Dynamic Maneuvers Research Articles

Directional control law functional analysis and design for civil aircraft simulator

Abstract Functional analyses of directional flight control law for a typical civil aircraft are conducted, including directional maneuver, rudder limiter, coordinated turn, Yaw Damper, Thrust Asymmetrical Compensation, Gust Alleviation, manual rudder trim, etc. Through inputs of doublet, step input, and sweeping frequency, open loop control characteristics are analyzed based on a linearized state-space matrix. Simulink block architecture of a closed-loop directional control law is constructed, aiming to fulfill flight control functions, including pedal-to-rudder control, Yaw Damper, coordinated turn, and gain-tuned rudder limiter. Simulations for the previously designed closed-loop directional control law are performed to verify the characteristics of directional handling qualities in the aspect of the Yaw Damper, directional static and dynamic stability, maneuverability, and sweeping frequency.

Mathematical Model of Horizontal Track Conflict Prevention Algorithm in Detect-and-Avoid Framework

With the proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology, the demand for effective collision avoidance technology has intensified. The DAIDALUS algorithm, devised by NASA Langley Research Center under the Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) framework, provides conflict prevention bands for remotely piloted UAVs navigating in intricate airspace. The algorithm computes the bands in two distinct phases: Conflict and Recovery. The formal model for both phases has been established and implemented through iterative programming approaches. However, the mathematical model remains incomplete. Therefore, based on the model, this paper proposes the mathematical model for the two phases of the horizontal track conflict prevention algorithm. Firstly, Cauchy’s inequality is proposed to formulate the model that addresses trajectory conflicts considering the UAV non-instantaneous maneuvering dynamics model, and then a prudent maneuvering strategy is designed to optimize the model for the recovery phase. Finally, the execution procedure of the algorithm within the two-stage mathematical model is also detailed. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a higher precision in the preventive bands, implements an effective collision avoidance strategy, and consistently aligns with the DAIDALUS model while offering a larger buffer time or distance. This work theoretically validates the formal model of the DAIDLAUS algorithm and provides insights for further refinement.

Real-Time Embedded Control of Vehicle Dynamics Using ESP32: A Discrete Nonlinear Approach

This article explores the application of the Espressif ESP32 System-On-Chip (SoC) for managing vehicle dynamics through real-time digital proportional–integral (PI-like) control. We present the development of advanced driving assistance algorithms for Active Front Steering (AFS) and Rear Torque Vectoring (RTV) on this cost-effective, commercially available embedded system. Using digital PI-like control algorithms designed for AFS and RTV, the primary ESP32 board receives and processes steering signals, executing a discrete-time control model of the vehicle dynamic to enable dynamic adjustments to steering and torque. To enhance simulation realism, a secondary ESP32 is employed to generate the steering signal, effectively mimicking a steer-by-wire system via its analog output ports. This configuration facilitates the simulation and evaluation of control algorithms in a realistic test environment, ensuring enhanced vehicle dynamic stability and maneuverability under various conditions. Additionally, simulations are conducted using MATLAB 2023a and CarSim 2017.1 to compare the efficacy and benefits of the implementation. Our objective is to establish a platform for evaluating discrete controllers capable of real-time vehicle operation. This methodology accelerates and reduces the cost of improving vehicle system stability and responsiveness, enabling the immediate verification and fine-tuning of control parameters as needed.

Numerical Investigation of the Fuel Tank Sloshing Condition of a Commercial Vehicle

This study investigates the impact of baffles on fuel sloshing behavior within truck fuel tanks using numerical simulations. The volume of the fluid multiphase model is employed to analyze the flow dynamics of 25% diesel fuel in a 250 L tank, modeled in a 3D domain. Two configurations were compared: a tank with baffles and one without. The primary focus is to analyze fuel distribution within the intake port region during vehicle acceleration and deceleration maneuvers. The simulated scenario mimics a realistic driving situation. The vehicle accelerates from 0 km/h to 60 km/h over 10 s, followed by a 3-s braking period to reach a complete stop (0 km/h) at the 13-s mark. The simulation then observes the fuel behavior within the tank for an addi-tional 7 s while the vehicle remains stationary. Results reveal significant differences in fuel behavior between baffled and unbaffled tanks. In the absence of baffles, the sloshing motion is substantial, leading to a complete depletion of fuel in the intake port region for a duration of 3 s during both the acceleration and deceleration phases (between 10 and 13 s). Compared to a standard tank, the presence of baffles significantly reduced the sloshing amplitude by approximately 70%. Furthermore, baffles led to a 50% decrease in pressure variations on the tank walls. Temporary fuel starvation can negatively impact engine performance and combustion efficiency. Conversely, the presence of baffles within the tank effectively mitigates sloshing and ensures continuous fuel presence at the intake port the entire simulation. This suggests that baffles play a crucial role in maintaining a stable and consistent fuel supply to the engine, even during dynamic vehicle maneuvers.

