Dynamo System Research Articles

New Experimental System and Procedure for On-Line Insulation Life Testing of Stator Winding of Automotive Traction PMSM Without Using Dynamo System

New Experimental System and Procedure for On-Line Insulation Life Testing of Stator Winding of Automotive Traction PMSM Without Using Dynamo System

POWERING THE EV WITH DYNAMOS

The dynamo, traditionally used in bicycles to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, can be adapted for use in EVs to supplement battery power. As the vehicle moves, the dynamo harnesses kinetic energy, converting it into electricity to recharge the EV's battery. This regenerative braking mechanism not only extends the vehicle's range but also reduces reliance on charging stations, enhancing the EV's practicality and autonomy. The integration of a dynamo system introduces a sustainable element by utilizing kinetic energy that would otherwise be dissipated as heat during braking. By capturing and converting this energy, EVs equipped with dynamos can operate more efficiently, reducing overall energy consumption and carbon emissions. This abstract explores the technical feasibility, potential benefits, and challenges associated with implementing a dynamo system in EVs. Considerations such as optimal placement, efficiency optimization, and compatibility with existing battery and electrical systems are discussed. Additionally, the economic viability and environmental impact of widespread adoption of dynamo-equipped EVs are evaluated. The integrating dynamos into EVs presents a promising avenue to address range anxiety and charging infrastructure limitations, while also promoting sustainability and energy efficiency in the transportation sector. Further research and development are warranted to optimize the design and implementation of this innovative solution for powering electric vehicles.

Boundary analysis and energy feedback control of fractional-order extended Malkus–Robbins dynamo system

In this paper, the fractional-order extended Malkus-Robbins dynamo system (FOEMRD) is introduced. Additionally, the stability, complexity diagrams, Lyapunov dimension, Lyapunov exponents, and bifurcation diagrams of the system are studied. Also, we estimate the global Mittag-Leffler positive invariant sets and global Mittag-Leffler attractive sets of the proposed system. In addition, the Hamilton energy function of the FOEMRD system is computed by the Helmholtz theorem. Next, we design an energy feedback controller to control the chaos. Due to the relationship of Hamilton energy with the occurrence of chaos, the energy control method is very efficient and powerful. The applicability of the presented theories was proven with numerical simulations and related diagrams.

Current Sensor-Free Output-Feedback Voltage Control for DC/DC Converters via Critical Damping Injection Technique for Converter-Fed Servo System Applications

This study proposes an observer-based multi-loop output-feedback system that regulates the output DC-link voltage of DC/DC converters to the desired value to lower the system model dependence level. There are a few features: (a) the outer loop injecting the nonlinear active damping to ensure the critically damped output voltage response, (b) a model-independent output voltage derivative observer facilitates the inner loop and eliminates the need for complex matrix calculations for tuning the estimation performance, and (c) the use of a pole-zero cancellation acceleration error stabilizer for the inner loop helps maintain the targeted closed-loop performance. The experimental study adopts a 420 W brushless DC motor dynamo system as the load for the prototype 600 W bi-directional converter controlled using the proposed solution.

Analysis of the Experimental Test Results of Laboratory-Scale HTS DC Motor for High-Torque Electric Propulsion

A laboratory-scale direct current (DC) rotating machine with a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets was conceptually designed to obtain 500 W output power under a liquid nitrogen cooling method to verify the operation characteristics of the HTS DC motor. The experimental test results of the HTS motor for high-torque electric propulsion are analyzed and presented in this paper. The two HTS magnets were fabricated and assembled using a dynamo system to demonstrate the operation. The excitation current for the two HTS magnets connected in series was kept within 0–40 A using the DC power supplier. The rotational speed of the motor could be kept at 100–600 rpm, and the torque was measured during real-time operation. These test results can be used to design a large HTS DC rotating machine for an electric propulsion system.

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF THE POWERFUL TONGA VOLCANO EXPLOSION IN THE EARTH – ATMOSPHERE – IONOSPHERE – MAGNETOSPHERE SYSTEM ON JANUARY 15, 2022

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF THE POWERFUL TONGA VOLCANO EXPLOSION IN THE EARTH – ATMOSPHERE – IONOSPHERE – MAGNETOSPHERE SYSTEM ON JANUARY 15, 2022

Исключение интегрального члена в уравнениях одной эредитарной системы, связанной с задачей гидромагнитного динамо

