Dynamics Of Questions Research Articles

The Impact of Working Capital Management on Profitability of Small and Medium Enterprises: The Case of Wine-Producing Companies of Georgia

The present study is a critical analysis of Net Working Capital (NWC) management in a framework with the different categories of SMEs with respect to its impact on profitability, particularly on Net Profit and ROA. The research goes on to investigate how NWC influences the financial performance indicators in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), knowing that efficient management of working capital is the key to business sustainability and growth. The paper will show some nuanced insights into how working capital practices affect the bottom line and asset utilization efficiency ROA. By the comprehensive analytic approach, this research is meant to integrate methodologies previously applied both in Georgian and international contexts to outline a nuanced understanding of the dynamics in question. It will analyze NWC's ratio to total assets and the positive relationship with ROA, along with the relationship between NWC and Net Profit, thus presenting a complete picture of the financial health and operational efficiency of SMEs. The research is expected to bear deep insight into the management of working capital, indicating how strategic financial planning plays a crucial role in enhancing the profitability of the company and asset utilization. These tailor-made recommendations will be a guiding light for the SME stakeholders in their endeavor to optimize their working capital practices as part of their aspiration to bolster financial outcomes. Augmenting knowledge already in circulation, this study becomes an implementable roadmap to practical financial decision-making, especially in the context of the myriad of SME sectors. The modified abstract captures the adapted research focus, showing the significance of NWC management in driving profitability and efficient asset utilization across SMEs. It sets grounds for a thorough analysis of the role of working capital in providing health and efficiency within finances and operations, giving valuable information and guidelines for small and medium businesses in the sphere of planning and managing strategic financials.

Monitoring and control of the program comprehension teaching in a computer class environment

Introduction. The comprehension of computer programs is claimed to be a decisive faculty and even skill of any successful exercising professional duties of program engineers, for example, prototype analysis, decision making and discussion about algorithms and structures, development of detailed documentation, test development and test analysis. Exercising of the duties demands from the engineer a special competence to judge about a program behavior basing on the consideration of its source and sometimes digital codes, screenshots, execution protocols. The skill and opportunity to make trial runs can supplement but not replace the competence. Manifesting itself on particular programs it is not a presentation of an extensive and deep familiarity with the programs, but results from the experience with a lot of programs and is obscured by another competence, the competence of the developer. This paper is aimed to precise the interpretation of the notion “program comprehension”, to research the opportunities of a purposeful and enhanced teaching the program comprehension, to develop methods and tools for the assessment of the program comprehension teaching in the higher school. The aim is relevant because of current university curricula allot considerable lecture and laboratory time for teaching programming, including program comprehension. But this time is constantly not enough in view of a growing intensity of innovations in the area of the program engineering. The problem of a control over processes of the program comprehension fostering in a computer class is a key problem of achieving the aim having been set. Materials and methods. The research is based on the university syllabi, the author’s lecture notes, protocols of experimental and sample runs of the developed programs, Internet resources, such as site of the ACM and others. The following research methods were used: terminological analysis and elaboration of a vocabulary demanded in the research and discourse within the paper; modelling and simulation, including a theoretical conceptual model representation of the program comprehension, a computer program simulation of the monitoring and control over the comprehension progress; an UMLpresentation and a trial implementation of the proposed interface for the program comprehension monitoring and control. Research results. Redefinition of conceptual cognitive models of program comprehension is proposed. The program comprehension is postulated to be a state of the cognitive knowledge base that represents an actual affordance of giving correct answers to questions about an eventual program behavior. This model highlights a special kind of teaching to be called “didactic parsing” that is targeted to generate at the audience a comprehension of programs being parsed. Dynamics of question and answers during the didactic parsing is used for assessing the education success and, finally, for a control of the teaching tempo. A user interface for learning computer systems (counters, controls and policies) are proposed to assist in monitoring and control of the didactic parsing. Sample implementation of the interface is built in JL (Joint Lesson) computer system. A graph model and a corresponding simulation program are developed that capture relevant dynamic features of control over the didactic parsing and are applied for the further investigation and demonstration of general didactic parsing effects as well as an aid for planning and control of program comprehension teaching during particular lectures. Conclusion. The research results provide creation of an environment, methods and tools enabling to positively impact the processes of program comprehension attainment. In particular, they permit to control the program comprehension level at a particular audience, adjust style of teaching to be most applicable to it, refine time plans of lectures in the area of program engineering.

