Dynamic MANET On-demand Research Articles

Implementation of 802.11ax and cell-free massive MIMO scenario for 6G wireless network analysis extending OMNeT++ simulator

In an era where ubiquitous connectivity and escalating data demands are altering the landscape of wireless communications, our paper proposes a pioneering enhancement for the OMNeT++ simulator to support the advanced features of IEEE 802.11ax high efficiency (HE) alongside cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Traditional wireless networks face daunting challenges in sustaining elevated quality of service (QoS), primarily due to fluctuating user densities and signal quality. Cell-free massive MIMO serves as a compelling answer to this predicament by decentralizing the cellular architecture. It eradicates conventional cell boundaries, furnishing uniform QoS regardless of user locations. However, these advancements come at the expense of complex backhaul networks and articulated joint signal processing. The 802.11ax standard, touted for its robustness and efficiency, remains underexplored in this new paradigm. Our research not only dissects the architectural elements and constraints of both 802.11ax and cell-free massive MIMO but also elaborates on the adaptations required to extend OMNeT++ functionalities for these technologies. By doing so, we bridge a crucial gap, enabling the simulator to provide a more precise, detailed, and scalable evaluation of emerging 6G scenarios and directional communications also taking into account the impact of the most known routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), and dynamic mobile ad hoc network on-demand (DYMO) that were selected for this comparative study. The proposed extensions promise to revolutionize network simulations and lay the foundation for in-depth analyses of wireless systems in complex and dynamic environments. Through extensive simulations, our study demonstrates that cell-free massive MIMO configurations significantly improve network throughput in high-density mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environments, with results indicating an average throughput gain of up to 30% compared with non-cell-free configurations. This improvement highlights the efficacy of cell-free massive MIMO to take advantage of the spatial and frequency multiplexing capabilities inherent in the 802.11ax standard, making it a promising solution for future wireless systems in densely populated areas.

Performance Evaluation of Different Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols in Difficult Situations

Performance evaluation of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols is essential for selecting the appropriate protocol for the network. Many routing protocols and different simulation tools were proposed to address this task. This paper will introduce an overview of MANETs routing protocols as well as evaluate MANET performance by using three reactive protocols—Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Dynamic MANET On-Demand (DYMO)—in three different scenarios. These scenarios are designed carefully to mimic real situations by using OMNET++. The first scenario evaluates the performance when the number of nodes increases. In the second scenario, the performance of the network will be evaluated in the presence of obstacles. In the third scenario, a group of nodes will be suddenly shut down during the communication. The network evaluation is carried out in terms of packets received, end-to-end delay, transmission count or routing overhead, throughput, and packet ratio.

Performance Evaluation of DYMO and OLSRv2 Routing Protocols in VANET

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is one of the emerging mobile ad hoc networking paradigms (MANET), where the self-organizing and infrastructure-less nature of this paradigm are a plus and not a limitation. In VANETs, vehicle nodes communicate with each other using wireless links. However, the nodes are highly mobile and the topology of the network changes rapidly. Therefore, the design of routing protocols in VANETs is still a crucial issue. In this paper, we examine two of the most recent routing protocols that proposed for MANETs to select the optimal path between source-destination pairs, namely: Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing version 2 (OLSRv2) routing protocols. We evaluated and compared the performance of both protocols based on different parameters under various simulation scenarios

On Modeling Optimizations and Enhancing Routing Protocols for Wireless Multihop Networks

The contribution of this paper is two fold. It first analyses the flooding strategies for the Wireless Multihop Networks (WMNs) then it enhances the reactive and proactive routing protocols. For analysis purpose, we select four widely used flooding techniques for routing: i. traditional flooding, ii. Time-To-Live based Expanding Ring Search (TTL-based ERS) flooding scheme, iii. TTL-based Scope Routing (SR) flooding and iv. Multi-Point Relays (MPR) flooding. These techniques play a vital role and act as a backbone for routing protocols. Therefore, we compare efficiency of these techniques for six widely used routing protocols: Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), DYnamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), Fish-eye Scope Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). DSDV uses traditional flooding, AODV, DSR and DYMO use TTL-based ERS flooding, FSR uses TTL-based SR flooding and OLSR uses MPR flooding. This paper also presents mathematical models for flooding techniques and studies the affects of these techniques on their respective protocols in terms of energy and time consumption. This is done to measure the cost incurred by the routing protocols in the form of routing overhead and latencies. A novel contribution of this work is the enhancement in search set values and intervals of routing algorithms to improve the efficiency of selected existing protocols. A detailed comparison analysis of selected protocols with their default and enhanced routing algorithms in NS-2 is also a part of this work.