В работе изучается двумерная система интегро-дифференциальных уравнений, которая является простейшей эредитарной моделью двумодового гидромагнитного динамо. Учет пространственной и временной нелокальности взаимодействий в динамо-системах сейчас активно исследуется. В маломодовых приближениях уравнений динамо можно рассматривать только временную нелокальность, т.е. эредитарность (память). Память в исследуемой системе реализована в виде обратной связи, распределенной по всем прошлым состояниям системы. Обратная связь представлена с помощью интегрального члена типа свертки от квадратичной комбинации фазовых переменных с ядром достаточно общего вида. Этот член моделирует подавление турбулентного генератора поля (α-эффекта) квадратичной формой от фазовых переменных. В реальных динамо-системах такое подавление обеспечивается силой Лоренца. Основной результат работы – доказательство возможности исключения интегрального члена для одного класса ядер. Такие ядра являются решениями однородного линейного дифференциального уравнения с постоянными коэффициентами. Доказано, что исследуемую интегро-дифференциальную систему можно заменить дифференциальной системой большей размерности с подходящими начальными условиями на дополнительные фазовые переменные. Если ядро является решением уравнения n-го порядка, то размерность системы может достигать 3n−2 и зависит от начальных условий, которым удовлетворяет ядро. В работе используются классические методы теории дифференциальных уравнений. Приводятся примеры динамических систем, возникающих при некоторых ядрах в результате исключения интегрального члена. Результаты работы можно использовать для верификации вычислительных алгоритмов и программных кодов, разработанных для решения интегро-дифференциальных уравнений.We study a two-dimensional system of integro-differential equations, which is the simplest hereditary model of a two-mode hydromagnetic dynamo. Accounting for the spatial and temporal nonlocality of interactions in dynamo systems is currently being actively studied. In the low-mode approximations of the dynamo equations, one can consider only temporal nonlocality, i.e. heredity (memory). Memory in the system under study is implemented in the form of feedback distributed over all past states of the system. The feedback is represented by a convolution-type integral term of a quadratic combination of phase variables with a fairly general kernel. This term models the quenching of the turbulent field generator (α-effect) by a quadratic form in phase variables. In real dynamo systems, such quenchingn is provided by the Lorentz force. The main result of the work is a proof of the possibility of eliminating the integral term for one class of kernels. Such kernels are solutions of a homogeneous linear differential equation with constant coefficients. It is proved that the studed integro-differential system can be replaced by a higher-dimensional differential system with suitable initial conditions for additional phase variables. If the kernel is a solution to an n-order equation, then the dimension of the system can reach 3n−2 and depends on the initial conditions that the kernel satisfies. The work uses classical methods of the theory of differential equations. Examples are given of dynamical systems that arise for some kernels as a result of the elimination of the integral term. The results of the work can be used to verify computational algorithms and program codes developed for solving integro-differential equations.

A planetary resonant effect in Parker stellar dynamo

The effect of periodic pumping on dynamo generation in the simplest Parker model is studied in this work. Pumping is understood in the sense that the periodic parameters oscillations in the dynamo system leads to a change in the rate of the exponential growth of the mean magnetic field. And since the Parker model simultaneously describes its time oscillations as the field grows, this phenomenon is very similar to parametric resonance in the classical model of a harmonic oscillator. With the help of asymptotic analysis and numerical simulation, we demonstrate both pump regions similar to parametric resonance, as well as different amplification regions at high driving force frequencies, and suppression regions at low frequencies, find the gain maximum and investigate the behavior of the critical pump frequency separating the regions of generation and suppression.

Model-Free Observer for Speed and Acceleration Estimations for Speed Servo System Applications

This brief presents a speed and acceleration estimation mechanism combining a Luenberger-type observer and a nonlinear second-order disturbance observer (DOB) using servo system angle measurements without system parameters and load information. The resultant observer has the following two contributions: (a) the inclusion of a system parameter information-free nonlinear DOB as a subsystem to ensure improved robustness and (b) the capability of performance assignment by tuning the scalar design factor without involving any matrix calculation processes. An experimental study validates the practical advantage of the proposed solution using a prototype 500 W dynamo system as a speed servo system.

서보 시스템 응용을 위한 능동형 영-극점 상쇄 속도 추종 기술

This study presents a novel speed-tracking controller by considering not only model-plant mismatches but also load variations. The proposed solution has a simple conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller structure, including a specially structured feedback gain with respect to active damping and cut-off frequency, invoking an order reduction to 1 despite inclusion of the additional integral action. A prototype 400 W brushless DC motor dynamo system was constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution compared with the conventional PI controller equipped with a well-tuned feedback gain.

능동댐핑 영-극점 상쇄 BLDC모터 속도 제어기를 위한 경사 하강법 기반 자동 동조 알고리즘 설계

This paper presents an auto-tuning mechanism for major design factors adopted for the active damping pole-zero cancellation Brushless DC Motor (BLDCM) speed controller. The proposed auto-tuner is designed to seek the minimum point of the steepest gradient method-based controlled error’s cost function. Moreover, the proposed solution employs the compensation term (σ-modification) to assign the stable pole to the auto-tuner dynamics. The prototype dynamo system, which includes the 500W BLDCM as the test motor, verifies the effectiveness of the closed-loop system driven by the proposed auto-tuner.

