Dynamics Of Alcohols Research Articles

Echoes of addiction in family dynamics and spousal coping

Alcohol use disorder is a medical condition marked by a diminished capacity to halt or manage alcohol consumption, even in the face of detrimental social, professional, or health outcomes. It encompasses various terms such as alcohol abuse, dependence, addiction, and colloquially, alcoholism. Research has consistently highlighted the significant toll that alcoholism can take on the spouses of individuals struggling with alcohol addiction. Living with a spouse who struggles with alcoholism can be incredibly challenging and emotionally taxing. It can have significant impacts on one's mental and physical health, as well as on the dynamics of the relationship and family life. The typologies of wives of alcoholics categorize the various coping and behavioral patterns these individuals may adopt in response to their spouse's alcoholism, including enabling the behavior, adopting a victim mindset, compensating by being overly competent (the hero), displaying oppositional behavior (the rebel), or withdrawing emotionally and socially to protect themselves. The dynamics of alcoholism in a marriage can erode trust, communication, and intimacy, often leading to a breakdown of the relationship if left unaddressed. Seeking professional help, such as therapy or support groups, can be crucial for both spouses to navigate the challenges of alcoholism and work towards healing and recovery, either individually or as a couple.

The Folkloric-Festive continuum of an Emerging Elite in La Paz

This article presents the results of the ethnographic research conducted in the period 2015-2017 with the Fraternidad Verdaderos Intocables for the purpose of analyzing reciprocal exchanges through drinking and their impact on the collective sense of community in an urban context. It is proposed that social interactions mediated by alcohol at the space-time of the fiesta signal/impulse chains of reciprocity in present/future overlapping space-time interactions resulting in a folkloric-festive continuum that reinforces the bonds of participants as compadres. This article intends to contribute to the emerging scholarly interest in calendric folkloric festivities in Bolivia by linking that research with the study of alternatives ways to conceive citizenship through public ritual interactions. Contrary to a common assumption that ostentation and big quantities of drunkenness in folkloric events related to a new folklorist elite are “irrational,” ethnographic research found that the dynamics of alcohol distribution/consumption is very carefully structured ritually and has direct implications in social reproduction and collective identity among the participants.

Alcoholism in Communist Poland: How Regime and Alcohol Interact

In communist Poland, while the state took care of the basic needs of its people, there was a widespread social issue plaguing society: alcoholism. Alcoholism was an increasing issue from the period of destalinization, to the Solidarity movement and over time, sobriety became symbol of resistance under a regime which relied on the vodka industry as the most important source of domestic revenue. By analyzing the high levels of consumption, the consequences, and the response from the state, church, and union, I analyze the political nature of alcoholism in Poland. To highlight the role ideology played, I also compare the social responses and methods of treatment in state socialism, to those in Western democratic countries. From this, an image begins to emerge of how alcoholism interacted with regime and feelings of mass disenchantment. While it is yet to be seen if communist regimes directly impacted people’s drinking habits, the Polish communist government certainly allowed the health and wellness of its citizens to come second. Further research into the dynamics of alcoholism in other Eastern European communist countries such as Hungary and Czechoslovakia could further develop understanding this complicated relationship between alcohol and communism. This topic of study remains important as the intergenerational dynamics for the families who lived under this system remain; looking at alcoholism under this regime can help us understaind these ongoing social relations.

SU111 - EFFECT OF DINUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (RS67175440) OF DAT1 GENE: INCREASED RISK OF CLONINGER TYPE II ALCOHOLISM IN SEX-SPECIFIC MANNER

