is added to this Lagrangian, the N=2 Supersymmetry is reduced to N=1 supersymmetry yielding the dyonic condensation which leads to confinement and superconductivity as the consequence of generalized Meissner effect. In the Coulomb phase of N=2 SU(3) Yang–Mills theory the gauge symmetry has been broken down to SU(2)×U(l) and it has been shown that on perturbing it by suitable tree-level superpotential this supersymmetry theory breaks to N=1 SU(2) Yang-Mills theory described by Higgs field in confining phase incorporating superconductivity.

Color Superconductivity in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories

The studies of superconductivity, dual superconductivity and color superconductivity have been undertaken through the breaking of supersymmetric gauge theories which automatically incorporate the condensation of monopoles and dyons leading to confining and superconducting phases. Constructing the total effective Lagrangian of N=2 SU(2) gauge theory with N f =2 quark multiplets and quark chemical potential at classical and quantum levels, it has been demonstrated that baryon number symmetry is spontaneously broken as a consequence of the SU(2) strong gauge dynamics and the color superconductivity dynamically takes space at the non-SUSY vacuum.

Superconductivity in Supersymmetric Theory in Restricted Chromodynamics

The study of superconductivity, dual superconductivity and color superconductivity has been undertaken through the breaking of super symmetric gauge theory in restricted chromo dynamics (RCD) which automatically incorporates the condensation of monopoles and dyons leading to confining and superconducting phases. Dyonic supermultiplets in N=1 super symmetry have been obtained quantum mechanically in RCD and it has been shown that dyon appears in RCD theory only through restricted part of the generalized potential and it is only this part of this potential which is responsible for quark confinement and the resulting superconductivity through the mechanism of dyonic condensation.

Dyon Condensation and Dual Superconductivity in Abelian Higgs Model of QCD

Constructing the effective action for dyonic field in Abelian projection of QCD, it has been demonstrated that any charge (electrical or magnetic) of dyon screens its own direct potential to which it minimally couples and antiscreens the dual potential leading to dual superconductivity in accordance with generalized Meissner effect. Taking the Abelian projection of QCD, an Abelian Higgs model, incorporating dual superconductivity and confinement, has been constructed and its representation has been obtained in terms of average of Wilson loop.

Domain walls in supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories

We study BPS-saturated domain walls in the supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theory. For a theory with a very light adjoint scalar (mass m ≲ Λ/400) we use the perturbed N = 2 Seiberg-Witten theory to calculate the actual field configuration of the domain wall. The wall has a sandwich-like five-layer structure of three distinct phases—electric confinement, Coulomb and oblique confinement—separated by two separate transition regions. For larger scalar masses, the three-phase structure disappears and the Seiberg-Witten theory becomes inadequate because of two major problems: First, the higher-derivative interactions between the light fields become relevant and second, both the magnetic monopole condensate and the dyon condensate show up in the same region of space, a phenomenon indescribable in terms of a local field theory. Nevertheless, we argue that the BPS-saturated domain wall continues to exist in this regime and give a qualitative description of the scalar and gaugino condensates. Finally, we discuss the domain walls in MQCD and translate the BPS conditions into coupled non-linear differential equations.

More on Softly Broken N = 2 QCD

We extend previous work on the soft breaking of N = 2 supersymmetric QCD. We present the formalism for the breaking due to a dilaton spurion for a general gauge group and obtain the exact effective potential. We obtain some general features of the vacuum structure in the pure SU (N) Yang–Mills theory and we also derive a general mass formula for this class of theories, in particular we present explicit results for the mass spectrum in the SU(2) case. Finally we analyze the vacuum structure of the SU(2) theory with one massless hypermultiplet. This theory presents dyon condensation and a first order phase transition in the supersymmetry breaking parameter driven by nonmutually local BPS states. This could be a hint of Argyres–Douglas-like phases in nonsupersymmetric gauge theories.

DualN = 2 SUSY Breaking

We discuss spontaneous supersymmetry breaking in $N=2$ globally supersymmetric theories describing abelian vector multiplets. The most general form of the action admits, in addition to the usual Fayet-Iliopoulos term, a magnetic Fayet-Iliopoulos term for the auxiliary components of dual vector multiplets. In a generic case, this leads to a spontaneous breakdown of one of the two supersymmetries. In some cases however, dyon condensation restores $N=2$ SUSY vacuum. This talk is based on the work done in collaboration with H. Partouche \cite{apt}.