Jacobi stability analysis and impulsive control of a 5D self-exciting homopolar disc dynamo

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In this paper, we make a thorough inquiry about the Jacobi stability of 5D self-exciting homopolar disc dynamo system on the basis of differential geometric methods namely Kosambi-Cartan-Chern theory. The Jacobi stability of the equilibria under specific parameter values are discussed through the characteristic value of the matrix of second KCC invariants. Periodic orbit is proved to be Jacobi unstable. Then we make use of the deviation vector to analyze the trajectories behaviors in the neighborhood of the equilibria. Instability exponent is applicable for predicting the onset of chaos quantitatively. In addition, we also consider impulsive control problem and suppress hidden attractor effectively in the 5D self-exciting homopolar disc dynamo.</p>

Synchronization of hyperchaotic dynamical systems with different dimensions

The combination synchronization (CS) and combination-combination synchronization (CCS) for chaotic and hyperchaotic dynamical systems with the same dimensions are introduced and studied in the literature. In this paper, we introduce the definition of CS and CCS for those systems with different dimensions. We state two schemes to achieve these kinds of synchronization based on the active control technique. Two theorems are stated and proved to provide us with analytical expressions for the control functions. We state four hyperchaotic dynamical systems with different dimensions which are used as examples to achieve CS and CCS. These examples are hyperchaotic detuned laser, Lorenz, van der Pol and dynamos systems. These systems appeared in many important applications in applied science, e.g., a ring laser system of two-level atoms, vacuum tube circuit and two coupled dynamos system. The validity of the analytical control functions are tested numerically and good agreement is found between them. The numerical solutions of ODE systems are calculated by using the method of Runge-Kutta of order 4. Other systems can be similarly studied.

Rikitake dynamo system, its circuit simulation and chaotic synchronization via quasi-sliding mode control

Rikitake dynamo system (1958) is a famous two-disk dynamo model that is capable of executing nonlinear chaotic oscillations similar to the chaotic oscillations as revealed by palaeomagnetic study. First, we detail the Rikitake dynamo system, its signal plots and important dynamic properties. Then a circuit design using Multisim is carried out for the Rikitake dynamo system. New synchronous quasi-sliding mode control (QSMC) for Rikitake chaotic system is studied in this paper. Furthermore, the selection on switching surface and the existence of QSMC scheme is also designed in this paper. The efficiency of the QSMC scheme is illustrated with MATLAB plots.

Adaptive observer based-robust synchronization of switched fractional Rikitake systems with input nonlinearity

This paper mainly focuses on the robust synchronization of switched fractional-order improved Rikitake two-disk dynamo system which is a more general topology of the original Rikitake system. In particular, we first explore and design a simplified model very close to a real geophysical process which is described by an orbiting point, primarily using concepts from dynamical system theory. Dynamical properties, including symmetry, dissipation, stability of equilibria, Lyapunov exponents, and bifurcation, are analyzed on the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Secondly, some less stringent conditions for adaptive control are derived when the system is subjected to external disturbances, parametric uncertainties and nonlinear input. The convergence of the state space trajectories with the overall robust asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is obtained using the Lyapunov theory. To highlight our contribution, an illustrative example is presented to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed synchronization scheme. This proposal derives a systematic procedure for the design and control of a wide range of electromechanical systems. The results obtained in this work have not yet been reported in the literature to the best of the authors’ knowledge and thus deserve dissemination.

English

We give some deformations of the Rikitake two-disk dynamo system. Particularly, we consider an integrable deformation of an integrable version of the Rikitake system. The deformed system is a three-dimensional Hamilton-Poisson system. We present two Lie-Poisson structures and also symplectic realizations. Furthermore, we give a prequantization result of one of the Poisson manifold. We study the stability of the equilibrium states and we prove the existence of periodic orbits. We analyze some properties of the energy-Casimir mapping $${\cal E}{\cal C}$$ associated to our system. In many cases the dynamical behavior of such systems is related with some geometric properties of the image of the energy-Casimir mapping. These connections were observed in the cases when the image of EC is a convex proper subset of ℝ2. In order to point out new connections, we choose deformation functions such that $${\mathop{\rm Im}\nolimits} \left({{\cal E}{\cal C}} \right) = {\mathbb{R}^2}$$ . Using the images of the equilibrium states through the energy-Casimir mapping we give parametric equations of some special orbits, namely heteroclinic orbits, split-heteroclinic orbits, and split-homoclinic orbits. Finally, we implement the mid-point rule to perform some numerical integrations of the considered system.