Background The role of dopamine in the addictions’ development, including alcoholism, is well shown. The Dopamine Transporter (DAT) regulates the dopamine levels in the synapse. In some studies, using autoradiography, a DAT density was higher in patients with Cloninger type II alcoholism, which may be due to genetic influence (Tupala E. et’al 2006, Karkkainen O. et’al 2013). The dinucleotide polymorphism RS67175440 (A allele - AG, B allele - GA) is located in intron 1 of the SLC6A3 gene and can be within the regulatory region of the gene, which is interesting for studying its effect on the alcoholism risk. This locus is presumably involved in cocaine dependence risk (Zhou Y. et’al 2014). We attempted to assess the influence of RS67175440 on the probability of development of alcoholism, including patients with the presence of Cloninger type II. Methods Our sample consisted of 1200 patients with alcoholism (mean age 42.94±11.001 years, 277 females) and 536 controls (mean age 43.65±4.318 years, 165 females), all ethnic Russians. The clinical variables (age at first alcohol use, age of onset and term of formation of alcohol abuse, age and term of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, age of first hospitalization, family history (FH) of alcoholism) were assessed by a clinical interview patient and close relative (more often mother). For each individual, RS67175440 was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method using BseRI. The observed genotype distributions didn’t deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Patients: 330AA, 596AB, 274BB, P=0.88, Control: 146AA, 253AB, 137BB, P=0.20). For comparison of groups the chi-squared test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U-test were used. Results According to the logistic regression, the general group of patients has the influence of the combination GenderxGenotype in relation to the alcoholism risk, but this effect was provided by a group of patients with Cloninger type II alcoholism (age of onset of abuse ≤ 25 years) with the presence of FH (TypeII+FH) for other patients this effect is not revealed. In men, the AA genotype increases the risk of AD by 41.3% in the overall comparison (95%CI 1.07–1.866, P=0.015), and by 48.7% for the group Type II+FH (1.223–2.402; P=0.002); the AB genotype increases the risk by 47.6% in the overall comparison (1.173–1.857, P=0.001) and 71.4% for the group TypeII+FH (1.418–2.486; P=0.000). In women, the AA genotype reduces the risk by 71.3% for the group TypeII+FH (0.164–0.539; P=0.000); the AB genotype reduces the risk by 31.2% in the overall comparison (0.51–0.927, P=0.014), and by 52% for the group TypeII+FH (0.321–0.717; P=0.000). The independent effect of gender was identical: for men, the risk was 48.2% higher than for women in the overall comparison (1.181–1.86; P=0.001); and 48.7% higher for the group TypeII+FH (0.808–2.738; P=0.000). Discussion There were no differences in genotype or allele frequencies between patients and control using the dominant and recessive models. It can be assumed that the differences in the general group are provided by the influence of Cloninger type II, in particular, hereditary factors. Our results indicate that the locus RS67175440 in the DAT gene in men with the presence of Cloninger type II alcoholism with family history increases, while in women reduces alcoholism risk with an early onset, but doesn’t effect on the dynamics of alcoholism and clinical variables.

THE MEDICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL DEVIATION OF WOMEN AND PSYCHIC BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

The social crisis of the end of XX century in Russia negatively impacted psycho-emotional condition of society and provoked increasing of drug addiction and alcoholism among population. The article applies inter-disciplinary position analyzing relationship between severe social psychological atmosphere of those years and mental, behavioral disorders in generation of children caused by alcohol abuse in generation of parents, especially mothers. The dynamics is presented concerning social mood of society, level of female alcoholism, nervous diseases morbidity of children. The mental and neurological disorders are discussed in the aspect of patterns of brain development during prenatal period. The biological sociological evaluation is given concerning impact of crisis of 1990s as a macro-social factor of mental and behavioral health of age group of persons born in 1990-2000s. The burden of crisis and negative emotional atmosphere in society, especially in the middle of 1990s, increasing of alcohol consumption and also dynamics of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis morbidity of women during the same years, dynamics of nervous diseases morbidity of children aged 0-1 year in the Russian Federation with its surges, especially in 1994-1995, 1998 and 2009, permit to consider focused effect of social crisis on physical and mental health of newborns. During relative stabilization of 2010s, there is no such a concentration of negative factors. Also, certain positive circumstances are manifesting: learning of legal standards according which person is primarily responsible for one's own health, measures of struggle with alcoholism, development of perinatal medicine, etc.