Using an in-office passive leg raise to identify older adults with suboptimal blood pressure control.

Passive leg raise (PLR) is a simple, dynamic maneuver that has been used to increase preload to the heart. We hypothesize that PLR may offer a new and efficient office-based tool for assessing blood pressure (BP) control in older adults. One hundred and three veterans (≥60 years old) without known cardiovascular disease and varying degrees of blood pressure control were included in this cross-sectional cohort study. Twenty-four hour ambulatory BP monitoring identified Veterans with optimal and suboptimal BP control (≥125/75 mmHg). Bioimpedance electrodes (Baxter Medical, Deerfield, Illinois, USA) and brachial BP were used to calculate hemodynamic parameter changes across PLR states [pre-PLR, active PLR (3 min), and post-PLR]. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between BP control status with changes in hemodynamic parameters between PLR states. The 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring identified 43 (42%) older Veterans with optimal BP control (mean age of 70.5 ± 7.0 years) and 55 (54%) with suboptimal BP (mean age of 71.3 ± 8.7 years). Veterans with suboptimal BP control had significantly reduced change in total peripheral resistance (ΔTPR) (7.0 ± 156.0 vs. 127.3 ± 145.6 dynes s/cm5; P = 0.002) following PLR compared with Veterans with optimal BP control. Suboptimal BP control (β = -0.35, P = 0.004) had a significant association with reduced ΔTPR, even after adjusting for demographic variables. Measuring PLR-induced hemodynamic changes in the office setting may represent an alternative way to identify older adults with suboptimal BP control when 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring is not available.

Radiology State-of-the-art Review: Endometriosis Imaging Interpretation and Reporting.

Endometriosis is a common condition impacting approximately 190 million individuals and up to 50% of women with infertility globally. The disease is characterized by endometrial-like tissue located outside of the uterine corpus, which causes cyclical hemorrhage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Based on clinical suspicion or findings at routine transvaginal pelvic US or other prior imaging, dedicated imaging for endometriosis may be warranted with MRI or advanced transvaginal US. Deep endometriosis (DE) in the pelvis includes evaluation for stromal and fibrotic components and architectural distortion resulting from fibrosis and tethering. It is a disease requiring a compartment-based, pattern-recognition approach. MRI has the benefit of global assessment of the pelvis and is effective in assessing for features of malignancy and for evaluating extrapelvic locations. Transvaginal US has the advantage of dynamic maneuvers to assess for adhesions and may achieve higher spatial resolution for assessing the depth of bowel wall invasion. T1-weighted MRI evaluation increases the specificity of diagnosis by identifying hemorrhagic components, but the presence of T1 signal hyperintensity is not essential for diagnosing DE. Endometriosis is a disease with a broad spectrum; understanding the mild through advanced manifestations, including malignancy evaluation, is within the scope and breadth of radiologists' interpretation.

Numerical simulations of the ONRT ship maneuvering in calm water and head waves with the partially rotating grid method

This research delves into the maneuverability aspects of a model-scale ONRT surface combatant ship using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. A key aspect of this study is the comparison of the actuator disc (AD) model and the partially rotating grid (P) method in calm water, complemented by an in-depth analysis of the P method for simulations in waves. Utilizing these methods, the study investigates the performance of the ship in propeller open water, self-propulsion, and complex maneuvers like turning circle and zig-zag. Key findings highlight the superiority of the P method in closely aligning with experimental data, particularly in capturing complex dynamics of ship maneuvers. This research underscores the critical role of propeller side force in maneuvering simulations, a factor often neglected in simpler models like the AD. Maneuvers in head waves are also examined, revealing the nuanced effects of wave orientation on the stability and maneuverability of the ship. This study highlights the effectiveness of CFD in simulating ship maneuvers and the need for ongoing refinement of these techniques to improve accuracy and reliability.

