Dynamics Of Bacterial Contamination Research Articles

Prevalence and dynamics of clinically significant bacterial contaminants in herbal medicines sold in East Africa from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundInfectious diseases remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity around the world, and those caused by bacteria are common in the East African region. In this region, trade and consumption of herbal medicine has been expanding in the recent decades. Herbal medicines may be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria; however, there is limited information due to fragmented studies in East Africa. In this meta-analysis, we critically analyzed original research related to the incidence of pathogenic bacterial contaminants of HM in the East African region since 2000. The aim was to create a comprehensive understanding of the extent and dynamics of bacterial contamination in HM, to guide future research and concerted public health protection in the region.MethodologyThe study was conducted according to the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. We searched and evaluated published articles from eleven electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, HerbMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scifinder Scholar, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical s, EMBASE, Biological s and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau s). Prevalences of different bacterial species, Cochran’s Q test, and the I2 statistic for heterogeneity were evaluated using a software called MedCalcs. Random and fixed effects models were used to determine the pooled prevalence of clinically significant bacteria from studies which were included in this meta-analysis. The potential sources of heterogeneity were examined through sensitivity analysis, sub-group analysis, and meta-regression at 95% level of significance.ResultsFourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the studies were highly heterogeneous (I2 = 98.48%) and there was no evidence of publication bias. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent contaminant. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were the most frequently reported primary pathogens with pooled prevalence of 10.4% and 6.3%, respectively. Our findings are in tandem with recent systematic reviews conducted in Europe and Asia, but are in discrepancy with the reviews recently conducted in southern Africa.Conclusion and recommendationsThe East African herbal medicine industry poses considerable health risks to communities through dissemination of clinically significant bacteria. Presence of enteric bacterial contaminants indicates possible fecal pollution of herbal medicine region-wide. Adequate research pertaining to microbial safety of herbal medicine in the East African countries remains highly desired. The latter will enable establishment of strong, region-wide herbal safety mechanisms in order to support comprehensive public health protection in East Africa.

Disinfection of premises in the presence of calves

The paper presents the results of studies on effectiveness of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains for the disinfection of livestock buildings in the presence of animals. The dynamics of bacterial contamination of livestock buildings was studied using the preparation with an equal combination of B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 bacteria strains. The work was carried out in the winter at a livestock complex in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For experiments, two experimental and two control sections were organized with six newborn calves in each. The preparation for disinfection was applied by the method of mist spraying. The quality of disinfection was determined after 15 days by the quantity of mesophyll aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAM), bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, staphylococci and microscopic fungi left after washing the fl oor surface in accordance with the approved recommendations. Sanitation of section cells with a preparation containing 1.0 × 109 CFU / cm3 with a fl ow rate of 400 ml / m2 at a temperature of –2 °C to 10 °C inhibited the accumulation of opportunistic microorganisms, including mold and toxigenic fungi. It was noted that QMAFAM decreased by 73.5 times, the number of Escherichia – by 88 times, staphylococci – by 68, fungi of the genus Mucor – by 40 times, Aspergillus fl avus – up to 1.7 × 104 CFU / cm3 in the experimental sections compared to the control. This method of sanitation does not affect the humidity of the livestock building, does not irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, and helps to normalize intestinal microbiocenosis. The use of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains contributes to the prevention of diseases and the preservation of livestock. The method of disinfection in the presence of animals at low positive temperatures in livestock buildings was granted a patent of the Russian Federation for inventions.

Dynamics of microbial contamination in a poultry hatchery

The hatcheries may become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria which could spread in the hatchery through the air. That is why the implementation of an effective cleaning and disinfection program and the maintenance of good hygiene are extremely important for the normal course of production and for reducing the spread of infectious agents. In this study, data on the degree and dynamics of bacterial contamination in a poultry hatchery are presented. In the incubation sector, bacterial contamination on the surfaces was found to be low-level ranging from 0.25 to 4.43x101 CFU/ cm2 but in the air it was strongly influenced by the hatching. In the hatchery sector, bacterial contamination on the surface and in the air was high, with the highest values found on the egg shells (1.77x106 CFU/cm2), on the floor (3.2x104 CFU/cm2) and in the air (1.77x105 CFU/cm3) of hatcher cabinets during hatching. The results obtained show that the most important source of microbial contamination in the hatchery is the hatchery sector, especially during hatching, when highly contaminated materials as fluff, shells and dried secretions are released. In case of poor organization of working process, the bacteria could spread by air and contaminate the other sectors of the hatchery. The study confirms the importance of a different approach in the development of preventive measures, depending on the degree of risk in different zones in the hatchery, which is the basis for the effective management practice aimed at decreasing microbiological hazards in hatcheries.