Lessons on social and health disparities from older lesbians with alcoholism and the role of interventions to promote culturally competent services

ABSTRACTOlder adults who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) face greater health risks and possibly more costly care because of their reluctance to seek out health and long-term care services because of limited cultural sensitivity of service providers. This is particularly evident in older lesbians who face substantial risk of health problems associated with alcoholism and are less likely to be open with health care providers because of stigma combined with feelings of alienation, stress, and depression. An estimated 4.4 million older adults are predicted to have problems with alcohol by 2020, and the rates of alcohol-related hospitalizations are similar to those for heart attacks, creating exorbitant medical costs. More culturally competent health and long-term care may reduce health care costs by effectively addressing the dynamics of alcoholism, aging, and lesbian culture. Training initiatives such as those developed by the National Resource Center on LGBT Aging have begun to address the need of a more culturally competent aging services network. This article provides exemplars from empirical data on older lesbians with alcoholism to highlight some of the health, economic, and social disparities experienced in the aging LGBT community. Current interventions in the form of cultural competence training for service providers are presented as a potential step toward addressing health disparities among LGBT older adults.

Hydrogen bond dynamics in bulk alcohols.

Hydrogen-bonded liquids play a significant role in numerous chemical and biological phenomena. In the past decade, impressive developments in multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy and combined molecular dynamics-quantum mechanical simulation have established many intriguing features of hydrogen bond dynamics in one of the fundamental solvents in nature, water. The next class of a hydrogen-bonded liquid--alcohols--has attracted much less attention. This is surprising given such important differences between water and alcohols as the imbalance between the number of hydrogen bonds, each molecule can accept (two) and donate (one) and the very presence of the hydrophobic group in alcohols. Here, we use polarization-resolved pump-probe and 2D infrared spectroscopy supported by extensive theoretical modeling to investigate hydrogen bond dynamics in methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol employing the OH stretching mode as a reporter. The sub-ps dynamics in alcohols are similar to those in water as they are determined by similar librational and hydrogen-bond stretch motions. However, lower density of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors in alcohols leads to the appearance of slow diffusion-controlled hydrogen bond exchange dynamics, which are essentially absent in water. We anticipate that the findings herein would have a potential impact on fundamental chemistry and biology as many processes in nature involve the interplay of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups.

Adsorption—Desorption Dynamics of Alcohols on H-Beta and H-CMK Zeolites Nanocrystallites Studied by Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) method was used to study the adsorption-desorption dynamics of alcohols on the zeolite nanocrystallites (diameter, 200 nm). The mass transfer of C1-C4 alcohols on zeolites H-Beta and H-CMK nanocrystallites in the pulse and steady-flow modes at 100 °C and p/ps < 0.04 was studied with the QCM method. Experimental results show that the adsorption-desorption dynamics of various alcohols on the nanocrystallites is governed by diffusion in micropores, which is characterized by effective diffusion coefficients Defmicro = 10-13 to 10-15 cm2 s-1. Slow mass transfer of alcohols in the micropores of zeolites indicates natural limitations on the rate of the acid-base heterogeneously catalytic reactions over these solids.

Solvation Dynamics of Coumarin 153 in Alcohols Confined in Silica Nanochannels

Solvation dynamics in alcohols confined in silica nanochannels was examined by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy using coumarin 153 (C153) as a fluorescent probe. Surfactant-templated mesoporous silica was fabricated inside the pores of an anodic alumina membrane. The surfactant was removed by calcination to give mesoporous silica (Cal-NAM) containing one-dimensional (1D) silica nanochannels (diameter, 3.1 nm) whose inner surface was covered with silanol groups. By treating Cal-NAM with trimethylchlorosilane, trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups were formed on the inner surface of the silica nanochannels (TMS-NAM). Fluorescence dynamic Stokes shifts of C153 were measured in alcohols (ethanol, butanol, hexanol, and decanol) confined in the silica nanochannels of Cal- and TMS-NAMs, and the time-dependent fluorescence decay profiles could be best fitted by a biexponential function. The estimated solvent relaxation times were much larger than those observed in bulk alcohols for both Cal- and TMS-NAMs when ethanol or butanol was used as a solvent, indicating that the mobility of these alcohol molecules was restricted within the silica nanochannels. However, hexanol or decanol in Cal- and TMS-NAMs did not cause a remarkable increase in the solvent relaxation time in contrast to ethanol or butanol. Therefore, it was concluded that a relatively rigid assembly of alcohols (an alcohol chain) was formed within the silica nanochannels by hydrogen bonding interaction and van der Waals force between the surface functional groups of the silica nanochannels and alcohol molecules and by the successive interaction between alcohol molecules when alcohol with a short alkyl chain (ethanol or butanol) was used as a solvent.