Vehicle Dynamic Maneuverability through Data-driven Six Sigma Analysis for Enhanced Driver Assistance

This paper presents the concept of a vision-based system to provide intelligent driving assistance for steering, braking, and acceleration maneuvers. The system utilizes vision systems to detect the vehicle's surroundings, including the road, other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles. Based on this environmental awareness, the system can intervene to assist the driver to enhance the safety and efficiency of the driving experience by maneuverability access or alert to driver in steering, brake, and acceleration. The steering assist function analyzes the road geometry and trajectory and provides subtle steering adjustments alerts to keep the vehicle centered in the lane thereby smoothly navigate curves. The braking assist function detects potential collision threats and can assist driver on application status of brakes to avoid or mitigate impacts. Similarly, the acceleration assist function monitors the driving conditions and traffic flow to optimize throttle input for improved fuel economy, traffic flow thereby reducing the impact to dynamic parts of vehicles. A detailed six sigma analysis is done by DMAIC method to prove the proposed methodology significance compared to existing techniques.

Diagnostic Efficacy of Dynamic Maneuver in Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Compared With Conventional Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography in Imaging the Neck Region.

Introduction Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) are widely used to evaluate neck lesions, including lymph node metastases, thyroid nodules, salivary gland tumors, and other soft tissue masses. DCE-CT, which captures multiple phases of contrast enhancement over time, is hypothesized to provide superior diagnostic accuracy compared to the single-phase images obtained by CE-CT due to its ability to offer dynamic information about tissue perfusion, blood volume, and vascular permeability. Methods This retrospective observational diagnostic study included 100 patients who underwent neck imaging, divided equally into DCE-CT and CE-CT groups. Patient demographics (age, gender, body mass index) and lesion characteristics (type, location, size, enhancement pattern, margins) were recorded. Diagnostic performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) were evaluated alongside inter-observer variability using the kappa statistic. Clinical impact was assessed based on changes in treatment plans and improvements in patient outcomes. The radiation dose for each modality was documented. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) with chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Results The study included 58 males and 42 females with a mean age of 55.5 years. A total of 145 lesions were detected: 75 by DCE-CT and 70 by CE-CT. DCE-CT demonstrated higher sensitivity (93.33%) and specificity (96.00%) compared to CE-CT (sensitivity 86.67%, specificity 92.00%). The accuracy of DCE-CT was 94.00% versus 88.00% for CE-CT. Inter-observer agreement was higher for DCE-CT (kappa = 0.85) compared to CE-CT (kappa = 0.80). DCE-CT led to treatment plan changes in 40% of cases and resulted in a 75% improvement in outcomes compared to 25% and 60%, respectively, for CE-CT. The mean radiation dose was slightly higher for DCE-CT (8.5 mSv) compared to CE-CT (7.0 mSv). Conclusion DCE-CT offers superior diagnostic efficacy compared to CE-CT for imaging neck lesions with enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Its ability to capture multiple phases of contrast enhancement allows for detailed lesion characterization and provides crucial quantitative data on tissue perfusion and blood volume. These benefits lead to more frequent improvements in patient outcomes and changes in treatment plans. Despite the slightly higher radiation dose, the diagnostic advantages of DCE-CT outweigh the disadvantages, particularly in complex cases requiring detailed lesion analysis. Further prospective studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore the broader clinical benefits of DCE-CT.

Direct electromagnetic information processing with planar diffractive neural network.

Diffractive neural network in electromagnetic wave-driven system has attracted great attention due to its ultrahigh parallel computing capability and energy efficiency. However, recent neural networks based on the diffractive framework still face the bottlenecks of misalignment and relatively large size limiting their further applications. Here, we propose a planar diffractive neural network (pla-NN) with a highly integrated and conformal architecture to achieve direct signal processing in the microwave frequency. On the basis of printed circuit fabrication process, the misalignment could be effectively circumvented while enabling flexible extension for multiple conformal and stacking designs. We first conduct validation on the fashion-MNIST dataset and experimentally build up a system using the proposed network architecture for direct recognition of different geometry structures in the electromagnetic space. We envision that the presented architecture, once combined with the advanced dynamic maneuvering techniques and flexible topology, would exhibit unlimited potentials in the areas of high-performance computing, wireless sensing, and flexible wearable electronics.

