Dynamics Background Research Articles

Learning dynamic background for weakly supervised moving object detection

Moving Object Detection (MOD) aims at extracting foreground moving objects in videos from static cameras. While low-rank based approaches have achieved impressive success in the MOD task, their performance remains limited on dynamics background scenes. The main reason is that dynamic clutters, e.g., swaying leaves and rippers, are easy to mix up with moving objects in the decomposition model which simply classify the sparse noise as foregrounds. In order to improve the generalization ability of low-rank based moving object detectors, we suggest adding an explicit dynamic clutter component in the decomposition framework with realistic dynamic background modeling. Then the dynamic clutter can be learned through object-free video data due to their self-similarity across time and space. Thus, the moving objects can be naturally separated by a tensor-based decomposition model which formulates the static background by a unidirectional low-rank tensor, learns the dynamic clutter by a two-stream neural network, and constrains moving objects with spatiotemporal continuity. To further provide a more accurate object detection result, an objectness prior is embedded into our model in an attention manner. Extensive experimental results on the challenging datasets of dynamic background clearly demonstrate the superior performance of our model over the state-of-the-art in terms of quantitative metrics and visual quality.

Bohmian field theory on a shape dynamics background and Unruh effect

In this paper, we investigate the Unruh radiation in the Bohmian field theory on a shape dynamics background setting. Since metric and metric momentum are real quantities, the integral kernel to invert the Lichnerowicz–York equation for first order deviations due to existence of matter terms turns out to be real. This fact makes the interaction Hamiltonian real. On the other hand, the only contribution to guarantee the existence of Unruh radiation has to come from the imaginary part of the temporal part of the wave functional. We have proved the existence of Unruh radiation in this setting. It is also important that we have found the Unruh radiation via an Unruh–DeWitt detector in a theory where there is no Lorentz symmetry and no conventional space–time structure.

Formation of mantle “lone plumes” in the global downwelling zone — A multiscale modelling of subduction-controlled plume generation beneath the South China Sea

It has been established that almost all known mantle plumes since the Mesozoic formed above the two lower mantle large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). The Hainan plume is one of the rare exceptions in that instead of rising above the LLSVPs, it is located within the broad global mantle downwelling zone, therefore classified as a “lone plume”. Here, we use the Hainan plume example to investigate the feasibility of such lone plumes being generated by subducting slabs in the mantle downwelling zone using 3D geodynamic modelling. Our geodynamic model has a high-resolution regional domain embedded in a relatively low resolution global domain, which is set up in an adaptive-mesh-refined, 3D mantle convection code ASPECT (Advanced Solver for Problems in Earth's ConvecTion). We use a recently published plate motion model to define the top mechanical boundary condition. Our modelling results suggest that cold slabs under the present-day Eurasia, formed from the Mesozoic subduction and closure of the Tethys oceans, have prevented deep mantle hot materials from moving to the South China Sea from regions north or west of the South China Sea. From the east side, the Western Pacific subduction systems started to promote the formation of a lower-mantle thermal-chemical pile in the vicinity of the future South China Sea region since 70Ma ago. As the top of this lower-mantle thermal-chemical pile rises, it first moved to the west, and finally rested beneath the South China Sea. The presence of a thermochemical layer (possible the D″ layer) in the model helps stabilizing the plume root.Our modelling is the first implementation of multi-scale mesh in the regional model. It has been proved to be an effective way of modelling regional dynamics within a global plate motion and mantle dynamics background.

