Study Of Dynamics Research Articles

Stationary prospective cardiac gated computed tomography-dynamic study in phantoms andin vivo.

Objective.This study explores the feasibility of a stationary gantry cardiac gated computed tomography (CT) with carbon nanotube (CNT) linear x-ray source arrays.Approach.We developed a stationary gantry CT system utilizing multipixel CNT x-ray sources. Given the advantages of straightforward x-ray pulse control with these sources, we investigated the potential for gated prospective imaging. We implemented prospective respiratory and cardiac gating control and evaluated the system through dynamic phantom imaging studies followed by imaging of a porcine model.Main Results.The findings revealed minimal anatomical motion artifacts in the heart and lungs, confirming successful physiologic gated acquisition in stationary gantry cardiac CT. This indicates the potential of this imaging approach for reducing artifacts and improving image quality.Significance.This study demonstrates the feasibility of prospective physiological gating with CNT x-ray sources in a stationary gantry setup for cardiac imaging. This approach could potentially alleviate the need for beta blocker administration during cardiac CT scans, thereby increasing the flexibility of the imaging system and enabling the imaging of a wider variety of patient cardiac conditions.

Wire rope isolator identification and dynamic modeling for small amplitude vibrations

Wire rope isolators are used in variety of applications to protect sensitive equipment from vibration. The nonlinear hysteretic behavior of steel wires provides advantages when compared to linear vibration isolators. This study proposes an amplitude dependent stiffness and damping model for low amplitude vibrations under axial loading, where the parameters can be determined with an experimental procedure. Comprehensive experimental results of forced vibration tests with varying loading, frequency and preload were considered in the model identification. Amplitude dependent stiffness and loss energy models were determined from the test data, and the effect of the preload and loading frequency on the model parameters were studied. It is shown, that the effect of preload and frequency is not evidently clear, while the effect of vibration amplitude is more significant. The mathematical model was further verified against measurements from base excitation loading. The proposed model can be used to study the effectiveness of the selected wire rope isolator configurations in chosen application, and to effectively perform dynamic design studies.

Virtual and in vitro Screening Employing a Repurposing Approach Reveal 13-Cis-retinoic acid is a PTP1B Inhibitor.

Current treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D) mainly rely on exercise, dietary control, and anti-diabetic drugs to enhance insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity. However, there is a need for more therapeutic options. A potential target that has attracted attention is the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which negatively regulates the insulin signaling pathway. In this work, a comprehensive computational screening was carried out using cheminformatics and molecular docking on PTP1B, employing a rigorous repurposing approach. The screening involved approved drugs and compounds under research as anti-diabetics that bind to targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) and alpha-glucosidase. Some computational hits were then meticulously tested in vitro against PTP1B; particularly the 13-cis-retinoic acid ( 3a) showed an IC 50 of 0.044 mM and competitive inhibition. Molecular dynamics studies agrees that 3a can bind to the catalytic binding site of PTP1B. It is worth mentioning that 3a has been reported by the first time as an inhibitor of PTP1B in this work, making it a potentially valuable candidate for further studies in D2T treatment.

Heat transfer characteristics of printed circuit heat exchangers under mechanical vibrations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of mechanical vibration on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of semicircular channel printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs), while also establishing correlations between vibration parameters and thermal performance. Design/methodology/approach By combining experimental and numerical simulation methods, the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) in a semicircular channel with a diameter of 2 mm under vibration conditions were studied. Reinforce the research by conducting computational fluid dynamics studies using ANSYS Fluent 22.0, the experimental results were compared with the numerical simulation results to verify the accuracy of the numerical method. Findings The use of vibration has the potential to attenuate the degradation of wall heat transfer caused by buoyancy-induced PCHEs on the upward-facing surface. The heat transfer enhancement (HTE) was maximized by an increase of 18.2%, while the pressure drop enhancement (PDE) was elevated by over 25-fold. The capacity to enhance the heat exchange between S-CO2 and channel walls through increasing vibration intensity is limited, indicating maximum effectiveness in improving thermal performance. Originality/value Conducting heat transfer experiments on PCHEs with mechanical vibration enhancement and verifying the accuracy of the vibration numerical model. The relation based on the dimensionless factor is derived. To provide theoretical support for using vibration to enhance the heat transfer capability of PCHEs.