Once and future changes in climate and phenology within the Adirondack uplands (New York, USA)

Long-term monitoring of the spring and autumn phenology of five animal species, four plant species, phytoplankton communities, lake temperatures and ice cover on the Paul Smith’s College Phenology Trail in the uplands of the Adirondack State Park (NY, USA) has produced time series spanning 1990–2020 for the biological and water temperature records and 1909–2020 for lake ice. In conjunction with climate records from three nearby weather stations these observations demonstrate that the ice on Lower Saint Regis Lake now thaws one week earlier, on average, than it did in 1909 while the region as a whole warmed by 1.7°C and received 19 cm more precipitation annually. Statistically significant warming trends between 1990 and 2020 were restricted to July and September and therefore contributed to a scarcity of temporal shifts in the spring phenologies of species and lake ice during that shorter time frame, but the lake surface warmed by 1.9°C on average in October. Although most of the phenological records displayed no statistically significant directional change within the 1990–2020 time interval they revealed strong correlations between phenology and monthly air temperatures that are of predictive value. Together with projections from regionally down-scaled climate models these relationships suggest that the phenologies of the species and ice dynamics in question could shift by ca. 1–3 weeks by 2100 depending on the analytical approach used and the magnitude of fossil fuel emissions during this century. As Adirondack winters become shorter and milder before potentially losing snow and ice altogether over the longer term, the unique cultural ecology of the region’s human residents will face profound existential challenges along with the ecosystems and species around them.

Sociopsychological cost of AAE-to-SAE code-switching

Objective: This conceptual article outlines the sociopsychological cost that speakers of African American English (AAE) may incur when having to use the Standard dialect of American English (SAE) in academic and professional settings. Its goal is to detail the challenges to speakers’ self-concept resulting from this cost, to outline how clinical work may be affected by it, and to issue a call of action to qualitative researchers in the field of communication sciences and disorders. It will be argued that a symbolic interactionist account of identity, informed by qualitative research data, can guide clinicians into action regarding therapy and advocacy. Methods: A contrastive definition of code-switching versus code-mixing/code-meshing or translanguaging will be provided. Existing research, cultural artifacts, and personal accounts will be used to illustrate the sociopsychological cost of code-switching, and the ways in which it can have important impacts on individuals’ self-concept and their attitude toward learning. In order to conceptualize these dynamics in interactional terms, Mead’s model of the self will be deployed. Results: It can be expected that a sizable portion of African American children and adolescents incur sociopsychological cost when faced with the expectation to code-switch from AAE to SAE at school. This cost can be explained using a Meadian model of identity. Little research has explored this cost, the interactional dynamics in which it is incurred, or its impact on speech-language therapy. Summary and conclusion: Speech-language pathologists’ scope of practice includes therapeutic work with students who speak AAE, as well as advocacy for all students, disordered or not, who are faced with the cost of this particular type of code-switching. Qualitative research in the field of communication sciences and disorders is uniquely well suited to illuminate the precise form of the interactional dynamics in question, and to develop ways of addressing them in clinical and advocacy work. Such research should employ a symbolic interactionist model of identity that is not tied to psychological assumptions, but which can be derived entirely from empirical observations.