Metallogenic Dynamics Background of Ga’erqiong Cu-Au Deposit in Tibet, China

The Ga’erqiong Cu-Au deposit, which sits on the north side of the Coqên-Xainzamagmatite belt, is a large-scale skarn-type deposit, whose ore body has formed in the skarn zone in the contact part of quartz diorite and marble of Duoai formation or the cracks of quartz diorite. Its mineralization is closely related to quartz diorite. And granite porphyry-related molybdenum ore still exists in its deep part. Currently, there are disputes about the metallogenic dynamics background of this deposit. From previous studies, this paper carried out zircon LA-LCPMS U-Pb dating and petrogeochemistry study for quartz diorite of Ga’erqiong Cu-Au deposit. The testing result indicates: quartz diorite and granite porphyry were formed respectively in 88±2Ma and 83±1Ma, belonging to the magmatic activity of the early stage of Upper Cretaceous; quartz diorite and granite porphyry have geochemical characteristics similar to those of island arc rock of subduction zone and geochemical indexes similar to “adakite.” Combining with the regional tectonic evolution, we think that quartz diorite and granite porphyry were all formed in the extension environment after the collision of Lhasa block and Qiangtang block. Quartz diorite is the result of the migmatization of basic melt and acid melt evoked by asthenosphere material raise caused by lower crustal delamination; the formation of granite porphyry may be crust-mantle material’s partial melting results due to delaminated lower crustal. Therefore, Ga’erqiongskarn-type Cu-Au deposit belongs to the metallogenic response to the collisional orogeny in the closing process of Meso-Tethys.

The analysis of the influence of spironolactone and its combination with trimetazidine treatment on clinical symptoms, and cardiac structure and function parameters in chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients

Aim. To study clinical symptoms dynamics, functional condition, the quality of life, and cardiac structure and function in patients having chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (CHFPEF) after Spironolactone (S) and its combination with Trimetazidine (S+T) therapy.Methods. 90 patients (aged from 60-74 years) suffering from hypertension with CHFPEF were examined using echocardiography, 6-minute walk test (SMWT), and the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHF) before, 6 and 12 months later after the standard therapy (K), standard with S use, and standard with S+T use.Results. On the clinical symptoms positive dynamics background, the distance of SMWT significantly increased on 26±9 m in К, 36±9 m in S, and 55±8 m in S+T; according to the MLHF, the number of points decreased: on 9,9±2,4, 17,1±2,6 і 12,9±2,3, respectively. A statistically significant decrease in left ventricular mass (LV) was on 10,4±4,4 g in К, 22,1±7,9 g in S, and 28,6±7,7g in S+T, but only in S and in S+T it accompanied by left atrium decrease – on 9,3±2,4 ml and 8,8±2,3 ml (p<0,05), respectively. The use of S and S+T led to the more expressed E/E reduction – on 2,3±0,8 cu and 2,8±0,5 cu (all р <0,05), respectively, comparing to K – on 1,2±0,4 cu (p>0,05). Systolic blood pressure (BP) in the pulmonary artery significantly decreased only in S and S+T. More distinct dynamics of echocardiographic parameters in case of S and S+T partly can be associated with more significant decrease in systolic and diastolic BP.Conclusion. Adding Spironolactone and its combination with Trimetazidine to the standard therapy of CHFPEF patients leads to the more significant functional condition positive dynamics, the quality of life, more expressed LV hypertrophy regression, system BP and BP in the pulmonary artery decrease, the improvement of LV diastolic functon

Effects of Argon as the primary impurity in anthropogenic carbon dioxide mixtures on the decompression wave speed

In order to determine the material fracture resistance necessary to provide adequate control of the propagation of ductile fracture in a pipeline, a knowledge of the decompression wave speed (W) following the quasi‐instantaneous formation of an unstable, full‐bore rupture is necessary. The thermodynamic and fluid dynamics background of such calculations is understood, but predictions based on specific equations of state need to be validated against experimental measurements. A program of tests has been conducted using a specially constructed shock tube to determine the impact of impurities on W in carbon dioxide (CO2), so that the results can be compared to two existing theoretical models. In this paper, data and analysis results are presented for four tests involving simulated anthropogenic CO2 mixtures containing Argon (Ar) as the primary impurity. These mixtures represent typical oxy‐fuel CO2 capture technology with or without a purification train. Comparisons of the experimentally obtained W with predictions by two commonly used equation of state (EOS) models were also made. Generally, the GERG‐2008 EOS exhibits better overall performance than the Peng‐Robinson (PR) EOS when compared to the experimental results. The bubble point curve as predicted by GERG‐2008 was always at a higher pressure than that predicted by PR for these mixtures. This resulted in the plateau pressure prediction by GERG‐2008 being higher in cases where the isentropes intersect the phase envelope on the bubble point side. An example of pipeline material toughness required to arrest ductile fracture is presented which shows that prediction by GERG‐2008 is more conservative, and is therefore recommended.

