Dynamics Of Biomass Accumulation Research Articles

Dynamics of biomass accumulation in the wheat callus under the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds

It is known that in vitro cell culture conditions can activate the synthesis of phenolic compounds and change the phenolic metabolism of the culture. This can be achieved by changing the components of the environment, lighting conditions, and adding precursor substances involved in the biosynthesis of certain phenolic compounds to the cultivation medium. However, there are very few studies on the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds on the processes associated with callus induction in in vitro wheat cultures. Therefore, we aimed to study the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds and their precursors on the induction of callusogenesis and proliferation processes. In order to study the effect of exogenous phenolic compounds on the processes of callusogenesis and proliferation in the callus culture of wheat, standard and 5 other variants of nutrient media were prepared. The maximum accumulation of biomass occurs in the 5th week of cultivation. Typically, at week 5, the callus culture transitioned to the stationary growth phase. In conclusion, the D -2,4 D + Ferulic acid + (PPhA) medium proved to be the best among the tested media options for studying the dynamics of callus biomass accumulation under the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds. Keywords: Phenolic compounds, precursors, biomass, proliferation, elicitor

Phyto-stimulating Effect of Paracetamol Biodestruction Product on Calendula Officinalis

Introduction. In recent years, there has been an increase in fundamental interest in the search for effective, including microbiological, methods for processing pharmaceutical waste to obtain new biologically active compounds on their basis. Our results showed that the product of bacterial degradation of paracetamol (BDP) exhibits pronounced stimulating properties in relation to medicinal plants of the families Plantaginaceae, Lamiaceae, Urticaceae, Linaceae and can be used as an inducer of the accumulation of biologically active substances in them.Aim. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of BDP on the dynamics of biomass accumulation and the content of flavonoids in the flowers of Calendula officinalis L., fam. Asteraceae in comparison with the control (water) and growth stimulator "Zircon".Materials and methods. BDP obtained on the basis of the Laboratory of Alkanotrophic Microorganisms Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganism UB RAS (Perm). Calendula officinalis flowers collected from plants treated with BDP and Zircon growth stimulator were used to study the dynamics of dry biomass accumulation and changes in the content of flavonoids by the spectrophotometric method. For a comparative analysis of the intensity of the increase in the biomass of flowers during the treatment of plants with these agents, as well as to predict the accumulation of flavonoids, kinetic modeling was used.Results and discussion. The total biomass harvest of calendula officinalis flowers when treated with BDP increased by 55 %, and when treated with the Zircon growth stimulator, by 24 % compared to the control. The content of flavonoids in flowers when treated with these agents increased by 101 and 40 %, respectively. The dates for the beginning of the collection of calendula officinalis flowers in the conditions of the Western Urals were determined: with the use of the Zircon growth stimulator – from July 20, BDP – from August 1, without treatment with growth stimulants – from August 14. Both stimulants increase the end date of the collection of raw materials by 10 days.Conclusion. The product of bacterial degradation of paracetamol has a pronounced stimulating effect on calendula officinalis, significantly increasing the biomass of flowers and the content of flavonoids in them compared to the control (water) and growth stimulator "Zircon". With the use of kinetic modeling, the values of the parameters of the growth rate of the biomass of plant raw materials during the treatment of plants with these agents were established, a forecast was made for the accumulation of flavonoids, and the timing of the collection of calendula officinalis flowers in the conditions of the Western Urals was substantiated.

The effect of a new protective-stimulating complex on the growth and development of spring wheat of the Ester variety under environmental stress