Reasoning about epistemic social network dynamics using dynamic term-modal logic

Abstract Logics for social networks have been studied in the recent literature. This paper presents a framework based on dynamic term-modal logic ($\textsf {DTML}$), a quantified variant of dynamic epistemic logic (DEL). In contrast with DEL where it is commonly known to whom agent names refer, $\textsf {DTML}$ can represent dynamics with uncertainty about agent identity. We exemplify dynamics where such uncertainty and de re/de dicto distinctions are key to social network epistemics. Technically, we show that $\textsf {DTML}$ semantics can represent a popular class of hybrid logic epistemic social network models. We also show that $\textsf {DTML}$ can encode previously discussed dynamics for which finding a complete logic was left open. As complete reduction axioms systems exist for $\textsf {DTML}$, this yields a complete system for the dynamics in question.

Inward Turns, Then and Now

Abstract The term involution has been used to characterize economic development and state formation in eighteenth- through twentieth-century China; more recently, it has seen unprecedented popularity in Chinese-language social media as a representation of the lived experience of individuals in the contemporary era. In each of these cases, the trope of involution implies a judgment on the productivity of labor and resources invested and is often tied to discourses of “Chinese uniqueness.” In Sinological circles as in social media, however, the dynamics that involution claims to represent are better explained through Malthusian approaches to the problem of population increase and Marxist understandings of the relationship between capital and labor: the dynamics in question are not unique to China but typical of broader movements in the world system. I argue nonetheless that the rhetoric of involution deserves closer investigation, and focus particular attention on involution's origins in the field of aesthetics and the rise of involutionary parallelism in the Ming-Qing examination essay. It is here that the dynamics of cultural capital that dominate in the Ming and Qing anticipate the effects of surveillance capital in the twenty-first century. When a so-called eight-legged essay folds back into its own prose both literally and figuratively, can we simply dismiss the complex interiority that results? Or does it speak as well to our contemporary anxieties about individual identity in the age of algorithms?

The dynamics of question / answer moves in ELF spoken discourse in cross-cultural migration domains

In this paper we will analyze question and answer moves in a corpus of approximately eight interviews taken from transcripts published on the site Storie migranti ( www.storiemigranti.org ). Our focus will be the different ways questions are employed and formulated to elicit ideational information (Halliday 2004) and also the way in which answers to these same questions are formulated. A major point of interest within cross- cultural migrant domains (Guido 2008) and in particular in the context of asylum seekers using ELF is how the delicate balance of the demands of questioner and answerer are negotiated and satisfied, or not, as the case may be. In addition to purely lingua-structural concerns, we also consider pragmatic considerations within the specific theoretical contexts of relevance (Sperber, Wilson 1986) and conversation implicatures (Grice 1975). With an in-depth analysis of individual cases, we will seek to identify the instances where answers satisfactorily provide the information elicited by the question in view of being able to describe successful strategies both from the perspective of questioner and answerer within the specific context of spoken interaction between ELF users in cross-cultural migration domains.

Using Event-Based Method to Estimate Cybersecurity Equilibrium

Estimating the global state of a networked system is an important problem in many application domains. The classical approach to tackling this problem is the periodic (observation) method, which is inefficient because it often observes states at a very high frequency. This inefficiency has motivated the idea of event-based method, which leverages the evolution dynamics in question and makes observations only when some rules are triggered (i.e., only when certain conditions hold). This paper initiates the investigation of using the event-based method to estimate the equilibrium in the new application domain of cybersecurity, where equilibrium is an important metric that has no closed-form solutions. More specifically, the paper presents an event-based method for estimating cybersecurity equilibrium in the preventive and reactive cyber defense dynamics, which has been proven globally convergent. The presented study proves that the estimated equilibrium from our trigger rule i) indeed converges to the equilibrium of the dynamics and ii) is Zeno-free, which assures the usefulness of the event-based method. Numerical examples show that the event-based method can reduce 98% of the observation cost incurred by the periodic method. In order to use the event-based method in practice, this paper investigates how to bridge the gap between i) the continuous state in the dynamics model, which is dubbed probability-state because it measures the probability that a node is in the secure or compromised state, and ii) the discrete state that is often encountered in practice, dubbed sample-state because it is sampled from some nodes. This bridge may be of independent value because probability-state models have been widely used to approximate exponentially-many discrete state systems.