Reflections of an Accidental Scholar and the Founding of INGRoup

This essay chronicles the pivotal events shaping Laurie Weingart’s esteemed academic career. It begins with an influential letter from Joe McGrath, affirming her research approach and trajectory, bolstering her confidence during a critical career juncture. Weingart traces her academic journey, marked by meaningful collaborations and mentorships, and her significant contributions to the study of group dynamics, negotiation tactics, and conflict. The founding and development of INGRoup, a network fostering interdisciplinary group research, is highlighted as a seminal collective achievement, underscoring her commitment to community-building in academia. Concluding with insights gleaned from mentoring, research, and leadership roles, Weingart advocates for embracing unplanned opportunities, nurturing collaborative relationships, and balancing passion with practicality to navigate a successful academic career. The essay serves as an inspirational guide for emerging scholars, emphasizing resilience, openness to change, and the importance of service to the broader academic community.

Fold-Fold Singularity in a Piecewise Smooth Mathematical Model Describing the Dynamics of a Stockless Market

Fold-fold singularities are critical points or singularities in piecewise smooth dynamical systems (PWS) where both the stability and the structure of the system change. These singularities are of great importance in the study of specific dynamics, such as those in markets, as they indicate significant transformations in their evolution, including sudden variability in prices or changes in the behavior of offers and demand. Despite the substantial increase in the use of mathematical and computational tools applied to market dynamics, the current literature does not thoroughly address the study of the existence of fold-fold singularities in piecewise smooth systems within this context. Therefore, due to the importance of markets as economic activities, this paper proves the existence of such a singularity in a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of a stockless market, which is represented by a system of ordinary differential equations defined with piecewise smooth functions.

Distinguishing carrier transport and interfacial recombination at perovskite/transport-layer interfaces using ultrafast spectroscopy and numerical simulation

In perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic action is created by charge transport layers (CTLs) either side of the light-absorbing metal halide perovskite semiconductor. Hence, the rates for desirable charge extraction and unwanted interfacial recombination at the perovskite-CTL interfaces play a critical role for device efficiency. Here, the electrical properties of perovskite-CTL bilayer heterostructures are obtained using ultrafast terahertz and optical studies of the charge carrier dynamics after pulsed photoexcitation, combined with a physical model of charge carrier transport that includes the prominent Coulombic forces that arise after selective charge extraction into a CTL, and cross-interfacial recombination. The charge extraction velocity at the interface and the ambipolar diffusion coefficient within the perovskite are determined from the experimental decay profiles for heterostructures with three of the highest-performing CTLs, namely C60, PCBM and Spiro-OMeTAD. Definitive targets for the further improvement of devices are deduced: fullerenes deliver fast electron extraction, but suffer from a large rate constant for cross-interface recombination or hole extraction. Conversely, Spiro-OMeTAD exhibits slow hole extraction but does not increase the perovskite’s surface recombination rate, likely contributing to its success in solar cell devices. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Correlation between Molecular Docking and the Stabilizing Interaction of HOMO-LUMO: Spirostans in CHK1 and CHK2, an in Silico Cancer Approach

Checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 (CHK1 and CHK2) are enzymes that are involved in the control of DNA damage. At the present time, these enzymes are some of the most important targets in the fight against cancer since their inhibition produces cytotoxic effects in carcinogenic cells. This paper proposes the use of spirostans (Sp), natural compounds, as possible inhibitors of the enzymes CHK1 and CHK2 from an in silico analysis of a database of 155 molecules (S5). Bioinformatics studies of molecular docking were able to discriminate between 13 possible CHK1 inhibitors, 13 CHK2 inhibitors and 1 dual inhibitor for both enzymes. The administration, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMETx) studies allowed a prediction of the distribution and metabolism of the potential inhibitors in the body, as well as determining the excretion routes and the appropriate administration route. The best inhibition candidates were discriminated by comparing the enzyme-substrate interactions from 2D diagrams and molecular docking. Specific inhibition candidates were obtained, in addition to studying the dual inhibitor candidate and observing their stability in dynamic molecular studies. In addition, Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital—Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO-LUMO) interactions were analyzed to study the stability of interactions between the selected enzymes and spirostans resulting in the predominant gaps from HOMOCHKs to LUMOSp (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital of CHKs—Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital of spirostan). In brief, this study presents the selection inhibitors of CHK1 and CHK2 as a potential treatment for cancer using a combination of molecular docking and dynamics, ADMETx predictons, and HOMO-LUMO calculation for selection.

Soliton, breather, lump, interaction solutions and chaotic behavior for the (2+1)-dimensional KPSKR equation

Nonlinear evolution equations are widely applied in various fields, and understanding their solutions is crucial for predicting and controlling the behavior of complex systems. In this paper, the (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Sawada–Kotera–Ramani (KPSKR) equation is investigated, which has rich physical significance in nonlinear waves. Making use of Hirota’s bilinear form, soliton, breather and lump solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional KPSKR equation are derived. The interactions between lump solutions and exponential function, as well as between lump solutions and hyperbolic cosine function, are explored. Furthermore, the chaotic behavior of 1-soliton, 2-soliton, lump and interaction solutions are studied via applying the Duffing chaotic system. The physical structure and characteristics of begotten results are illustrated through 3D plots and corresponding two-dimensional profiles. These results indicate that the strategies utilized are more direct and effective, enriching the study of dynamics in high-dimensional nonlinear differential equations.

Nonlinear dynamic study of FG-GFRC-NPR structures

Abstract The functionally graded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (FG-GFRP) composite is one of the contemporary sophisticated materials that may be employed for a variety of technical purposes. The shock absorption capacity of FG-GFRP laminates can be improved by incorporating auxetic property (i.e., negative PR - NPR) in the structures, which can be attained by a particular stacking sequence of glass fibres (GF) and a different percentage of GF distribution along the thickness direction within the FG-GFRP structure. The nonlinear dynamic behaviour of such structures must be investigated. The clamped-clamped FG-GFRP-NPR structure is stimulated under a uniform transverse load distribution in the current work. Based on the higher-order shear deformation theory (SDT), the displacement field and nonlinear stress-strain relationship are derived. The nonlinear differential equation with cubic non-linear components were derived using Hamilton’s principle and transformed using Galerkin’s technique and obtained governing equation of motion. MATLAB has been used to conduct all numerical simulations. A time series, a phase picture and a PCM diagram (PCM) were generated to characterize the vibration behavior of such auxetic structures.

A molecular dynamics study on mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by two-dimensional nanosheets

ABSTRACT Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to determine the reinforcing role of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets on Young’s and shear moduli of nanosheet-strengthened polylactic acid (PLA). Various volume fractions of nanosheets in addition to different kinds of nanosheets, that is, graphene (GR), silicon carbide nanosheet (SiCNS), and boron-nitride nanosheet (BNNS), are regarded as affecting parameters on the mechanical response. Uniaxial tensile and shear tests are conducted and related stress–strain diagrams are achieved to be used for exploring mechanical properties. It is found that the incorporation of 2D nanosheets into PLA has a noticeable impact on the mechanical behavior of the polymer. In a desired percentage of volume fraction ( v f ), GR and SiCNS have performed the greatest and least roles in augmenting the mechanical properties of PLA nanocomposites, respectively. Compared to those, the reinforcing effect of the BNNS comes in between. Also, the results show that there is a growing trend in longitudinal and transverse Young’s moduli ( E x and E y ) and the XY-plane shear modulus ( G xy ) of nanocomposites as the v f of nanosheets increases.

