Gas Transport Dynamics Research Articles

Modeling the Impact of Animal Size on the Effectiveness of Peritoneal Oxygenation

This paper develops a scalable model of the dynamics of gas exchange during peritoneal oxygenation, motivated by the potential of such oxygenation to provide life support for patients with severe respiratory failure. The literature presents peritoneal oxygenation experiments for both large and small animals, including adult swine, rabbits, rats, and piglets. Results of these experiments suggest a potential discrepancy, with the benefits of peritoneal oxygenation possibly being stronger for smaller animals. We hypothesize that this size dependence is at least partially attributable to the effect of animal size on the ratio of peritoneal diffusion surface area to animal volume. The paper develops a scalable multi-compartment model of gas transport dynamics during peritoneal oxygenation. Simulating this model provides important insights regarding the potential impact of animal size on the viability of peritoneal oxygenation.

Crown Nanopores in Graphene for CO2 Capture and Filtration

With growing concerns about global warming, it has become urgent and critical to capture carbon from various emission sources (such as power plants) and even directly from air. Recent advances in materials research permit the design of various efficient approaches for capturing CO2 with high selectivity over other gases. Here, we show that crown nanopores (resembling crown ethers) embedded in graphene can efficaciously allow CO2 to pass and block other flue gas components (such as N2 and O2). We carried out extensive density functional theory-based calculations as well as classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the energetics and dynamics of gas transport through crown nanopores. Our results highlight that the designed crown nanopores in graphene possess not only an excellent selectivity for CO2 separation/capture but also fast transport (flow) rates, which are ideal for the treatment of flue gas in power plants.

Mass transfer between microbubbles

HypothesisThe role of interfacial coatings in gas transport dynamics in foam coarsening is often difficult to quantify. The complexity of foam coarsening measurements or gas transport measurements between bubbles requires assumptions about the liquid thin film thickness profile in order to explore the effects of interfacial coatings on gas transport. It should be possible to independently quantify the effects from changes in film thickness and interfacial permeability by using both atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy to obtain time snapshots of this dynamic process. Further, it is expected that the surfactant and polymer interfacial coatings will affect the mass transfer differently. ExperimentsWe measure the mass transfer between the same nitrogen microbubbles pairs in an aqueous solution using two methods simultaneously. First, we quantify the bubble volume changes with time via microscopy and second, we use Atomic Force Microscopy to measure the film thickness and mass transfer resistances using a model for the gas transport. FindingsModelling of the interface deformation, surface forces and mass transfer across the thin film agrees with independent measurements of changes in bubble size. We demonstrate that an anionic surfactant does not provide a barrier to mass transfer, but does enhance mass transfer above the critical micelle concentration. In contrast, a polymer monolayer at the interface does restrict mass transfer.

Assessment of Pulmonary Gas Transport in Rabbits Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Many forms of lung disease manifest themselves as pathological changes in the transport of gas to the circulatory system, yet the difficulty of imaging this process remains a central obstacle to the comprehensive diagnosis of lung disorders. Using hyperpolarized xenon-129 as a surrogate marker for oxygen, we derived the temporal dynamics of gas transport from the ratio of two lung images obtained with different timing parameters. Additionally, by monitoring changes in the total hyperpolarized xenon signal intensity in the left side of the heart induced by depletion of xenon signal in the alveolar airspaces of interest, we quantified the contributions of selected lung volumes to the total pulmonary gas transport. In a rabbit model, we found that it takes at least 200 ms for xenon gas to enter the lung tissue and travel the distance from the airspaces to the heart. Additionally, our method shows that both lungs contribute fairly equally to the gas transport in healthy rabbits, but that this ratio changes in a rabbit model of acid aspiration. These results suggest that hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI may improve our ability to measure pulmonary gas transport and detect associated pathological changes.