QRS transition during interrupted lead screwing-in to confirm left bundle branch capture during left bundle branch area pacing

Abstract Background QRS transition criteria during dynamic manoeuvers are the gold-standard for non-invasive confirmation of LBB capture, but they are seen in < 50% of LBBAP procedures. Purpose we hypothesized that transition from LVSP morphology to LBBP morphology, when observed during lead penetration into the deep IVS with interrupted pacemapping, can suggest LBB capture. Methods consecutive patients with an attempt of LBBAP procedure were selected at our institution. First, we defined QRS transition from LVSP to ns-LBBP capture during interrupted lead screwing-in pacemapping. Then, we compared LVSP and ns-LBBP morphologies, according to physiologic ECG-based criteria obtained in cases in which transition was demonstrated during dynamic ECG manoeuvres using differential output pacing, with LVSP and ns-LBBP morphologies obtained in cases in which transition was observed during lead screwing-in. QRS transition during lead screwing-in was defined as shortening of paced V6-RWPT by ≥10 ms from LVSP morphology to ns-LBBP morphology, obtained with interrupted pacemapping, during mid to deep septal lead progression at the same target area, between two consecutive pacing manoeuvres, deep and deeper, with a QR/rSR′ pattern in V1 in both (figure 1). Paced V6-RWPT had to remain short and constant in the deeper LBBP position, at high and low output pacing. Results 305 patients with attempted LBBAP were screened. Any transition in QRS morphology occurred in 139 out of 290 successful procedures (47.9%). In 17 patients both QRS transitions (ns-LBBP to s-LBBP and LVSP to ns-LBBP) were observed. The study population consisted of 104 patients with transition from LVSP to ns-LBBP: forty-four patients with transition during lead screwing-in were compared to 60 cases with a demonstrated transition criterion during pacing manoeuvres. Average shortening in paced V6-RWPT was similar among study groups (17.3±6.8 ms vs 18.8±4.9 ms for transition during dynamic manoeuvres and lead screwing-in, respectively; p=0.719). Paced V6-RWPT, paced aVL-RWPT, V6-V1 interpeak interval and the recently described LBBP score, were similar for ns-LBBP morphologies in both QRS transition groups (table 1). LVSP morphologies showed longer V6-RWPT and aVL-RWPT, shorter V6-V1 interpeak interval and lower LBBP score punctuation, when compared to ns-LBBP morphologies, but no differences among the two QRS transition groups appeared. Sixty one out of 104 ns-LBBP morphologies (58.7%) met the 100% specific criterion of V6-RWPT < 75 ms or V6-V1 interpeak interval > 44 ms, and it was more frequently achieved in ns-LBBP morphologies obtained during lead screwing-in compared to those obtained during dynamic manoeuvres (70.5% vs 50%, respectively p=0.036). Conclusions during LBBAP procedure, QRS transition from LVSP to ns-LBBP can be observed as the lead penetrates deep into the IVS with interrupted pacemapping. Shortening of at least 10 ms in paced V6-RWPT may serve as marker of LBB capture.Figure 1Table 1

Using the Buckingham π Theorem for Multi-System Transfer Learning: A Case-Study with 3 Vehicles Sharing a Database

Many advanced driver assistance schemes or autonomous vehicle controllers are based on a motion model of the vehicle behavior, i.e., a function predicting how the vehicle will react to a given control input. Data-driven models, based on experimental or simulated data, are very useful, especially for vehicles difficult to model analytically, for instance, ground vehicles for which the ground-tire interaction is hard to model from first principles. However, learning schemes are limited by the difficulty of collecting large amounts of experimental data or having to rely on high-fidelity simulations. This paper explores the potential of an approach that uses dimensionless numbers based on Buckingham’s π theorem to improve the efficiency of data for learning models, with the goal of facilitating knowledge sharing between similar systems. A case study using car-like vehicles compares traditional and dimensionless models on simulated and experimental data to validate the benefits of the new dimensionless learning approach. Preliminary results from the case study presented show that this new dimensionless approach could accelerate the learning rate and improve the accuracy of the model prediction when transferring the learned model between various similar vehicles. Prediction accuracy improvements with the dimensionless scheme when using a shared database, that is, predicting the motion of a vehicle based on data from various different vehicles was found to be 480% more accurate for predicting a simple no-slip maneuver based on simulated data and 11% more accurate to predict a highly dynamic braking maneuver based on experimental data. A modified physics-informed learning scheme with hand-crafted dimensionless features was also shown to increase the improvement to precision gains of 917% and 28% respectively. A comparative study also shows that using Buckingham’s π theorem is a much more effective preprocessing step for this task than principal component analysis (PCA) or simply normalizing the data. These results show that the use of dimensionless variables is a promising tool to help in the task of learning a more generalizable motion model for vehicles, and hence potentially taking advantage of the data generated by fleets of vehicles on the road even though they are not identical.