A Feasibility Study of Privacy Ensuring Emergency Vehicle Approaching Warning System

With the deployment of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), new transport safety and efficiency applications are emerging. One of the fields where the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) is expected to bring great benefits, is emergency systems. A properly designed emergency vehicle warning system should provide car drivers with adequate reaction times and additional information, complementing the currently used lights and sirens. The objective is to increase road safety and to create conditions for a fast and reliable movement of emergency vehicles (EVs). The available literature addressing privacy issues in VANET-based emergency vehicle warning systems is strongly limited. In this paper, the privacy ensuring emergency vehicle approaching warning system (PEEV-WS) is proposed based on a requirements analysis. Privacy is ensured by avoiding transmissions of sensitive information (e.g., expected EV route) over the wireless channel. This is achieved by assigning the decision-making responsibility to an EV and determining which vehicles can potentially interfere with the EV in the near future, and to notify those vehicles only by unicasting vehicle-customized information. The performance of the system is evaluated by federated telco-traffic simulations in terms of end-to-end delay and message delivery probability for three commonly used ad hoc routing protocols—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), as well as in terms of reaction time, which the system provides to the drivers. Despite low applicability of the ad hoc routing protocols for vehicular communication, especially for low-latency and high-frequency applications, the simulations of the communication network demonstrate that the AODV protocol, with the modified configuration, can support the emergency vehicle warning system. The traffic simulations confirm that the system has the potential to provide drivers with sufficient reaction time.

Efficient strategies to reduce power consumption in MANETs.

In current circumstances, where amelioration in technology is elevating, power optimization is of grave concern, whilst perceiving portable conditions. The focus is to design an efficient system with an aim to reduce power consumption and improve performance of other metrics. Heterogeneous wireless systems will command in the next-generation wireless networks with the aggregation of different remote access mechanisms. A node in MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETworks) while consuming significant amount of energy practices data transmission and data retrieval process whilst bonding with other neighboring nodes that are within its range. The proposed work implements User Specified energy model and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) routing protocol. Further, additional features of IEEE 802.11 i.e., Power Saving Mode is employed. To obtain enhanced coverage at targeted areas, multi-hop relay strategy is taken into account, also to achieve a less power consuming network with a greater service life. Consequently, the efficiency of the devices is monitored by opting Residual Life Accurate battery model, by using different datasets of Duracell AA and AAA batteries. Simultaneously, battery model, energy model and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) are applied for IEEE 802.16 to get a comparative assessment of power consumption between IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16. Results are generated for both the architectures i.e., 802.11 and 802.16 for metrics such as residual amount of energy for varying simulation time for all the nodes and for energy consumption in AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DYMO (DYnamic Manet On-demand) routing protocol using Qualnet version 7.4.

Detection and Interception of Black Hole Attack with Justification using Anomaly based Intrusion Detection System in MANETs

Mobile adhoc network, a derivative of the adhoc network is sensitive to heterogeneous forms of attacks in particular passive and active attacks. Black hole attack is one such continually prevailing threat in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs), where specific nodes operate spitefully in the course of data transmission. Throughout this work, we intend to present an effectual approach to detect and intercept this attack taking into account Dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO) routing protocol. This work presupposes working in three modulesplanting, detection and ultimately the interception against the black hole attack. An IDS is initiated on the notion of machine leaning using MATLAB software. A relative scrutiny of IDS grounded on classifiers like K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Decision tree and neural network is also conducted to make it certain that the best feasible classifier is settled on for administering the IDS. The analysis of the put forward work is subsequently accomplished taking miscellaneous metrics covering packet drop rate, average transmission delay, Packet Delivery Ratio along with throughput.