Polarizability, Consensusability, and Neutralizability of Opinion Dynamics on Coopetitive Networks

Opinion dynamics on social networks with coopetitive (cooperative-competitive) interactions may result in polarity, consensus or neutrality under different opinion protocols. The antecedent of protocol design is to study the accessibility problem: whether or not there exist admissible control rules to polarize, consensus, or neutralize individual opinions in a large population. From an operational perspective, this technical note is aimed at the investigation of polarizability, consensusability, and neutralizability of opinion dynamics in question. Particular emphasis is on the joint impact of the dynamical properties of individuals and the interaction topology among them on polarizability, consensusability, and neutralizability, respectively. Sufficient and/or necessary conditions for those accessibility problems are provided by using powerful tools from spectral analysis and algebraic graph theory. To characterize the individual diversity in real life, we further investigate the solvability of opinion formation problems in heterogeneous systems with nonidentical dynamics. Accordingly, sufficient and/or necessary criteria for heterogeneous network polarizability, consensusability, and neutralizability are derived.

Populism and the yearning for closure: From economic to cultural fragility

Since the Brexit-vote and the election of a far-right businessman as President of the United States, the social sciences have been struggling to explain the societal conditions that nourish the increasing appeal of far-right parties and leaders in the Western world. The article’s main thesis is that the currently leading sociological paradigm, the theory of globalization losers, is not sufficient to understand the social dynamics in question. Starting from a discussion of the recent work of German sociologist Wilhelm Heitmeyer, it is argued that the best insight in far-right voter’s motivations and emotions can be found in the work of Margaret Canovan. The article shows further that a sociological investigation into the socio-psychological dynamics of the rise of the far-right should take into account broader cultural transformations that have been weakening the social world of Western democracies in the past 30 years, namely individualization, acceleration and demographic decline. In times of crisis (the ‘modernization’ of Eastern Europe and the financial crisis of 2007), these transformations become manifest as a general crisis of advanced capitalism.

Vernacular globalisations: neo-statist accountability policies in France and Quebec education

The article argues that there is no single globalisation of education systems, but rather multiple globalisations of each system taken in its individual context. We propose three explanatory factors to account for these vernacular globalisation processes, that is, for individual policy trajectories in each national context: path dependence on earlier policy choices and institutions, education policy-making through bricolage, and finally the translation by national actors of international-level ideas or tools as a function of the debate, institutions or national power dynamics in question. The research design is based on the study of a most-likely case: accountability policy in two school systems – France and Quebec – which show strong variations. Document analyses and semi-structured interviews were conducted in both cases. In the two countries, distinct vernacular globalisations are at work leading to different neo-statist accountability policies. In Quebec, the reinforcement of state power through a growing vertical accountability and the systematic development of regulation tools between policy actors and levels lead to a ‘centralisation by institutional linkage’. In France, we rather witness a ‘globalisation by discursive internalisation’ in which transnational imperatives are integrated in official discourses on the regulation of the education system, but without radically questioning the mainstays of this regulation.

Classroom Interaction: a Dynamics of Questions and Answers

The intention of the following study is to evidence some conversational issues during spontaneous interaction such as pre-allocation, adjacency pair, referential and display questions, confirmation check, discourse markers, preferred and dispreferredactions, and overlapping, by means of the interpretation and analysis of four extracts taken from a conversation of 45 minutes. The participants in the study were an English teacher and her eight graders from a private institution. Each extract was analyzed carefully taking into account the conversational analysis approach. The findings revealed that during the interaction between the teacher and the students and in the dynamic of questions and answers, it is more common to find that the teacher is the one in charge of starting the conversation and initiating the adjacency pairs.