In the research, the influence of protective-stimulating complexes on the growth and development of spring wheat plants of the Ester variety when grown in various water supply conditions was studied. The effect of protective-stimulating complexes of various compositions on the dynamics of biomass accumulation and assimilation surface of spring wheat plants under conditions of optimal water supply, drought and short-term waterlogging was studied. The negative effect of stressful conditions on wheat plants has been shown. A sharp change in the processes of accumulation of plant mass and photosynthetic surface of wheat plants was revealed. Under the conditions of exposure to waterlogging in the control variant, three stages of plant development can be noted: the accumulation of biomass before the onset of the stressor, positive dynamics during the stressor period and negative dynamics during the repair period. The use of protective and stimulating complexes of various compositions had a positive effect on the growth and development of wheat plants during the growing season. In the variants with the use of protective and stimulating complex (PSC) 1 and protective and stimulating complex 2, the following main stages can be noted: during the period of the stressor, there was a decrease in the area of the assimilation surface in the amount of about 20% of the initial state, however, during the repair period, the plants regained their original size and continued to grow, increasing the surface area by 50% and 70%, respectively. As a result, the increase in the area of the assimilation surface in plants of the variant with the use of protective and stimulating complex 1 was 40%, and in plants of the variant with the use of protective and stimulating complex 2 was 65%.

Comparison of Nonlinear Models for Dry Matter Yield of Brachiaria Hybrid cv Cayman in Drought Season by Bootstrapping

The dynamics of biomass accumulation at different seasons of the year is of vital importance in the production of a forage species. In this study nonlinear models (logistic and gompertz) to describe growth dynamics of plants based on dry matter yield of Brachiaria hybrid Cayman at different interval between cuts in drought season were used. Results for logistic and gompertz model showed an excellent fit to the data set of accumulated dry matter with a R2 close to 1.0. In the dry season the best fitted model to estimate the cumulative dry matter yield was gompertz model. It is possible suggest logistic model use in drought conditions. The empirical distribution of the estimated intrinsic growth rate (K) was symmetric and leptokurtic for the logistic and gompertz model in the intervals (-0.0141; 0.2071 Kg MS ha-1) and -0.00086; 0.724986 Kg MS ha-1), respectively and the empirical distribution of the asymptotic accumulated dry matter yield (B) was asymmetric for the logistic and gompertz models in the intervals (4373; 16980 Kg MS ha-1) and (9840; 26654 Kg MS ha-1), respectively. The empirical distribution of these two parameters reflects the fact that the accumulated dry matter production of this grass is strongly related to the distribution of rainfall, especially in the tropical dry forest. The nitrogen fertilization, interval between cuts, intrinsic growth rate of B. hybrid Cayman as well as other factors affect this species development determine dry matter yield sustainability.

RELATION OF NITROGEN UPTAKE AND YIELD OF TOTAL ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION DYNAMICS ON BARLEY DEVELOPMENT STAGES, SOWING RATES AND FERTILIZER

RELATION OF NITROGEN UPTAKE AND YIELD OF TOTAL ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ACCUMULATION DYNAMICS ON BARLEY DEVELOPMENT STAGES, SOWING RATES AND FERTILIZER

Accumulation of cannabidiol during the ontogenesis of industrial hemp

Purpose. To find out the specifics of cannabidiol and other cannabinoid compounds accumulation during the ontogenesis of industrial monoecious hemp (i); to determine the optimal phenological stage of harvesting for the purpose of obtaining cannabidiol for pharmaceutical purposes (ii); to find out the prospects of using hemp for the needs of pharmaceutical industry (iii).Methods. Field, labo­ratory (thin-layer chromatography), statistics (correlation and regression analysis).Results. The results of three-year research on the dynamics of biomass accumulation in the ontogenesis of hemp plants of the ‘Hliana’, ‘USO 31’ and ‘Zolotoniski 15’ varieties are presented. The manifestation of the content of cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol is given not in terms of their maximum content (using the analysis of apical parts of plants or female flo­wers) but using a weighted average sample of the vegetative mass from all live leaves and inflorescences.Conclusions. The presence and intensity of certain cannabinoid compound accumulation are the hereditary signs. A small number of cannabinoids in hemp can be identified already at early stages of development, in particular at the 1–3 true leaf pairs stage. On the basis of theoretical calculations and in accordance with the described research methodology, it was found that the optimal period for harvesting biomass of pharmaceutical hemp with subsequent release of cannabidiol is the period from full flowering to the stage of biological maturity. Certain families of the ‘Hliana’ variety involved into selection for increasing cannabidiol content can produce about 5.808 g/m2 of the active substance. The families of variety ‘USO 31’ can produce 1.528 g/m2 and the ‘Zolotoniski 15’ 1.563 g/m2 of the active substance. Inflorescences of hemp contain much more cannabinoid compounds compared to leaves; however, taken into account their shares in the total biomass of plants, it can be argued that inflorescences and leaves are equally suitable for use as a source of cannabidiol. The use of industrial hemp in the pharmaceutical industry is promising but on the assumption of the target breeding