A time fractional convection–diffusion equation to model gas transport through heterogeneous soil and gas reservoirs

Fractional-derivative models have been developed recently to interpret various hydrologic dynamics, such as dissolved contaminant transport in groundwater. However, they have not been applied to quantify other fluid dynamics, such as gas transport through complex geological media. This study reviewed previous gas transport experiments conducted in laboratory columns and real-world oil–gas reservoirs and found that gas dynamics exhibit typical sub-diffusive behavior characterized by heavy late-time tailing in the gas breakthrough curves (BTCs), which cannot be effectively captured by classical transport models. Numerical tests and field applications of the time fractional convection–diffusion equation (fCDE) have shown that the fCDE model can capture the observed gas BTCs including their apparent positive skewness. Sensitivity analysis further revealed that the three parameters used in the fCDE model, including the time index, the convection velocity, and the diffusion coefficient, play different roles in interpreting the delayed gas transport dynamics. In addition, the model comparison and analysis showed that the time fCDE model is efficient in application. Therefore, the time fractional-derivative models can be conveniently extended to quantify gas transport through natural geological media such as complex oil–gas reservoirs.

Estimation and modeling of coal pore accessibility using small angle neutron scattering

Gas diffusion in coal is controlled by nano-structure of the pores. The interconnectivity of pores not only determines the dynamics of gas transport in the coal matrix but also influences the mechanical strength. In this study, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was employed to quantify pore accessibility for two coal samples, one of sub-bituminous rank and the other of anthracite rank. A theoretical pore accessibility model was proposed based on scattering intensities under both vacuum and zero average contrast (ZAC) conditions. The results show that scattering intensity decreases with increasing gas pressure using deuterated methane (CD4) at low Q values for both coals. Pores smaller than 40nm in radius are less accessible for anthracite than sub-bituminous coal. On the contrary, when the pore radius is larger than 40nm, the pore accessibility of anthracite becomes larger than that of sub-bituminous coal. Only 20% of pores are accessible to CD4 for anthracite and 37% for sub-bituminous coal, where the pore radius is 16nm. For these two coals, pore accessibility and pore radius follows a power-law relationship.

Analysis of nonlinear model of gas dynamics in a vertical reactor for gas phase epitaxy

In this paper, we consider a vertical reactor for gas phase epitaxy. Based on the recently obtained results of Pankratov and Bulaeva [2013, Univ. J. Mater. Sci.1, 180–200], we analyzed the dynamics of gas transport in the reactor with account nonlinearity of dynamics and rotation of keeper of substrate with the substrate. Based on the analysis, we formulated recommendation to optimize regime of rotation to increase homogeneity of properties of epitaxial layer.

Degassing behaviour of vesiculated basaltic magmas: an example from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu Arc

Ambrym is one of the most actively erupting basaltic volcanoes in the Vanuatu island arc. Scoria clasts collected from a fallout deposit in the inner terrace of its Benbow active crater were analyzed through series of synchrotron X-ray computed microtomographic experiments, as well as permeability measurements and simulations. Our goal was to reconstruct and visualize scoria textures in 3D and to quantify vesicularity, permeability, vesicle sizes and distributions in order to understand how gas moves in and out of Ambrym basaltic magma. We find that vesicle size distributions in the volume range between ~103 and 1010μm3 define two scoria classes. Vesicle size distributions in the low-to-moderately (0.44–0.67) vesicular samples can be fit by power laws with an exponent of 1±0.2; distributions in the highly vesicular (0.86–0.88) samples can be fit by power laws with a higher exponent (1.4 to 1.7), as well as by exponential fits. Highly vesicular samples exhibit a very pronounced large vesicle, consisting of networks of smaller, interconnected vesicles, that is more than three orders of magnitude larger in volume than all other vesicles in each distribution. This type of vesicle is not found in the low-to-moderately vesicular samples. In addition, vesicle number density negatively correlates with vesicularity: less vesicular samples have the highest number density and vice versa, and contain far more numerous small-to-medium-sized vesicles than highly vesicular samples. Measured and calculated viscous (Darcian) permeabilities overlap in the range 10−13 and 10−9m2, with higher values in the more vesicular samples. We ascribe these differences in the textural and physical properties of the scoria clasts to their derivation from distinct magma portions in the conduit that were driven by convective overturn and underwent different vesiculation histories and gas transport dynamics. Comparing basaltic scoria clasts from Ambrym to those from mild explosive activity at Stromboli volcano (Italy) reveals that differences in their vesicle size distributions may result from the influence of different crystal contents and shapes on the vesiculation and permeability of the respective magmas. Finally, we highlight how rheological properties have a fundamental role in determining the degassing behaviour of basaltic magma at Ambrym and other volcanoes in general.