Impact of Dynamic Wheel Loading on Flexible Pavement Responses for Non-Free Rolling Conditions

Since 2000, pavement design methodologies have transitioned from empirical to mechanistic-empirical procedures. However, the complexities of loading patterns, contact stress distribution, material characterization, vehicle maneuvering, and dynamic load amplification are still not fully considered, despite their significant effect on pavement performance. In this study, state-of-the-art numerical models were used to investigate the changes in critical pavement responses derived from the combined effect of roughness-induced dynamic loading and vehicle maneuvering. A decoupled vehicle–tire–pavement interaction approach composed of a random process to generate artificial road roughness profiles, a mechanical full truck model, and three-dimensional finite element tire and flexible pavement models allow the prediction of the impact of road roughness on vehicle dynamics. In addition, the study quantifies the effect of dynamic loading on contact stresses, and consequently, on pavement critical responses. Because of the expected increase in axle weight from truck electrification, overweight scenarios were also considered. Changes in load history and distribution of strain fields were assessed for two typical pavement structures (thin and thick). The combined effect of roughness-induced dynamic loading and vehicle maneuvering greatly altered the critical pavement responses associated with bottom-up fatigue cracking, near-surface cracking, and rutting. Under the most adverse conditions, the critical tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt concrete increased up to 125%, the shear strain increased up to 100%, and the compressive strain escalated to 120% when compared with the reference cases. Higher temperatures exacerbated the impact of dynamic wheel loading and vehicle maneuvering.

Dynamic vertebral artery occlusion aka bow hunter syndrome causing posterior fossa stroke in a young adult: a case report

BackgroundBow Hunter syndrome (BHS) is a rare, but important cause of posterior circulation stroke. It is also known as Rotational vertebral artery syndrome and is caused by transient dynamic vertebro-basilar insufficiency on movement of the neck in the presence of certain soft tissue or bone anomalies in the cranio-vertebral region.Case presentationWe present a case of Bow hunter syndrome in an 18-year-old adult male who presented with vomiting, occipital headache and loss of balance, with findings of posterior circulation stroke on imaging. Medical causes of young stroke, including vasculitis and clotting disorders were ruled out, following which a diagnostic conventional angiography and CT angiography was performed. The cause of vascular compromise in our case was the presence of vertebral anomalies, in particular, the presence of a partial ponticulus posticus with formation of an incomplete arcuate foramen. He was treated with cervical spine immobilisation and C1–C2 fixation. In addition, our patient had a single posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) on the side of the dynamic insufficiency, which lead to bilateral cerebellar infarcts. Our case is unique because it demonstrates a combination of osseous and vascular developmental anomalies resulting in posterior circulation stroke.ConclusionsThough uncommon, BHS should be considered in the list of differentials in otherwise unexplained cases of posterior circulation stroke. Conventional angiography with dynamic manoeuvres is the modality of choice for documenting the rotational vertebral artery occlusion.

Numerical prediction for vertical dynamic anti-sinking performance of underwater vehicle

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of an underwater vehicle (UV) during self-propulsion and dynamic anti-sinking maneuvers are presented. A generic submarine, Joubert BB2, was selected as the test model, which was modified by the Maritime Research Institute, Netherlands (MARIN). Different recovery maneuvers for improving the anti-sinking ability were performed when the UV bow cabin was broken. The overset mesh method was used to simulate the deflection of the rudder and stern planes, and a body-force propeller represented by an actuator disk incorporating predetermined propulsion properties provided the thrust and torque for self-propulsion. Extra vector forces of inflow water forces and recovery buoyancy forces were proposed to simulate the flooding of a bow cabin and recover buoyancy by emptying the ballast. Numerical simulations were performed for 20 different combinations of vertical anti-sinking maneuvers, including stern control surfaces, increasing ship speed, and emptying the ballast water. The pitch angle and depth characteristics of UV self-propelled motion were analyzed based on the pre-set anti-sinking criterions. The results indicated stern control surfaces combined with accelerating could effectively maintain the UV's depth and pitch angle, and discharge ballast water could always make it surface quickly. We hope that this study will provide ideas for further research on anti-sinking abilities.