A Novel Photon Model - Featuring an Internal Dynamics along with an Amplitude of the Oscillating Particle of Light

We construct a novel model for a single photon, bearing an internal dynamics. In our model, the photon, while travelling with a speed very close to c (the ultimate speed of light in empty space), is considered to oscillate, in its own frame, with its given frequency f . The envelope of the photon's instantaneous maximum amplitude, which we will call from here on straight amplitude , is assumed to travel with exactly c, which makes that the center of the photon ought to travel with a speed little less than c. It is interesting to add that, in the present approach, the higher the frequency of the photon at hand, the narrower is its amplitude of oscillation. It is further assumed that the photon has a rest mass which we call kernel , carrying the translational motion of it. This allows us to estimate the rest mass of the given photon, based on adopted initial conditions of the early universe, based on the recent Yarman and Kholmetskii model (resolving, amongst other things, the dark energy quest). One then comes out with the result that all observable photons (i.e. either high energy gamma rays or very low frequency radio waves), travel practically with the same speed, which is virtually c, the measured ultimate speed. A model regarding the internal dynamics in question is further o ered.

Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822: Corporeal Commodification and Administrative Systematization in Russia by Andrew Gentes, and: Voennye faktory russkoi kolonizatsii zapadnoi Sibiri, konets XVI–XVII vv by V. D. Puzanov, and: Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598–1725: Manipulation, Rebellion, and Expansion into Siberia by Christoph Witzenrath (review)

Andrew Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590-1822: Corporeal Commodification and Administrative Systematization in Russia. 256 pp. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. ISBN-13 978-0230536937. $89.00. V. D. Puzanov, Voennye faktory russkoi kolonizatsii zapadnoi Sibiri, konets XVIXVII vv. (Military Factors in the Russian Colonization of Western Siberia in the Late 16th and 17th Centuries). 431 pp. St. Petersburg: Aleteiia, 2010. ISBN-13 978-5914192683. Christoph Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598-1725: Manipulation, Rebellion, and Expansion into Siberia. 277 pp. New York: Routledge, 2007. ISBN-13 978-0415416214. $170.00. The inscription of Siberia onto the mental maps of empire makers and simple subjects alike has driven important contributions in Sibirevedenie, and the trend is by no means exhausted. (1) The studies under review here, in contrast, provide valuable boots on the ground perspectives on Siberia. While not insensitive to the question of perception, they explore the Russian state incorporated and administered this imperial space, whether through the building and manning of fortifications (Puzanov); the military--administrative functions executed by Cossacks (Witzenrath); and the mobilization of the exile system to meet labor and settlement needs (Gentes). As such, we might classify them as part of what Andreas Kappeler has called a second wave of imperiology, exploring the how of empire. (2) The three studies are also united by the fact that they are organized around categories of people: exiles in Gentes's case; military servitors in Puzanov's; and Cossacks for Witzenrath. While these studies are not squarely social history, they are substantially inflected with it. Largely as a result of the source base, state policy and institutions shape the narratives. This focus on people underscores a prominent aspect of the history of Siberia: the chronic, ubiquitous human resource challenges that administering Siberia posed. The Russian state constantly struggled against insufficient labor and competence, an inescapable fact that reverberates through each of these studies. Gentes shows that from Peter's reign onward, exiles were deliberately used to fulfill labor and then settlement imperatives. For Puzanov, labor supply greatly informed not only the dynamics of army dispatches along the fortification lines that he describes but also agricultural initiatives in Siberia. In Witzenrath's study, it was the state's considerable dependence upon Cossack labor that enabled this group to wield such leverage against central authority. Nor does the question of the driving force behind Russian conquest--an enduring staple of Siberian historiography--generate significant disagreement in these three interpretations. (3) The militarized and state-directed nature of Siberian expansion and the society there emerges as a compelling feature in all of these books. Puzanov, holding populist interpretations of Siberian history directly in his historiographical crosshairs, assigns the state a central role. Gentes's narrative emphasizes the state over individual initiative in Muscovy's initial advances into Siberia. Even Witzenrath, who argues that the state in Moscow was at the mercy of its servitors on the periphery, nonetheless explores dynamics in question within (even if not entirely coextensive with) an overarching state apparatus. Exile to Siberia, 1590-1822, the first volume in a promised trilogy, traces the institutional development of the exile system, reconstructs the Siberian experience of exile, and draws lessons about imperial Russia's failure to reform. (4) Given the associations of Siberia with exile and the popularity of Gulag literature, it is surprising to realize the gap in English-language scholarship that this study fills. Although a recent spate of scholarship has begun to rewrite the history of punishment from corporal, cultural, and legal perspectives, one harkens back to George Kennan for an extensive Englishlanguage treatment of the exile system. …