Structural and kinetic characterization of DUSP5 with a Di-phosphorylated tripeptide substrate from the ERK activation loop

Introduction: Dual specific phosphatases (DUSPs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulators, which also serve as drug targets for treating various vascular diseases. Previously, we have presented mechanistic characterizations of DUSP5 and its interaction with pERK, proposing a dual active site.Methods: Herein, we characterize the interactions between the DUSP5 phosphatase domain and the pT-E-pY activation loop of ERK2, with specific active site assignments. We also report the full NMR chemical shift assignments of DUSP5 that now enable chemical shift perturbation and dynamics studies.Results and Discussion: Both phosphates of the pT-E-pY tripeptide are dephosphorylated, based on 31P NMR; but, steady state kinetic studies of the tripeptide both as a substrate and as an inhibitor indicate a preference for binding and dephosphorylation of the phospho-tyrosine before the phospho-threonine. Catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is 3.7 M−1S−1 for T-E-pY vs 1.3 M−1S−1 for pT-E-Y, although the diphosphorylated peptide (pT-E-pY) is a better substrate than both, with kcat/Km = 18.2 M−1S−1 . Steady state inhibition studies with the pNPP substrate yields Kis values for the peptide inhibitors of: 15.82 mM (pT-E-Y), 4.932 mM (T-E-pY), 1.672 mM (pT-E-pY). Steady state inhibition studies with pNPP substrate and with vanadate or phosphate inhibitors indicated competitive inhibition with Kis values of 0.0006122 mM (sodium vanadate) and 17.32 mM (sodium phosphate), similar to other Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with an active site cysteine nucleophile that go through a five-coordinate high energy transition state or intermediate. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies confirm preferential binding of the diphosphorylated peptide, but with preference for binding the pY over the pT reside in the catalytic site proximal to the Cys263 nucleophile. Based on MD, the monophosphorylated peptide binds tighter if phosphorylated on the Tyr vs the Thr. And, if the starting pose of the docked diphosphorylated peptide has pT in the catalytic site, it will adjust to have the pY in the catalytic site, suggesting a dynamic shifting of the peptide orientation. 2D 1H-15N HSQC chemical shift perturbation studies confirm that DUSP5 with tripeptide bound is in a dynamic state, with extensive exchange broadening observed—especially of catalytic site residues. The availability of NMR chemical shift assignments enables additional future studies of DUSP5 binding to the ERK2 diphosphorylated activation loop.Summary: These studies indicate a preference for pY before pT binding, but with ability to bind and dephosphorylate both residues, and with a dynamic active site pocket that accommodates multiple tripeptide orientations.

Smart hydrogel composite for microenvironmental humidity regulation in cigar storage.

Environmental humidity profoundly influences various life activities, especially for plants that depend heavily on optimal humidity for growth. The humidity index is particularly crucial for preserving the functionality of plant leaves, notably in economically valuable plants such as cigar tobacco. This paper introduces a novel dual-layer moisturizing material, a PAS-PDMS composite, based on polyacrylamide/solketal (PAS) hydrogel and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This material features a unique hierarchical water release mechanism. Comprehensive analyses, including thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and dynamic water adsorption studies, confirm the water migration and humidity control mechanisms of the PAS-PDMS composite. This smart hydrogel composite regulates microenvironmental humidity bidirectionally. When applied to cigar boxes for storage, it stabilizes internal humidity at approximately 65%, maintaining this level for over 20 days. Furthermore, the PAS-PDMS composite exhibits superior mechanical properties and light transmittance, achieving an exceptional transmittance of 84%. In conclusion, the PAS-PDMS composite offers intelligent humidity control, providing a novel approach to the storage and preservation of cigars.