Study of lactose–fermenting yeasts kluyveromyces lactis for whey and apple pectin mixture fermentation

This study was carried out by using whey and apple pectin in the fiber mixture as a fermentative medium in order to evaluate the biochemical activity of lactose–fermenting of some Kluyveromyces lactis strains during fermentation. The fermentation medium contained whey and apple pectin in the fiber in the ratio 9:1. Ten lactose–fermenting Kluyveromyces lactis strains coded 42 K, 95, 300, 304,317, 318, 325, 469, 868–K and 2452 were investigated. During cultivation in aerobic conditions the biomass yield was the highest by yeast cultivation in whey and apple pectin in the fiber mixture with Kluyveromyces lactis 868–K strain (71.3˟10 6 CFU/ml). Maximum biomass accumulation of Kluyveromyces lactis 868–K strain was achieved on the 30 h of cultivation at a temperature of 30±2° С. But the addition of apple pectin in the fiber into whey caused lactose–fermenting yeast growth inhibition (in exponential multiplication phase 1.59 % less biomass accumulation compared with the sample without apple pectin in the fiber). During the alcoholic fermentation, the dynamics of CO 2 accumulation is positively correlated with the dynamics of biomass accumulation. Maximum CO 2 content and ethanol content were observed after 30 h of fermentation at an optimal temperature of 32° С. The best contents of higher alcohols, aldehydes and esters were obtained in whey and APF fermented beverage by using Kluyveromyces lactis 868–K strain which consists of low contents of n–propane (1.84 mg/l), isobutane (29.30 mg/l), acetaldehyde (27 mg/l), and high contents of 2–methyl–1–butanol (73.52 mg/l), 3–methyl–1–butanol (211.11 mg/l), methylacetate (10.61 mg/l) and ethylacetate (85.11 mg/l).

Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of Jerusalem Artichoke (<i>Helianthus tuberosus</i> L.)

The dynamics of biomass accumulation during the growing period, the yield of leafy stalks and tubers, and the nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of the yield were investigated for two Jerusalem artichoke varieties (Tápiói Korai and Tápiói Sima) in a field experiment involving mineral fertilisation. Considerable differences were observed between the dynamics of leafy stalk and tuber development in Tápiói Korai which has a short vegetation period and Tápiói Sima where the vegetation period is long. The maximum dry matter ratio between the tuber yield and the leafy stalk yield was 1:1 for Tápiói Korai and 1:4.5 for Tápiói Sima. During the period when the maximum aboveground biomass developed in Tápiói Korai, 100 kg.ha-1 N and P fertiliser resulted in the highest leafy stalk yield (38.34 t.ha-1), while for Tápiói Sima, which developed a much greater leafy stalk mass, the highest aboveground biomass yield (78-80 t.ha-1) was given in response to 200 kg.ha-1 N supplemented by P and K fertiliser. Both artichoke varieties produced the great-est tuber yield at a N rate of 200 kg.ha-1, supplemented with P and K fertiliser. The nutrient concentration in the leafy stalks was highest on the 85th day of the vegetation period, prior to intensive dry matter accumulation in the leafy stalks and before tuber formation began. In both varieties the maximum nutrient uptake was recorded on the 155th day. Great differences were observed between the varieties in terms of specific nutrient uptake. For a tuber yield of 10 t, together with the corresponding leafy stalk yield, the specific nutrient uptake of the Tápiói Korai variety amounted to 48 kg N, 10 kg P, 83 kg K, 30 kg Ca and 10 kg Mg, while for Tápiói Sima these figures were 162 kg N, 30 kg P, 300 kg K, 84 kg Ca and 45 kg Mg.