Evaluating Reactive Routing Protocols of VANETs using 2K�Factorial Analysis

Background/Objectives: The capabilities of vehicular communications technology is ever expanding and due to this reason, vehicular Ad-hoc networks are known as the most essential devices for significant progressions in modern era. The main purpose is to entertain, to ensure safety and take precautionary measures in case of emergency. The enhanced network performance is always subjected to efficient routing in the networks. In fact, routing information is based on the routing protocols in every network system. This research aims to modify further to improve the implementation of routing protocols including Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) intended for VANETS which are viewed as progressively helpful and appropriate for Ad-hoc systems. Methods: The upgraded adaptation of AODV, DSR and DYMO are called as MOD-AODV, MOD-DSR and MOD-DYMO. Ad-hoc networks specifically in VANETs rely on simulation because of the complication and level of intricacy in deployment of such networks. However, for validation of such proposals the most important and representative factors are overlooked during the experiments. Moreover, a statistical analysis is presented that is based on 2K factorial that revealed the technique so as to decide the most extreme model viewpoints influencing the working of routing protocols under the system density and traffic loads. Three reactive routing protocols including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay (AE2ED) and Network Routing Overhead (NRO) are selected to break down the execution for the implementation of estimating parameters. Findings: At last, the outcomes show that at the expense of higher NRO, MOD-DYMO accomplished the better PDR and AE2ED than other routing protocols on varying nodes thickness and number of Constant Bit Rate (CBR) connections in all considered scenarios. Keywords: Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Routing, Routing Congestion, Wireless Multi-hop

Enhance the Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks by Using Fuzzy Based NTT–DYMO

The dynamic nature of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) demands a new-fangled set of communication strategies to enhance the performance of Quality of Service (QoS). It is very difficult to find viable QoS routes in MANETs due to its environment. AODV version 2 is called Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) Routing protocol. Drawback of AODV is, it does not support larger networks. DYMO supports both medium and larger networks. To enhance the performance of DYMO, this paper proposes FBNTT DYMO by applying dynamic Node Traversal Time (NTT) in place of defacto NTT using fuzzy logic and Matlab. Fuzzy concept is used by taking network size and mobility is inputs and NTT as output. NTT plays a vital role in improving QoS in MANETs. For the Existing DYMO the default NTT value is 90 ms in QualNet simulator, however in a lively and dynamic environment we should not depend on the static values during protocol configuration. This paper implements FBNTT DYMO using QualNet simulator. The QoS metrics used are: throughput, delay, jitter and First packet received. The experimental result reveals that FBNTT DYMO radically improves the QoS as compared with defacto NTT–DYMO.

Collaborative Vehicle Location Management Service for Enhanced Hybrid Reactive and Proactive Multicast in VANETs

Delivery of information to highly dynamic nodes is a big challenge in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Existing location management protocols for VANET maintain locations of mobile nodes, but they exploit mobile vehicles as location servers, which increases location server changes and reduces stability. In this paper collaborative vehicle location management service (CVLMS) for an enhanced hybrid reactive and proactive multicast (EHRPM) facilitates knowing the location information of the moving destinations. EHRPM uses speeds, length, and densities of roads to choose the least delivery delay path. Existing information dissemination in VANETs does not discuss how location servers are used in localization. CVLMS exploits roadside units (RSUs) in cashing and dissemination of locations and dissemination of multicast messages. CVLMS guarantees stability using static RSUs that maintain locations to overcome multiple location server change problem. Location tables are stored in multiple RSUs which maintain load distribution. CVLMS provides an infrastructure platform which enables collaboration of RSUs to exchange locations. Scalability of the CVLMS is provided by increasing the number of vehicles and still gives high-performance results. Results demonstrate that CVLMS outperforms grid location service, intersection location service, Dynamic MANET On-demand with RSUs, and time-based vehicle-to-roadside unit communication in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, end-to-end delay, and overhead.

Promoting wired links in wireless mesh networks: an efficient engineering solution.