Resonant paradigms in the study of religions and the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism

Was Theravāda Buddhism actually invented in late colonial times? Was Buddhism in general constructed by Orientalists’ imagination and their will to intellectually subjugate foreign cultures under the concepts of ‘Western’ thought and ‘Western’ models of social differentiation? This article argues that we need complementary perspectives to understand the multilateral dynamics that produced our present knowledge of religion(s). In the case of Theravāda Buddhism, a unidirectional analysis conceals the dynamics of questions and responses that interrelate scholars and their field of study – including modern Buddhist representatives and uses of traditional resources of knowledge – to a complex of mutually resonating agencies. As this article will show, Theravāda Buddhism, as a modern religion and as a concept of historical analysis, has emerged from these relational processes rather than having been invented by unilateral scholarly projections upon blank screens of passive cultures.

Mesoscale analysis of segmental dynamics in microphase-segregated polyurea

Polyurea is an elastic co-polymer which possesses a very complex nanometer-scale microstructure consisting of (high glass-transition temperature, T g) hydrogen-bonded discrete hard domains dispersed within a (low T g) contiguous soft matrix. A number of experimental investigations reported in the open literature clearly established that (a) polyurea has an unusually high capacity for shock mitigation and (b) this ability of polyurea is related to its segmental dynamics (the same process which is responsible for the rubbery-to-glassy transition). Due to the fact that the segmental dynamics in question involves a large number of atoms with coordinated motion and, hence, is associated with nanosecond to microsecond characteristic times, it cannot be generally analyzed using all-atom molecular dynamics techniques. To overcome this problem, mesoscale coarse-grain simulation methods are employed in this study. Within the all-atomic simulation methods, the material is modeled as a collection of constituent atom-size particles. Within the mesoscale methods, on the other hand, this atomistic description of the material is replaced with a collection of coarser particles/beads which account for the collective degrees of freedom of the constituent atoms. Consequently, before the mesoscale methods could be employed to polyurea, all-atom molecular analyses had to be used to determine the basic properties (i.e., mass and radius) of the beads and to parameterize the mesoscale bonding and non-bonding forcefield functions. The mesoscale analyses were then used to (a) obtain critical information regarding the material microstructure and its evolution (from an initially fully blended homogeneous state) and (b) the segmental dynamics in the microsegregated state of the material.

Industry Dynamics in Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals is a relatively large and mature industry, and of growing significance. The industry has stimulated extensive research on determinants of its growth and development. Specifically, the distribution of firm size has attracted significant attention, due to tis relevance as an indicator of degree of industrial concentration. A large part of this literature has focused, since the early contributions, on the explanation of the shape of firm size distribution in the industry at a given point in time by reference to steady state arguments. The dynamics in question have been relatively neglected however. The main objective of this paper is to help fill this gap. It is shown that interesting issues arise when one considers how firm structure evolves over time, rather than simply attending to equilibrium implications of processes. Information on the shape and time-evolution of the size distribution of firms over an extended period of time can be used to make inferences about an underlying process; specifically, on which characteristics lead to which kinds of dynamics. To that end, we propose a diffusion model to examine the spatial dynamics of firm size. Instead of assuming a steady state as is standard practice, we consider that firm size fluctuates around its long run stationary equilibrium, according to a double process of temporal drift and random disturbance. An empirical application to real data from the Pharmaceutical industry helps fill a second gap in the literature, as only a few diffusion studies have employed real statistical data when analyzing firm size dynamics. Our empirical application confirms results presented elsewhere and offers some new insights.