Accounting for Exhaust Gas Transport Dynamics in Instantaneous Emission Models via Smooth Transition Regression

Collecting and analyzing high frequency emission measurements has become very usual during the past decade as significantly more information with respect to formation conditions can be collected than from regulated bag measurements. A challenging issue for researchers is the accurate time-alignment between tailpipe measurements and engine operating variables. An alignment procedure should take into account both the reaction time of the analyzers and the dynamics of gas transport in the exhaust and measurement systems. This paper discusses a statistical modeling framework that compensates for variable exhaust transport delay while relating tailpipe measurements with engine operating covariates. Specifically it is shown that some variants of the smooth transition regression model allow for transport delays that vary smoothly as functions of the exhaust flow rate. These functions are characterized by a pair of coefficients that can be estimated via a least-squares procedure. The proposed models can be adapted to encompass inherent nonlinearities that were implicit in previous instantaneous emissions modeling efforts. This article describes the methodology and presents an illustrative application which uses data collected from a diesel bus under real-world driving conditions.

Vesiculation in magmas from Stromboli and implications for normal Strombolian activity and paroxysmal explosions in basaltic systems

We performed a series of X‐ray tomographic experiments and lattice Boltzmann permeability simulations on pyroclastic products from explosive activity at Stromboli between December 2004 and May 2006. We reconstructed the 3‐D textures of vesicles to investigate the relationship between the nature of vesiculation in the erupted products and the dynamics of gas transport in the shallow conduit in order to derive implications for the eruptive behavior of basaltic volcanoes. Scoriae from normal Strombolian explosions display remarkably consistent vesicle volume distributions fit by power laws with an exponent of 1 (±0.2). We ascribe the origin of such distributions to the combined effect of coalescence and continuous nucleation events in the steady state, shallow magma system that supplies normal Strombolian activity. Volume distributions and textures of vesicles in pumice clasts from the 5 April 2003 and 15 March 2007 paroxysmal activity are markedly different from those in the scoriae. Besides a power law function with a higher exponent, portions of these distributions can be also fit by an exponential function, suggesting the attempt of the system to reach near‐equilibrium conditions. The investigated pumice clasts also lack the large, connecting vesicles responsible for the development of degassing pathways in the Stromboli magma that erupts the scoriae. This testifies to a decreased degassing efficiency of the magma associated with paroxysmal explosions and potential overpressure buildup at depth. By comparison with degassing experiments on basaltic melts, we derive a time constraint on the order of minutes to hours for the incubation of paroxysms at Stromboli.

Compensation of the Exhaust Gas Transport Dynamics for Accurate Instantaneous Emission Measurements

Instantaneous emission models of vehicles describe the amount of emitted pollutants as a function of the driving state of the car. Emission measurements of chassis dynamometer tests with high time resolution are necessary for the development of such models. However, the dynamics of gas transport in both the exhaust system of the car and the measurement line last significantly longer than 1 s. In a simplified approach, the transport dynamics can be divided into two parts: a perfect time delay, corresponding to a piston-like transport of the exhaust gas, and a dynamic part, corresponding to the mixing of gases by turbulence along the way. This determines the occurrence of emission peaks that are longer in time and lower in height at the analyzer than they actually are in the vehicle at their location of formation. It is shown here how the sharp emission signals at their location of formation can be reconstructed from the flattened emission signals recorded at the analyzer by using signal theory approaches. A comparison between the reconstructions quality when using the raw or the dilution analyzer system is also given.