Etch-stop mechanisms in plasma-enhanced atomic layer etching of silicon nitride: A molecular dynamics study

Possible mechanisms of etch-stops in plasma-enhanced atomic layer etching (PE-ALE) for silicon nitride (SiN) were examined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Recent experiments [Hirata et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 38, 062601 (2020)] have shown that the PE-ALE process of SiN consisting of hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) adsorption and argon ion (Ar+) irradiation can lead to an etch-stop. The MD simulations have revealed that carbon (C) remnants at the end of a PE-ALE cycle can enhance further accumulation of C in the subsequent cycle. Under typical Ar+ ion irradiation conditions, nitrogen (N) atoms are preferentially removed from the surface over silicon (Si) atoms, and therefore, the SiN surface becomes more Si rich, which also promotes C accumulation by the formation of Si–C bonds. It is also seen that fluorine atoms contribute to the removal of Si, whereas hydrogen and C atoms contribute to the removal of N from the SiN surface.

Theoretical and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approaches to Praseodymium Content Effect on Radiation Shielding and Time Dependent Volume‐Collapse for a Newly Produced Borate Glass

AbstractGamma‐ray, fast neutron and charged particle shielding characteristics of Praseodymium (Pr3+) activated glasses with composition 10ZnF2‐(10‐x)SrO‐15Li2O‐65H3BO3‐xPr2O3(where x = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) are investigated. For this, the radiation shielding parameters are estimated by using Photon Shielding and Dosimetry (Phy‐X/PSD), Interaction of Proton, Alpha, Gamma rays, Electrons, and X‐rays with matter (PAGEX), Stopping Powers and Ranges for Electrons (ESTAR), and The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) codes. Furthermore, the results are compared comprehensively and comparatively. The glasses with increasing Pr3+ content exhibited higher shielding potential. It can be said that the ZFLHBPr2.0 sample could be used as a shielding material in various applied fields. Additionally, the effect of Pr composition on structural transitions and time‐dependent volume‐collapse of this new family of borate glass doped with Pr is analyzed by molecular dynamics study (MD) based density functional tight binding method. The simulation results show that the addition of Pr led to the cubic‐orthorhombic transformation of simulation cell at determined temperature and 1 atm pressure. Also, a sudden decrease in volume are observed within a short time at 8% Pr composition (x = 2.0) atmospheric pressure. This result provides a strong connection between Pr composition and volume change with time and at constant low pressure.

An analytical approach for power system frequency stability evaluation

AbstractRecent years have seen high penetration of renewable energies, which have significantly reduced the inertia of bulk power systems. As a result, the frequency behaviour of power systems is becoming more complex. To resolve this technical challenge, there is a particularly strong interest in developing analytical solutions for frequency dynamics studies. This study first describes a second‐order frequency dynamics model for power systems with renewable energies. A non‐linear perturbation approach is suggested to drive the analytical solution of the model. It is shown that, under many circumstances, frequency dynamics can be effectively approximated using a linear model. Subsequently, the article describes a fourth‐order linear frequency dynamics model that takes into account governor‐turbines. A polynomial eigenvalue method is proposed to identify the dominant and non‐dominant modes of the solution of the four‐order model. It is demonstrated that the dominant mode has a decisive impact on frequency behaviour, while the non‐dominant modes influence the relative frequency oscillations only. Finally, the study derives the analytical expressions of the standard frequency performance metrics and examines the impact of damping and inertia parameters. The introduced results are verified using two test systems, demonstrating the accuracy and effectiveness of the suggested method.

A Dust-Scattering Model for M1-92: A Revised Estimate of the Mass Distribution and Inclination

Preplanetary nebulae (PPNe) are formed from mass-ejecting late-stage AGB stars. Much of the light from the star gets scattered or absorbed by dust particles, giving rise to the observed reflection nebula seen at visible and near-IR wavelengths. Precursors to planetary nebulae (PNe), PPNe generally have not yet undergone any ionization by UV radiation from the still-buried stellar core. Bipolar PPNe are a common form of observed PPNe. This study lays the groundwork for future dynamical studies by reconstructing the dust density distribution of a particularly symmetric bipolar PPN, M1-92 (Minkowski’s Footprint, IRAS 19343+2926). For this purpose, we develop an efficient single-scattering radiative transfer model with corrections for double-scattering. Using a V-band image from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we infer the dust density profile and orientation of M1-92. These results indicate that M1-92’s slowly expanding equatorial torus exhibits an outer radial cutoff in its density, which implicates the influence of a binary companion during the formation of the nebula.