Occurrence and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacteria Present in the Cervical Mucus of Cows in Late Puerperium and Postpuerperal Period

VIl!ek, Z., Svobodova, RMena: Occurrence and Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacteria Present in the Cervical Mucus of Cows in Late Puerperium and Post puerperal Period. Acta vet. Brno, 54, 1985: 91-97. In this study 282 Czech Pied cows were investigated to determine the species representation and relative numbers of bacteria contaminating the cervical mucus during late postpartum and at the beginning of a new reproductive cycle. The occurrence of bacteria was relatively rare and their numbers showed· a decline in the period under study. A higher number of bacteria in the cervical mucus was found in late postpartum in cows not yet cycling. With restoration of the repro­ ductive cycle, however, the occurrence and numbers of bacteria decreased. Of the identified bacteria saprophytic and facultatively pathogenic species predominated; rarely pathogenic species were isolated. Of the antibiotics tested in vitro the best inhibitory effects were obtained with chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. Reproductive organs, late postpartum period, bacterial contamination, insemination. Physiology of puerperium has recently been given much attention in connection with etiology, therapy and prevention of conditions complicating its course and subsequent fertility. In the present paper one important factor affecting the course of the postpartum period is considered, namely the bacterial microflora of the reproductive organs. This work is an extention of previous reports dealing with the dynamics of bacterial contamination of the uterus in cows in the early postpartum period (Vlcek 1969; Kudlac and Vlcek 1970; Filacek 1967; Kudlac et al. 1970); bacterial analysis of postpartum infections and intoxications; determination of the sensitivity to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from the reproductive organs of cows with and without complications during the postpartum period (VlCek 1962; Kubik and Grygar 1978); deter­ mination of stability of chlortetracycline introduced into the uterus; and the course of bacterial contamination of the uterus after the application of chlortetracycline (Vlcek and Valenta 1976; Vlcek and Nemecek 1976). De Bois (1961) found in two groups of cows that the uterine secretions of 40 and 58 % of animals were contaminated by polybacterial microflora on day 10 post partum, on day 20 bacteria were found in only 25 % of animals, on day 30 in 22 % of the cows. At first insemination, bacterial conta­ mination was found in 3 % of cows examined; at second insemination no bacteria were detected. Normal uterine secretions were collected from cows with no obvious postpartum complications. On day 10 postpartum the secretions contained bacteria in in 30 % of the cows, on day 20 in 19%, on day 30 in only 5 %. Lloyd et a1. (1968) cultured streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, corynebacteria, pseudomonads and several Escherichia species from samples obtained by uterine lavage or endometrial biopsy of 106 postpartum cows. They observed a progressive reduction in the bacterial flora with advancing uterine involution. Bacteria were found in the uterus of 93 % of cows during the first 14 days after parturition, but that percentage declined to 9 % between days 46-60 post partum. Buchholz et al. (1979) observed Corynebacterium pyogenes often in mixed culture with anaerobes during the pathological course of the postpartum period in cows. Boitor et a1. (1976) found a positive direct correlation between the declining number the uterine bacterial population and the degree of involution in cows with physiological course of the post­ partum period and between the lochial leukocyte count and uterine involution. Georgiev (1978)

The Dynamics of Bacterial Contamination of the Genital Organs in Sows During the Puerperium

Vlcek Z., R. Svobodova: The Dynamics of Bacterial Contamination of the Genital Organs in Sows During the Puerperium.Acta Vet. Brno, 49, 1980: 231-236. In 47 primiparous Large White sows, slaughtered at various times during the puerperium, the extent, degree and dynamics of bacterial contamination of the genital organs, was ascertained. The frequency of bacteria in the cranial parts of the sexual routes - the oviducts and the uterus - was markedly lower than in the caudal sections - the vagina and the vaginal vestibulum. The dynamics of bacterial contamination of the uterus showed a declining trend during the puerperium, and the number of bacteria was soon reduced and eliminated. Temporarily appearing saprophytic species were dominant in the microflora, as well as facultative pathogenic bacterial species, and sporadically there were isolated pathogenic species.