Changing environment and urban identity following open-cast mining and thermic power plant in Turkey: case of Soma

This paper is a summary of a project changed into a book named by "Changing Environment, City and Identity in Soma with the Geographical Evaluations" issued on May 2005. In this research, Soma, which is one of the most remarkable districts in Manisa in the West Anatolia from the point of economical figures, is assessed with its physical environment potential, improving economical activities and changing socio-economical structure. Owing to the open coal basins in the northeast and southwest of the district where lignite is produced and the impact of the thermic power plant near the city centre, Soma has changed on a large scale. This change has introduced some environmental problems into the district such as the devastation of the forestry land; the infertility of farming land; and soil, water and air pollution. Even though the change under discussion has led to many problems to deal with, it has also influenced its socio-economical structure to a large extent and revealed new type of inhabitants having different life expectations and aims. In conclusion, in this article, changing environment and city structure after lignite processing and thermic station establishment in Soma are discussed through the effective geographical factors. The new city profile formed by the local dynamics in question is evaluated according to the data obtained by the studies made in the neighbourhood.

Elliptical flows in Reggeon theory

A new mechanism for the generation of an azimuthal anisotropy of particles produced in heavy-ion collisions is analyzed. An analysis is performed within Reggeon theory and is general. The resulting effect can be interpreted in terms of the partonic structure of a fast nucleus. This mechanismcan contribute significantly to the observed value of the elliptic flow υ2. The dynamics in question differs significantly from a standard mechanism of the collective motion of a hadron medium after a collision.

Was there ice along the shore of the Sea of Galilee during the last 12,000?—Reply to a comment by Prange et al. (2007) and a comment by Friedman (2007)

Prange et al. (2007) question our reconstruction of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) paleoclimate and argue that a “careful” analysis of the paleoclimatic analysis leads to much smaller cooling events than we have considered. By and large, their “careful” analysis is based on correlating the paleotemperatures of the Lake with those of the northern Red-Sea that (geographically) is much closer to the Lake than the two Mediterranean cores that we used. Ironically, their argument contradicts Friedman’s (2007) statements (the second comment on our original paper), which are based on still-closer cores and support our larger cooling choices. This issue alone would be enough to dismiss the uniqueness of PAL argument but there is another issue with their work that we wish to comment on. In support of their own small cooling argument, PAL present winter correlation maps that indeed show a stronger correlation of the northern Red-Sea SST to the lake SST than the correlation of Mediterranean SST with the lake SST. This seemingly correct correlation argument of PAL is totally false (for both daily and millennial time scales) because it has no climatological basis. On the daily time scale, all the storms that reach the Lake originate in the Mediterranean Sea (to the west of the lake), not the Red-Sea (which lies 700 km south of the lake). Also, although the lake and the Red-Sea are only 700 kilometers apart, their climates are very different because they are subject to two totally different air masses. While the climate of the Red-Sea region is desert-like, the climate of the region surrounding the lake is a typical wet Mediterranean climate. Seasonal correlation maps (and even monthly maps) such as those presented by the authors filter out the storms that control the winter climate in the lake region because these storms occur on a daily scale. With this filtering, all that one is left with is the low frequency first baroclinic mode, which merely reflects the Rossby radius scale (measured from the lake). On the millennial time scale, cold events in the lake regions (from an earlier period) have been attributed to Bond cycles and Heinrich events both of which are global and not local processes. As such, they are probably forced by variability in the solar radiation rather than a local process implied by PAL. Overall, all that the PAL correlation shows for both daily and millennial time scales is that changes in the temperature in the Red-Sea occur at the same time as they do in the Lake. But this does not say anything about the dynamics in question and does not imply that it is better to use records from the Red-Sea (which does not lie within the path of the zonal winds reaching the Lake). Neglecting this issue (as proposed by PAL) distorts the physics and reminds us of the classical statistical example for the limitations involved in the interpretation of correlation—the incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with the incidence of carrying matches in ones pocket even though the matches do not cause the cancer and the cancer does not force one to carry matches.