Describing and compensating gas transport dynamics for accurate instantaneous emission measurement

Instantaneous emission measurements on chassis dynamometers and engine test benches are becoming increasingly usual for car-makers and for environmental emission factor measurement and calculation, since much more information about the formation conditions can be extracted than from the regulated bag measurements (integral values). The common exhaust gas analysers for the “regulated pollutants” (carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide) allow measurement at a rate of one to ten samples per second. This gives the impression of having after-the-catalyst emission information with that chronological precision. It has been shown in recent years, however, that beside the reaction time of the analysers, the dynamics of gas transport in both the exhaust system of the car and the measurement system last significantly longer than 1 s. This paper focuses on the compensation of all these dynamics convoluting the emission signals. Most analysers show linear and time-invariant reaction dynamics. Transport dynamics can basically be split into two phenomena: a pure time delay accounting for the transport of the gas downstream and a dynamic signal deformation since the gas is mixed by turbulence along the way. This causes emission peaks to occur which are smaller in height and longer in time at the sensors than they are after the catalyst. These dynamics can be modelled using differential equations. Both mixing dynamics and time delay are constant for modelling a raw gas analyser system, since the flow in that system is constant. In the exhaust system of the car, however, the parameters depend on the exhaust volume flow. For gasoline cars, the variation in overall transport time may be more than 6 s. It is shown in this paper how all these processes can be described by invertible mathematical models with the focus on the more complex case of the car's exhaust system. Inversion means that the sharp emission signal at the catalyst out location can be reconstructed from a flattened emission signal at the sensor. In this modelling, special focus is put on finding an easy parameterisation for different cars. The process of finding these compensators consists of first describing the process by differential equations of appropriate order and parameterising them, resulting in low pass systems. The following step of inverting these systems results automatically in high pass systems. These kinds of systems, however, amplify measurement noise, thus they need signal filters to smooth their output.

Measuring spatially resolved gas transport and adsorption in coal using MRI

The storage and transport of gases in coal is of tremendous importance in the utilisation of coalbeds, and in particular the recovery of methane. There is also increasing interest in the use of coal mines as sites for carbon dioxide sequestration to alleviate the potentially harmful effects of global warming. This paper demonstrates the use of magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of gas transport in coal. The presence of significant structural heterogeneities in the coal was observed. Dynamical effects displayed a broad range of time constants ranging from minutes to days.

Dynamics of gas transport in porous solids: the influence of non-isobaric transport and concentration

The dynamics of the binary transport of non-adsorbable gases ( hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, argon) through porous solids were studied by means of the dynamic version of the Wicke-Kallenbach diffusion cell. Six samples of α-alumina pellets were used which were prepared under different compressing pressures and calcination temperatures with pore structures resembling commercial catalysts/carriers. Responses to concentration pulses and step changes at one face of the cylindrical pellets were followed at the other face of the pellets. Two types of description were used for evaluation of the transport parameters of the porous structures from the experimental responses by time-domain fitting: a mean transport pore model ( MTPM ) and a homogeneous pore model with Bosanquet formula for effective diffusivity (HPM). MTPM takes into account the induced permeation now and the influence of the gas mixture composition whilst HPM neglects these effects. It was shown that the permeation contribution in the dynamic version of the Wicke-Kallenbach cell can be neglected. The influence of the gas mixture composition is negligible for the cases with pulse disturbances whilst for step changes such a simplification, inherent in HPM, is not permissible. For evaluation of transport parameters from pulse-response experiments the moment method can be used.

Mass spectrometric study of the dynamics of gas transport through human skin to the lungs.

ArticleMass spectrometric study of the dynamics of gas transport through human skin to the lungs.B Adamczyk, A J Boerboom, and J KistemakerB Adamczyk, A J Boerboom, and J KistemakerPublished Online:01 May 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.34.5.718MoreSectionsPDF (662 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByPossibilities for evaluating regional transcutaneous gas exchange in critical medicine. Message 124 June 2018 | Annals of Critical Care, No. 2Mass spectrometric investigation of the temperature dependence of gas transport through a human body to the lungsBiological Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 16, No. 1-12Mass-spectrometric determination of local gas transfer at the body surfaceBiomedical Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 1Permeability of the Skin1 January 2011 More from this issue > Volume 34Issue 5May 1973Pages 718-21 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.34.5.718PubMed4703750History Published online 1 May 1973 Published in print 1 May 1973 Metrics