Measurements of Decompression Wave Speed in Simulated Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Mixtures Containing Hydrogen

In order to determine the material fracture resistance necessary to provide adequate control of ductile fracture propagation in a pipeline, a knowledge of the decompression wave speed following the quasi-instantaneous formation of an unstable, full-bore rupture is necessary. The thermodynamic and fluid dynamics background of such calculations is understood, but predictions based on specific equations of state (EOS) need to be validated against experimental measurements. A program of tests has been conducted using a specially constructed shock tube to determine the impact of impurities on the decompression wave speed in carbon dioxide (CO2), so that the results can be compared to two existing theoretical models. In this paper, data and analysis results are presented for three shock tube tests involving anthropogenic CO2 mixtures containing hydrogen as the primary impurity. The first mixture was intended to represent a typical scenario of precombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, where typically the concentration of CO2 is around 95–97% (mole). The second mixture represents a worst case scenario of this technology with high level of impurities (with CO2 concentration around 85%). The third test represents a typical chemical-looping combustion process. It was found that the extent of the plateau on the decompression wave speed curves in these tests depends on the location of the phase boundary crossing along the bubble-point curve. The closer the phase boundary crossing to the critical point, the shorter the plateau. This is primarily due to the change in magnitude of the drop in the speed of sound at phase boundary crossing. For the most part, the predictions of the plateau pressure by both of the EOS that were evaluated, GERG-2008 and Peng–Robinson (PR), are in good agreement with measurements by the shock tube. This by no means reflects overall good performance of either EOS, but was rather due to the fact that the isentropes intersected the phase envelope near the critical point, or that the concentration of H2 was relatively low, either in absolute terms or relative to other impurity constituents. Hence, its influence in causing inaccurate prediction of the plateau pressure is lessened. An example of pipeline material toughness required to arrest ductile fracture is presented which shows that predictions by GERG-2008 are more conservative and are therefore recommended.

The visual cognitive network, but not the visual sensory network, is affected in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A study of brain oscillatory responses

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is considered in many as prodromal stage of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). Event-related oscillations (ERO) reflect cognitive responses of brain whereas sensory-evoked oscillations (SEO) inform about sensory responses. For this study, we compared visual SEO and ERO responses in MCI to explore brain dynamics (Background).Forty-three patients with MCI (mean age=74.0 year) and 41 age- and education-matched healthy-elderly controls (HC) (mean age=71.1 year) participated in the study. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes for each subject׳s averaged delta response (0.5–3.0Hz) were measured from two conditions (simple visual stimulation and classical visual oddball paradigm target stimulation) (Method). Overall, amplitudes of target ERO responses were higher than SEO amplitudes. The preferential location for maximum amplitude values was frontal lobe for ERO and occipital lobe for SEO. The ANOVA for delta responses showed significant results for the group Xparadigm. Post-hoc tests indicated that (1) the difference between groups were significant for target delta responses, but not for SEO, (2) ERO elicited higher responses for HC than MCI patients, and (3) females had higher target ERO than males and this difference was pronounced in the control group (Results). Overall, cognitive responses display almost double the amplitudes of sensory responses over frontal regions. The topography of oscillatory responses differs depending on stimuli: visualsensory responses are highest over occipitals and -cognitive responses over frontal regions. A group effect is observed in MCI indicating that visual sensory and cognitive circuits behave differently indicating preserved visual sensory responses, but decreased cognitive responses (Conclusion).

Discussion about Gold Ores Mineralization of Collision-Type Orogeny in the East of Shandong