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) cannot completely guarantee good performance of traffic sources such as video streaming. To improve the network performance, this study proposes an efficient engineering solution named Wireless-to-Ethernet-Mesh-Portal-Passageway (WEMPP) that allows effective use of wired communication in WMNs. WEMPP permits transmitting data through wired and stable paths even when the destination is in the same network as the source (Intra-traffic). Tested with four popular routing protocols (Optimized Link State Routing or OLSR as a proactive protocol, Dynamic MANET On-demand or DYMO as a reactive protocol, DYMO with spanning tree ability and HWMP), WEMPP considerably decreases the end-to-end delay, jitter, contentions and interferences on nodes, even when the network size or density varies. WEMPP is also cost-effective and increases the network throughput. Moreover, in contrast to solutions proposed by previous studies, WEMPP is easily implemented by modifying the firmware of the actual Ethernet hardware without altering the routing protocols and/or the functionality of the IP/MAC/Upper layers. In fact, there is no need for modifying the functionalities of other mesh components in order to work with WEMPPs. The results of this study show that WEMPP significantly increases the performance of all routing protocols, thus leading to better video quality on nodes.

Towards optimising routing overhead in wireless multi-hop networks

In this paper, we select three most widely used reactive protocols; ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO), and model their energy and time consumption costs of expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm in wireless multi-hop networks (WMhNs). A novel contribution of this work is tuning the route discovery and route maintenance parameters of the chosen protocols to minimise routing overhead. For analytical comparison, we simulate default and enhanced versions of these protocols using NS-2. From modelling and analytical comparison, we deduce that adjusting time-to-live (TTL) values in search sets of ERS algorithm with respective waiting time is more useful for reducing bandwidth and locating time in chosen protocols. Moreover, for reliable transmission and efficient performance, reactive protocols need immediate detection of link breakage along with quick repairement strategies for re-establishment of routes such as local link repair (LLR) and packet salvaging (PS).

Modeling Routing Overhead of Reactive Protocols at Link Layer and Network Layer in Wireless Multihop Networks

To keep information recent between two nodes, two types of link sensing feed-back mechanisms are used: link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). In this paper, we model and evaluate these link sensing mechanisms in three widely used reactive routing protocols: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO). Total cost paid by a routing protocol is the sum of cost paid in the form of energy consumed (in terms of packet reception/transmission) and time spent (in terms of processing route information). Routing operations are divided into two phases: route discovery (RD) and route maintenance (RM). These protocols majorly focus on broadcast cost optimization performed by expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm to control blind flooding. Hence, our model relates link sensing mechanisms in RD and RM for the selected routing protocols to compute consumed energy and processing time. The proposed framework is evaluated via NS-2, where the selected protocols are tested with different nodes' mobilities and densities.

Modeling Routing Overhead of Reactive Protocols at Link Layer and Network Layer in Wireless Multihop Networks

To keep information recent between two nodes, two types of link sensing feed-back mechanisms are used: link layer (LL) and network layer (NL). In this paper, we model and evaluate these link sensing mechanisms in three widely used reactive routing protocols: ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO). Total cost paid by a routing protocol is the sum of cost paid in the form of energy consumed (in terms of packet reception/transmission) and time spent (in terms of processing route information). Routing operations are divided into two phases: route discovery (RD) and route maintenance (RM). These protocols majorly focus on broadcast cost optimization performed by expanding ring search (ERS) algorithm to control blind flooding. Hence, our model relates link sensing mechanisms in RD and RM for the selected routing protocols to compute consumed energy and processing time. The proposed framework is evaluated via NS-2, where the selected protocols are tested with different nodes' mobilities and densities.

Multipath Dynamic MANET On-demand Protocol with QoS Implementation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of densely deployed sensor nodes, which have limited computational capabilities, power supply, and communication bandwidth. To ensure reliability in delivering the sensing data through a large field of sensors remains a research challenge. The multipath routing technique is one of the best solution to this which can enforce network robustness in case of node failures. DYMO_MQ [1] is a novel multipath approach which is a multipath extension to Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO). In this paper the author are making an effort to implement the DYMO_MQ protocol NS2. Results gives the confirmation of successful implementation.