Multi-color two-laser super-resolution structured illumination microscopy for the visualization of multi-organelle in living cells.

In this study, we introduced a novel dual-laser multi-color imaging system. Integrated with a multi-channel filter wheel, this system compared three spectral decontamination algorithms (nonnegative matrix factorization [NMF], RCAN, and PICASSO) showcasing its efficacy in achieving four-color imaging with only two laser sources. Combined with a reliable image reconstruction algorithm, the spatial resolution of four channels super-resolution four-color images reached 130, 125, 133, and 132 nm, respectively. Lipid droplets, mitochondria, lysosomes, and nuclei from the mouse hepatocytes (AML12), human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22), and immortalized murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were imaged. At the same time, the chromatin condensation, nuclear contraction, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, as well as the fusion of Mito and Lyso involved in mitochondrial autophagy were observed in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells suffering oxidative stress. Our multi-color SIM imaging system establishes a powerful platform for dynamic organelle studies and other high-resolution investigations in live cells.

Antiparkinson potential of khellin on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in a zebrafish model: targeting MAO, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers with molecular docking, MD simulations, and histopathology evidence

In this study, the antiparkinson effect of khellin (KL) on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) was examined in zebrafish. Initially, In silico evaluations, such as drug likeness and ADME/T analysis, confirmed the pharmacological viability of KL. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis revealed stable binding interactions between KL and monamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Molecular docking results for KL and pioglitazone (CCl) revealed binding energies of −6.5 and −10.4 kcal/mol, respectively. Later, molecular dynamics (MD) studies were performed to assess the stability of these complexes, which yielded binding energies of −36.04 ± 55.21 and −56.2 ± 80.63 kJ/mol for KL and CCl, respectively. These results suggest that KL exhibits considerable binding affinity for MAO-B. In In vitro studies, according to the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, KL exhibited significant antioxidant effects, indicating that it can promote redox balance with an IC50 value of 22.68 ± 0.5 μg/ml. In vivo studies and evaluation of locomotor activity, social interaction, histopathology and biochemical parameters were conducted in KL-treated zebrafish to measure SOD and GSH antioxidant activity, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) and MAO-B. However, while the locomotor and social interaction abilities of the rotenone-treated zebrafish were significantly reduced, KL treatment significantly improved locomotor activity (p < 0.001) and social interaction (p < 0.001). KL alleviated PD symptoms, as indicated by significant increases in SOD (p < 0.01), GSH (p < 0.001), MDA (p < 0.001), MAO-B (p < 0.001) and MPO (p < 0.001) in rotenone-induced PD fish (p<0.001) significantly reduced activities. Histopathological studies revealed that rotenone-induced brain hyperintensity and abnormal cellularity of the periventricular gray matter in the optic tectum were significantly reduced by KL treatment. This study provides a strong basis for developing KL as a new candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, with the prospect of improved safety profiles and efficacy.

The influence of particle size and velocity on the wear failure of TiC coated Fe under oil extraction conditions: A molecular dynamics study

The application of titanium carbide (TiC) coatings, renowned for their exceptional tribological properties, holds promise for the research on failure prevention in downhole petroleum machinery. In this study, molecular dynamics was employed to coat TiC layers onto Fe surfaces to enhance wear resistance. The effects of particle size and velocity on the wear and erosion resistance failure of the entire system were investigated through nanoindentation, scratch tests, and particle impact studies. The results indicate that the influence of particle size on the abrasion resistance and erosion resistance of materials is manifested in the load trend and surface atomic morphology. In the plastic damage of materials, an increase in velocity weakens the accumulation of slip faults and rearrangement phenomena among internal atoms, resulting in irregular fluctuations in the load curve. Meanwhile, the high-speed system will dominate the influence on temperature by accelerating atomic motion, leading to different orders of magnitude of wear and high-temperature atoms in impact simulations compared to particle size. This provides significant reference for the study of protective failure of TiC coatings in complex oil machinery service environments.