Assessing the micro-phytoplankton response to nitrate in Comau Fjord (42°S) in Patagonia (Chile), using a microcosms approach

Anthropogenic (aquaculture) changes in environment nutrient concentrations may affect phytoplankton (biomass and taxa composition) in marine coastal waters off the Chilean Patagonia. The effects of adding nitrate (NO₃(-)) to natural phytoplankton assemblages were evaluated considering biomass, cell abundance, and taxonomic composition. Microcosm experiments were performed in the spring, summer, and winter in the Comau Fjord located in Subantarctic Patagonia. At the end of the experiments, NO₃(-) decreased rapidly and was undetectable in treatments, indicating a strong NO₃(-) deficiency associated with an exponential increase in Chl-a concentrations, particulate organic nitrogen, and carbon in these treatments. Moreover, given the depleted nitrate concentrations of the spring and summer experiments, the micro-phytoplankton taxa structure shifted from mixed diatom and dinoflagellate assemblages (Ceratium spp., Dinophysis spp., Coscinodiscus sp., Rhizosolenia pungens) to assemblages dominated by blooms of the classic chain-forming diatoms found in temperate and cold waters such as Chaetoceros spp., Skeletonema spp., and Thalassiosira spp. Thus, nitrogen sources (i.e., nitrate, ammonia) may influence phytoplankton abundance and biomass accumulation dynamics in the northern section of Patagonia. It also emphasizes the importance of diatom taxa in regards to the short-term response of phytoplankton to changing environmental nutrient conditions due to natural (decreasing freshwater stream flow) and anthropogenic (aquaculture) events. This situation may be one of the future scenarios in the Patagonian fjords, thus stressing the needs for active environmental monitoring and impact assessment.

Effect of flow velocity, substrate concentration and hydraulic cleaning on biofouling of reverse osmosis feed channels

A two-dimensional mathematical model coupling fluid dynamics, salt and substrate transport and biofilm development in time was used to investigate the effects of cross-flow velocity and substrate availability on biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO)/nanofiltration (NF) feed channels. Simulations performed in channels with or without spacer filaments describe how higher liquid velocities lead to less overall biomass amount in the channel by increasing the shear stress. In all studied cases at constant feed flow rate, biomass accumulation in the channel reached a steady state. Replicate simulation runs prove that the stochastic biomass attachment model does not affect the stationary biomass level achieved and has only a slight influence on the dynamics of biomass accumulation. Biofilm removal strategies based on velocity variations are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that sudden velocity increase could lead to biomass sloughing, followed however by biomass re-growth when returning to initial operating conditions. Simulations show particularities of substrate availability in membrane devices used for water treatment, e.g., the accumulation of rejected substrates at the membrane surface due to concentration polarization. Interestingly, with an increased biofilm thickness, the overall substrate consumption rate dominates over accumulation due to substrate concentration polarization, eventually leading to decreased substrate concentrations in the biofilm compared to bulk liquid.

Scots pine as a model plant for studying the mechanisms of conifers adaptation to heavy metal action: 1. Effects of continuous zinc presence on morphometric and physiological characteristics of developing pine seedlings

Effects of zinc (50–150 μM ZnSO4) on seed germinability, morphometric and physiological characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings during first 6 weeks of their development were studied. Scots pine turned out to be rather sensitive to elevated zinc concentrations. This was manifested in reduced seed germinability, root system growth retardation and suppression of its development (primarily, reduction in the size of the zone of secondary root formation, their number, and total length), a disturbance in the dynamics of biomass accumulation by various organs, primarily true needles, and also the content of main photosynthetic pigments. A specificity of zinc accumulation in seedling organs was established; it depended on the degree of root system development. A competition between cotyledons and needles for essential elements was observed. It was concluded that Scots pine high sensitivity to relatively low zinc concentrations (50–150 μM) makes it a more convenient model than currently used model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana L., Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., Brassica napus L., and others) for studying physiological and molecular mechanisms of conifers adaptation to heavy metals and also for predictions of possible ecological consequences of environment pollution with zinc for tree phytocenoses.

Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on leaf lifespan and allocation of above-ground growth in Eucalyptus plantations

Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) leaf traits and tree growth were studied over 3 years after the establishment of two adjacent complete randomized block designs in southern Brazil. In a nitrogen (N) input experiment, a treatment with the application of 120 kg N ha(-1) was compared to a control treatment without N addition, and in a potassium (K) input experiment a control treatment without K addition was compared to a treatment with the application of 116 kg K ha(-1). Young leaves were tagged 9 months after planting to estimate the effect of N and K fertilizations on leaf lifespan. Leaf mass, specific leaf area and nutrient concentrations were measured on a composite sample per plot every 28 days until the last tagged leaf fell. Successive inventories, destructive sampling of trees and leaf litter fall collection made it possible to assess the effect of N and K fertilization on the dynamics of biomass accumulation in above-ground tree components. Whilst the effects of N fertilization on tree growth only occurred in the first 24 months after planting, K fertilization increased the above-ground net primary production from 4478 to 8737 g m(-2) over the first 36 months after planting. The average lifespan of tagged leaves was not modified by N addition but it increased from 111 to 149 days with K fertilization. The peak of leaf production occurred in the second year after planting (about 800 g m(-2) year(-1)) and was not significantly modified (P < 0.05) by N and K fertilizations. By contrast, K addition significantly increased the maximum leaf standing biomass from 292 to 528 g m(-2), mainly as a consequence of the increase in leaf lifespan. Potassium fertilization increased the stand biomass mainly through the enhancement in leaf area index (LAI) since growth efficiency (defined as the ratio between woody biomass production and LAI) was not significantly modified. A better understanding of the physiological processes governing the leaf lifespan is necessary to improve process-based models currently used in Eucalyptus plantations.

Dynamics analyses of nutrients consumption and flavonoids accumulation in cell suspension culture of Glycyrrhiza inflata

The dynamics of biomass accumulation, production of flavonoids and consumption of carbon, nitrogen and phosphate were investigated in Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal cell suspensions cultivated in flasks. Biomass accumulation exhibited a "S"-shape curve in each culture cycle, with the greatest values obtained on day 21 (16.4 and 232.4 g dm-3 of dry and fresh mass, respectively). Similarly, flavonoids production also got to a peak of 95.7 mg dm-3 on day 21. Sucrose was decomposed to reducing sugars which were almost used up on day 22. Nitrate and phosphate in the medium were almost exhausted on day 18 and 10, respectively, while ammonium still maintained at concentration 100 mg dm-3 when the cells were harvested. Consequently, the proportion of ammonium to nitrate in the medium should be optimized for higher flavonoid production.

Use of 3-PG and 3-PGS to simulate forest growth dynamics of Australian tropical rainforests: I. Parameterisation and calibration for old-growth, regenerating and plantation forests

Accurate information concerning regional to ecosystem-scale carbon dynamics within tropical rainforests is important because of the increasing certainty that the global climate will change significantly within the next century. Tropical forests of north Queensland, Australia, are highly sensitive to climate change and substantial shifts in the distribution of these forests are likely to occur with minor variations in climate. The focus of this research was the development of a model-based system for assessing forest growth and biomass accumulation dynamics within Australia's tropical rainforest bioregion and predicting the impacts of climate change on these dynamics. This paper presents the parameterisation and calibration of (a) the 3-PG (Physiological Principles Predicting Growth) model to a selection of restored rainforest and commercial timber plantations and (b) a modified version 3-PGS which uses satellite data, enabling the spatial assessment of mature tropical rainforest growth and production throughout the wet tropics bioregion. Statistically significant relationships were observed between 3-PG and 3-PGS modelled and field measured estimates of stand structural attributes including, basal area (BA), diameter at breast height (DBH) and above-ground biomass (AGB) throughout the bioregion. 3-PG and 3-PGS modelled leaf area index (LAI) and net primary production (NPP) related well to published estimates at other similar rainforest sites. These results indicate that the simple, process-based models are effective at capturing the growth dynamics of structurally complex old-growth, restoration and plantation rainforests.