A comparative study of the dynamics of a three-disk dynamo system with and without time delay

The disk dynamo plays an important role in studying the geodynamo and much research works have been devoted to the understanding of dynamo dynamics. This paper further investigates an extended disk dynamo system having three coupled conducting disks and incorporates the interaction-induced time delay in the dynamic governing equations. By carrying out a comparative analysis, the dynamic behaviors of the coupled three-disk dynamo system with and without time delay are studied to explore novel and complex nonlinear dynamic phenomena in the coupled delayed dynamo system. It is found that the double Hopf bifurcations can be induced in the time-delayed dynamo system. Three different topological structures of the unfolding are obtained under different time delays. Accordingly, it is shown that the novel dynamic behaviors, including quasi-periodic torus, three-dimensional torus and the coexistence of multiple attractors, can appear in the time-delayed dynamo system. Furthermore, by performing the continuation analysis on the periodic orbit generated from the Hopf bifurcation of equilibrium, some new coexistence patterns, e.g., the coexistence of periodic orbits and chaos, the coexistence of quasi-periodic orbits and chaos, are observed in the dynamo system with time delay. Based on the obtained results, it is believed that the inclusion of time delay in the modelling of the three-disk dynamo system is necessary and meaningful for developing an in-depth understanding of dynamo dynamics. Finally, the results of theoretical analyses are verified by the numerical simulations.

A 5-D Multi-Stable Hyperchaotic Two-Disk Dynamo System With No Equilibrium Point: Circuit Design, FPGA Realization and Applications to TRNGs and Image Encryption

In this work, we devise a new 5-D hyperchaotic dynamo system by adding two feedback controllers to the Rikitake 2-disk dynamo system (1958). We show that the new 5-D hyperchaotic system does not possess any equilibrium point and deduce that the new 5-D system has a hidden hyperchaotic attractor. Using Multisim, we develop an electronic circuit design of the new 5-D hyperchaotic dynamo system for practical applications. We also exhibit the implementation of the new 5-D hyperchaotic dynamo system by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which requires adders, subtractors and multipliers. The hardware resources are given for the application of three numerical methods, all of them providing results in good agreement with MATLAB simulations. As an application, we devise a dual core high speed hybrid true random number generator (TRNG) using Ring and Heun algorithm based on the new 5-D hyperchaotic oscillator on FPGA. Based on the hyperchaotic features of the proposed 5-D hyperchaotic dynamo system, we suggest a new encryption approach for colour images. Simulation outcomes of the presented encryption approach confirm that our chaotic system has good cryptographic properties and its usability in different cryptographic purposes.

A New 4-D Multi-Stable Hyperchaotic System With No Balance Point: Bifurcation Analysis, Circuit Simulation, FPGA Realization and Image Cryptosystem

In this work, we describe the model of a new 4-D hyperchaotic system with no balance point and deduce that the new hyperchaotic system has a hidden attractor. We present a detailed bifurcation analysis for the new hyperchaotic dynamo system with respect to the system parameters and also exhibit that the new hyperchaotic system displays multistability with coexisting attractors. Using NI Multisim 14.0, we design an electronic circuit for the implementation of the new 4-D hyperchaotic system and present the circuit simulation results. We also show the implementation of the new 4-D hyperchaotic system by using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The hardware resources are reduced by designing single-constant multipliers, adders, subtractors and multipliers. The FPGA design is done for three numerical methods, namely: Forward-Euler, Backward-Euler and fourth-order Runge-Kutta. We demonstrate that experimental chaotic attractors are in good agreement with theoretical simulations. To verify the ability of the presented hyperchaotic system for designing robust cryptosystems, we suggest a novel image cryptosystem using the proposed hyperchaotic system. Simulation outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the proposed image cryptosystem, and consequently, the effectiveness of the proposed 4-D hyperchaotic system in designing diverse cryptographic purposes.

Torque Control Based Speed Synchronization for Two-Speed Gear Electric Vehicle

Two-speed gears are used to secure a wide torque-speed range while improving the power efficiency. In electric vehicles (EVs), a simple sleeve mechanism is preferred for gear shifting. This is because, during the speed synchronization process, the propulsion motor can adjust its speed for the new gear ratio. For such a purpose, speed controllers are commonly used. Since the torque control is the normal control mode in the vehicle, the control mode should be switched temporarily to the speed control for gear shift and turned back to the torque control mode. It is very onerous, and requires some setting time for each mode change. In this work, a synchronization method is established in the torque control mode. Furthermore, a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is utilized to estimate the vehicle parameters, based on which the vehicle speed variation is predicted during the shifting process. This method works satisfactorily on uphill, downhill, rough or smooth asphalt roads without changing the control mode. Experiments were performed on a wheel dynamo system, along with extensive simulation studies.