The mineralization of collision orogeny is an important part of continental dynamics. For the process of continental dynamics of Shandong, adoption of tectonic facies mapping is main carrier and specific expression form to these researches such as divergence of continental mass, convergence, collision and orogeny. Shandong tectonic facies mapping of 1:500000 scale worked out by author shows that there are two very important events of collision orogeny in Mesozoic this areaIndochina and Yanshan collision orogeny. The Indochina orogeny is mainly characterized as subduction from Yangtze to North China Plates, based on which Sulu high-ultra high pressure zone of metamorphism, syn-orogenic granite and post-orogenic high alkali sinaite are formed. Continental dynamics environment of the Yanshan orogeny derives from transformation from Central Asia-Tethys tectonic domain to marginal-Pacific tectonic domain and subduction of Pacific plates, and it appears as three orogenys and three stretching in the east of Shandong. Magmatic rocks of orogeny related with gold ores can be divided into four combinations as follows: Linglong gneissic granite of the early orogenic period (J3), Guojialing granodiorite-granite of the middle orogenic period (K1), Weideshan diorite-granodiorite-granite of the late orogenic period (K1) and A-type Laoshan geode parlkaline alkali granitesyenogranite of the post orogenic period. For combination of Guojialing granodiorite-granite of the middle orogenic period, SHRIMP U-Pb ages concentrate in 130~126Ma, which are closely related with emplacement of gold ores, and formed ages of gold ores this area concentrate in 115~120Ma, which basically stand for the age of main mineralization period. Polymetallic ores are related with combination of Weideshan diorite-granodiorite-granite of the late orogenic period, and it was also the superimposed mineralization period in the east of Shandong. Tectonics-magma activities and gold ores mineralization are controlled by interaction of three tectonic domains that are tethys, Paleo-Asian Ocean and Pacific. Dynamics background of gold ores this area is transition of tectonic system and lithospheric thinning in Mesozoic, which is related with collision of North China and Yangtze Plates and subduction of Pacific Plates.

LA‐ICP‐MS Zircon U‐Pb Dating of Intermediate‐Acidic Intrusive Rocks and Molybdenite Re‐Os Dating from the Bangpu Mo (Cu) Deposit, Tibet and its Geological Implication

AbstractThe multi‐stage intrusions of intermediate‐acid magma occur in the Bangpu mining district, the petrogenic ages of which have been identified. The times and sequences of their emplacement have been collated and stipulated in detail in this paper by using the laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U‐Pb dating method. The ages of biotite monzogranite that were formed before mineralization in the southwest of this mining district are 70±1 Ma (mean square of weighted deviates (MSWD) = 9.5, n= 8) and 60.60±0.31 Ma (MSWD=3.8, n= 16), which belong to the late Cretaceous–early Paleocene in age. That means, they are products of an early tectonic‐magmatic event of the collision between the Indian and Asian continentals. The ages of ore‐bearing monzogranite porphyry and ore‐bearing diorite porphyrite are 16.23±0.19 Ma (MSWD= 2.0, n= 26) and 15.16±0.09 Ma (MSWD=3.9, n= 5) separately, which belong to the middle Miocene in age; namely, they are products of the Gangdese post‐collision extensional stage when crust‐mantle materials melted and mixed as well as magmatic intrusion simultaneously occurred. Some zircons with ages of 203.6±2.2 Ma (MSWD=1.18, n= 7) were captured in the ore‐bearing diorite porphyrite, which shows that there had been tectono‐magmatic events in the late Triassic–early Jurassic. Molybdenum (copper) ore‐bodies produced in the monzogranite porphyry and copper (molybdenum) ore‐bodies produced in the diorite porphyrite are the main ore types in this ore deposit. The model ages of Re‐Os isotopic dating for the 11 molybdenite are 13.97–15.84 Ma, while isochron ages are 14.09±0.49 Ma (MSWD=26). The isochron ages of seven molybdenite from molybdenum (copper) ore with monzogranite porphyry type are 14.11±0.31 Ma (MSWD=5.2). There is great error in the isochron ages of four molybdenite from copper (molybdenum) ore with diorite porphyrite type, and their weighted average model ages of 14.6±1.2 Ma (MSWD=41), which generally represent the mineralization age. The results about the Re‐Os isotopic dating of molybdenite in the ore of different types have limited exactly that, the minerlazation age of this ore deposits is about 14.09 Ma, which belongs to the middle Miocene mineralization. The Bangpu deposit has a uniform metallogenic dynamics background with the porphyry type and skarn‐type deposits such as Jiama, Qulong and others.

Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi solutions in the Newtonian gauge: from strong to weakfields

Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) solutions are used frequently to describe the collapse orexpansion of spherically symmetric inhomogeneous mass distributions in the Universe.These exact solutions are obtained in the synchronous gauge where non-linear dynamics(with respect to the Friedmann–Lemaître–Roberston–Walker (FLRW) background) inducelarge deviations from the FLRW metric. In this paper we show explicitly that this is agauge artefact (for realistic sub-horizon inhomogeneities). We write down the non-lineargauge transformation from synchronous to Newtonian gauge for a general LTB solutionusing the fact that the peculiar velocities are small. In the latter gauge we recoverthe solution in the form of a weakly perturbed FLRW metric that is assumedin standard cosmology. Furthermore we show how to obtain the LTB solutionsdirectly in Newtonian gauge and illustrate how the Newtonian approximationremains valid in the non-linear regime where cosmological perturbation theorybreaks down. Finally we discuss the implications of our results for the backreactionscenario.

Indian Ocean zonal mode activity in a multicentury integration of a coupled AOGCM consistent with climate proxy data

The coupled atmosphere‐ocean system over the Indian Ocean (termed Indian Ocean Zonal Mode, IOZM) and its activity over the past 200 years is analyzed in a paleoclimate simulation from a coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Validation shows that the AOGCM captures spatio‐temporal patterns of sea surface temperature anomalies as well as the seasonal phase‐locking feature of the IOZM. The period 1820–1880 exhibits a high frequency of climatically significant IOZM events, compared to a relatively low frequency in the 20th century. This shift in frequency provides a climate dynamics background for the interpretation of proxy data from East Africa, a region subjected to anomalously strong October–December precipitation during IOZM events. In the late 19th century, East African lakes had highstands (e.g., Lake Victoria) and its glaciers stable extents (e.g., Kilimanjaro), consistent with a wetter climate due to the higher frequency of IOZM events.

System dynamics—background, methodology, and applications. Part 1: Background and methodology

System dynamics is a methodology for modelling and redesign manufacturing, business, and similar systems which are part man, part machine. It has been around for over 30 years. Some management consultants make extensive use of system dynamics, whilst others do not. Why is this so, and is it primarily an educational problem? In this two-part article we describe the methodology, trace its history, and show how it fits into a problem-solving spectrum in between, but overlapping with, system theory and system thinking.In Part 1 we show how both servotheory and cybernetics have influenced system dynamics and examine the linguistic, investigative and numerical information souces which can be used for model building. Central to this exercise is the use of input-output analyses which are the system dynamics equivalent of writing down balance equations for hardware systems. We also comment on the important role of system dynamics ‘user friendly’ software in business games, and the relevance of the method as perceived by a very experienced management consultant.In Part 2 we consider what can be done to better exploit system dynamics in the area of improving business competitiveness. The solution proposed here is to integrate the use of servotheory within the system dynamics framework. The illustrative example chosen requires the smoothing of material flow within a supply chain via the effective use of all available marketplace information in contrast to acting only on distorted orders passed on by the adjacent echelon. It is concluded that the ideal background for a successful system dynamicist is good experience in both control and industrial engineering.

System dynamics—background, methodology, and applications. Part 2: Applications

System dynamics is a methodology for modelling and redesign of manufacturing, business, and similar systems which are part man, part machine. It has been around for over 30 years. Some management consultants make extensive use of system dynamics, whilst others do not. Why is this so, and is it primarily an educational problem? In this two-part article we describe the methodology, trace its history, and show how it fits into a problem-solving spectrum in between, but overlapping with, system theory and system thinking. In Part 1 (October 1993 CCEJ) we showed how both servotheory and cybernetics have influenced system dynamics and examine the linguistic, investigative and numerical information souces which can be used for model building. Central to this exercise was the use of input-output analyses which are the system dynamics equivalent of writing down balance equations for hardware systems. We also commented on the important role of system dynamics ‘user friendly’ software in business games, and the relevance of the method as perceived by a very experienced management consultant. In Part 2 we consider what can be done to better exploit system dynamics in the area of improving business competitiveness. The solution proposed here is to integrate the use of servotheory within the system dynamics framework. The illustrative example chosen requires the smoothing of material flow within a supply chain via the effective use of all available marketplace information in contrast to acting only on distorted orders passed on by the adjacent echelon. It is concluded that the ideal background for a successful system dynamicist is good experience in both control and industrial engineering.