An electromechanically driven dielectric elastomer based tunable reflector

Deformable optics offer numerous advantages over conventional optical assemblies, including compactness, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and flexibility. This study focuses on a reflector based on dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) with an internal fluid (air) coupling. DEAs are a class of electroactive materials adept at accommodating substantial actuation strains and rapid responses. Fluid distributed between the active and passive parts remains entirely enclosed by the device and transmits actuation pneumatically. Dynamic maneuvers conducted through a series of controlled electrical signals demonstrate proper control over optical characteristics. However, DEs exhibit inherent flaws in dynamic actuation, referred to as instabilities, which are mitigated by applying an initial pre-stretch. The study identifies optimal parameters that confer stability to the reflector: minimum to no creep, zero residual vibrations, and low viscous losses. An analytical framework is developed to assess device performance, focusing on the spherical curvature assumption that closely resembles the behavior of tunable spherical reflectors. Additionally, an optical bench setup is employed to demonstrate the relationship between focal length and applied pressure. Notably, this paper underscores the potential of a DE-based variable focal length reflector to function effectively within a dynamic environment.

Effect of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic performance, sports skills, and quality of life in wheelchair rugby athletes

IntroductionInspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used in sports to improve factors that can positively influence sports performance. However, the effects of IMT on athletes with disabilities are less well explored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IMT on the pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic performance, sports skills, and quality of life (QoL) of wheelchair rugby (WCR) athletes. MethodsA pre–post-intervention case series study of IMT was carried out with six WCR athletes. Pulmonary function (spirometry), respiratory muscle strength (manovacuometry), aerobic (cardiopulmonary exercise test) and WCR skills (Beck Battery) performance and QoL (WHOQOL-DIS) were investigated. Participants were submitted to a six-week IMT with a linear load resistor involving 30 dynamic inspiratory maneuvers twice daily for five days/week. ResultsIncreases in maximum load (+14.6%; p = 0.03), maximum effort time (+19.4%; p = 0.03), absolute and percent of predicted maximal expiratory muscle pressure (both +13.2%; p = 0.04) and absolute and percent of predicted maximal inspiratory muscle pressure (both +28.6%; p = 0.04) were observed. No significant differences were observed for pulmonary function variables, WCR skills performance or QoL. ConclusionIMT seemed to be effective at improving the respiratory muscle strength and aerobic performance of WCR players but there was no impact on pulmonary function, sports skills or QoL.

Intermittent flexor hallucis longus dislocation: ultrasound findings.

We report a case of intermittent dislocation of the flexor hallucis longus at its passage in the retro-malleolar area, related to a post-traumatic detachment of the retrotalar pulley from the medial tubercle of the talus. High-resolution ultrasound depicted the anterior dislocation of the tendon during dynamic stress, by asking the patient to flex his hallux against the examiner resistance, with the ankle in slight dorsiflexion. The tendon normally relocated after the dynamic maneuver. Tendon dislocation was associated with a painful snap.

“Open Your Mouth and Stick out Your Tongue:” Revisiting Static and Dynamic Maneuvers in Head and Neck CT

The head and neck region has a complex anatomy, making assessing lesion extension challenging. Current CT technology has not been able to overcome these challenges. Both static and dynamic maneuvers have been developed to better evaluate some areas where mucosal apposition prevents appropriate lesion characterization. Static maneuvers do not require modification of the breathing pattern and can be performed during quiet breathing acquisition. Dynamic maneuvers require an extra acquisition, with increased radiation exposure; thus, patients and scanning areas should be carefully selected. The purpose of this article is to describe these maneuvers, how to perform them, and their clinical application.Learning Objective: To describe useful dynamic and static maneuvers in head and neck diagnostic imaging and recognize the structures that may be better assessed by performing them

Vehicle’s Lateral Motion Control Using Dynamic Mode Decomposition Model Predictive Control for Unknown Model

In this paper, we present a data-driven modeling method for lateral motion control of unknown vehicle models. Vehicle’s motion can be modeled linearly but this model has complex and nonlinear characteristic. Therefore, it is necessary to know the exact information of the car chassis and requires a knowledge and understanding of dynamics. To solve these drawbacks, we linearly represent full vehicle's lateral dynamics which include nonlinear behavior using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), one of the data driven modeling methods. To determine the validity of the model obtained using the DMD method, we conducted a simulation of the comparison of the output states between the existing model and the model obtained through DMD modeling, using the scenario of a dynamic maneuver called a double line change during lateral motion of a vehicle. After determination of validation is completed, we designed a lane keeping system by applying a model predictive control to specifically evaluate the model of the proposed method. Performance was derived by comparing the error caused by the vehicle driving on the course with the controller of the simulation. The performance of the proposed approach has been evaluated through simulations and is useful when the model is inaccurate.