NMR Studies on Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Fluorination on Structures and Dynamics of Alcohols in Liquid and Supercritical States

We measured 1H NMR chemical shifts (delta H) and 1H and 2H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times (1H- and 2H-T1) of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol in the temperature range from 298 to 673 K at reduced pressures ( Pr = P/ Pc) of 1.22 and 3.14. The delta H values showed that the degree (X HB) of hydrogen bonding decreased in the order of methanol > ethanol >2-propanol > H2O, and that the hydrogen bonding was much affected by fluorination, because of the intramolecular H-F interactions in supercritical (sc) states. Moreover, 1H- T 1 measurements revealed that the relaxation processes of OH groups in nonfluoroalcohols are controlled by dipole-dipole (DD) and spin-rotation (SR) mechanisms below and above the critical temperature (Tc), while the cross-correlation effects connected with intramolecular DD interactions between a carbon atom and an adjacent proton played an important role for hydrocarbon groups (CHn, n = 1-3) under sc conditions. This interpretation was also supported by two other results. The first is that the intramolecular H-F interactions strongly inhibit the internal rotation of CH and CH2 groups of sc fluoroalcohols, and the second is that the molecular reorientational correlation times (tauc(D)) obtained from 2H- T 1 values of deuterated hydrocarbon groups (CDn ) at temperatures above T c have significantly less temperature dependence than those of OD groups. Actually, the apparent activation energy (DeltaEa) for molecular reorientational motions in sc alcohols was smaller compared with liquid alcohols, being about 1 order of magnitude.

The Dynamics of Alcohol and Marijuana Initiation: Patterns and Predictors of First Use in Adolescence

Hayman, Laura LEditor(s): TIEDJE, LINDA BETH PhD, RN, FAAN; HAYMAN, LAURA L. PhD, RN, FAAN Author Information

The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence.

This study, guided by the social development model, examined the dynamic patterns and predictors of alcohol and marijuana use onset. Survival analysis and complementary log-log regression were used to model hazard rates and etiology of initiation with time-varying covariates. The sample was derived from a longitudinal study of 808 youth interviewed annually from 10 to 16 years of age and at 18 years of age. Alcohol initiation rose steeply up to the age of 13 years and then increased more gradually; most participants had initiated by 13 years of age. Marijuana initiation showed a different pattern, with more participants initiating after the age of 13 years. This study showed that: (1) the risk of initiation spans the entire course of adolescent development; (2) young people exposed to others who use substances are at higher risk for early initiation; (3) proactive parents can help delay initiation; and (4) clear family standards and proactive family management are important in delaying alcohol and marijuana use, regardless of how closely bonded a child is to his or her mother.

Decision Making in the Intervention Process

Because of the particular defensive dynamics of alcoholism, thc intervention of others is often important in motivating alcoholic persons to seek treatment. However, intervention is often confused with coercion, and publicized as threatening the alcoholic person into submission to someone else's wishes. In fact, intervention is a proccss addressed to change in a system of interrelationships. The power of its influence on the drinker derives from the structured clarification of the effects of the drinking on persons or groups other than the drinker him/her self. The rights to these others to speak for, and protect themselves are central to the formulation of the new data to be presented in a meeting with the alcoholic individual. S/he is then invited to join the others in their concern about what is happening to all of them. The intervention process clarifies choices for everyone, and then leaves to the alcoholic person the decision as to whether to opt for treatment or continued drinking.

The Dynamics of Alcoholism

The Dynamics of Alcoholism

“THE DYNAMICS OF ALCOHOLISM”

“THE DYNAMICS OF ALCOHOLISM”

Dynamics of Alcoholism

Dynamics of Alcoholism

II. Reinforcement Theory and the Dynamics of Alcoholism

II. Reinforcement Theory and the Dynamics of Alcoholism