Performance Evaluation of DYMO, AODV and DSR Routing Protocols in MANET

Ad Hoc network has no infrastructure and it provides flexibility to network's nodes to connect and disconnect at any time. A MANET is an Ad Hoc network that provides freedom of movement to the network's nodes. In a MANET, The development of routing protocols is one of the main challenges and much research has been done to evaluate the current protocols to improve them or to develop new protocols. There are several protocols that have been tested in the past and each protocol has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the applications. In this paper, we evaluate Dynamic MANET On-demand routing protocol (DYMO), Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing protocol (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR). We evaluate the performance based on throughput, dropped packets and end-to-end delay.

Effects of Velocity on Performance of DYMO, AODV and DSR Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices (nodes) where nodes communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless links. This paper, analyses the effect of mobility on performance of three MANET on-demand routing protocols i.e. Dynamic Manet On-Demand (DYMO), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Victor Routing Protocol (AODV). The performance metrics for analysis consists of different parameters such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and average jitter. We used EXata/Cyber 1.2 from scalable networks for simulation of these protocols.

Analysis of mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols using shadowing propagation model

In this paper, we present the implementation and analysis of our implemented MANET simulation system considering ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic MANET on-demand (DYMO) and optimised link state routing (OLSR) protocols for wireless multi-hop networking. We investigate the effect of mobility and topology changing in MANET. We study the impact of source and destination movement for indoor environment. In this work, we consider five models: stationary, source movement scenario, destination movement scenario, source and destination movement scenario and random way-point models. We assess the performance of our simulation system in terms of throughput, number of received packets and hop distance. From the results, we found that the AODV protocol has a good performance when the source and destination nodes are moving. Also, the AODV protocol provides a flexible and effective routing for indoor environment.

Performance analysis of Dynamic MANET Ondemand (DYMO) Routing protocol

Routing in a MANET is challenging because of the dynamic topology and the lack of an existing fixed infrastructure. In such a scenario a mobile host can act as both a host and a router forwarding packets for other mobile nodes in the network. Routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) must adapt to frequent or continual changes of topology, while simultaneously limiting the impact of tracking these changes on wireless resources. The DYMO protocol intended for the use by mobile nodes in wireless multihop ad hoc networks. It can adapt to the changing network topology and determine unicast routes between nodes within the network. This paper presents a comprehensive summarization and a comparative study of the Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) protocol for MANET and simulation analysis of existing protocols DSR and AODV and comparison among them under varying number of nodes. Comparative study shows that DYMO is only a good choice if the nodes are mobile and wireless multihop. We have compared the performance of DSR and AODV with DYMO protocol by taking some performance metrics. Result shows that DYMO simulation provides better performance than DSR when compared in a given network topology with respect to throughput, packet loss, delay, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load.

A Review of 6LoWPAN Routing Protocols

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group has standardized the transmission of internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets over IEEE 802.15.4 low power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) as 6LoWPAN protocol. It provides the wireless sensor network (WSN) node with IP communication capabilities by putting an adaptation layer above the 802.15.4 link layer. Different mechanisms performed by adaptation layer require the 6LoWPAN header encapsulation in the packet. Although routing is among the key issues of 6LoWPAN research, the way to encapsulate a new routing header in the 6LoWPAN packet has yet been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, different ways of routing header encapsulation in 6LoWPAN protocol stack is discussed. The simplified version Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) such as On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) and Dynamic MANET On-demand for 6LoWPAN (DYMO-low) have currently been proposed in 6LoWPAN routing. Hierarchical routing (HiLow) is another routing protocol that is used in 6LoWPAN to increase the network scalability. Some comparisons of these routing protocols have been made in terms of their routing metric such as number of hops count. The used control messages for the route discovery in different routing protocols have also been investigated. These comparisons show that each routing protocol has its own advantage depends on the involved applications. There are some tradeoffs of respective routing protocols. The routing protocol that uses hello message may provide more reliable but results a higher delay in the packet routing.