Dynamics Of Innovation Systems Research Articles

Just public algorithms: Mapping public engagement with the use of algorithms in UK public services

This paper proposes and models a novel approach to public engagement with the use of algorithms in public services. Algorithms pose significant risks which need to be anticipated and mitigated through democratic governance, including public engagement. We argue that as the challenge of creating responsible algorithms within a dynamic innovation system is one that will never definitively be accomplished – and as public engagement is not singular or pre-given but is always constructed through performance and in relation to other processes and events – public engagement with algorithms needs to be conducted and conceptualised as relational, systemic, and ongoing. We use a systemic mapping approach to map and analyse 77 cases of public engagement with the use of algorithms in public services in the UK 2013–2020 and synthesise the potential benefits and risks of these approaches articulated across the cases. The mapping shows there was already a diversity of public engagement on this topic in the UK by 2020, involving a wide range of different policy areas, framings of the problem, affordances of algorithms, publics, and formats of public engagement. While many of the cases anticipate benefits from the adoption of these technologies, they also raise a range of concerns which mirror much of the critical literature and highlight how algorithmic approaches may sometimes foreclose alternative options for policy delivery. The paper concludes by considering how this approach could be adopted on an ongoing basis to ensure the responsible governance of algorithms in public services, through a ‘public engagement observatory’.

Conceptual structure of innovation systems: a systematic approach through qualitative data analysis

This article analyzes the conceptual structure of the field of study of innovation systems through the establishment of subfields of knowledge using text mining. The data was sourced from the Web of Science in a search through Boolean operators under the concept “innovation systems” obtaining 6,706 articles in august 2020. For the analysis, a dictionary of categories has been constructed that agglomerate conceptually close families of words comprising keywords, theoretical and geographical approaches. Additionally, the QDA Miner & Wordstat software has been used to exploit the data. As results, it is possible to identify the central role of the concepts of triple helix and open innovation in the field of study of innovation systems; in the same way, it is possible to identify that the concepts of quadruple and quintuple helix related to the greater relevance of social and environmental issues on the agenda emerge strongly. And although the most discussed issues correspond to knowledge transfer, the science, and the economic development; the hottest issues result from the dynamics of innovation systems, its performance, and collaboration actions. Socio-technological changes in the innovation systems, mainly in North America, become less relevant as research interest, while new discussions arise in Europe and Africa on social and environmental sustainability issues. Public policies for innovation systems, management associated with new business models, and sustainability are topics of greatest interest for research. In this way the conceptual structure of the field and subfields of study of innovation systems is explained from the different visualizations through word clusters, the graphic representation of matrices and dendrograms.

A Socio-Technical Perspective on CCS Innovation System Dynamics in Norway

A Socio-Technical Perspective on CCS Innovation System Dynamics in Norway

Techno-economic transformation in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union – A neo-Schumpeterian perspective

This essay is an interpretative survey that explores the post-socialist transformation in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (EE&fSU) from a neo-Schumpeterian perspective. It argues that we cannot understand the challenges of technological upgrading of the post-socialist region if we only adopt the lens of what can be termed transition economics. Instead, the post-socialist transformation is an open-ended process whose outcomes can be better understood as a disequilibriating evolutionary process involving the misalignment of different levels and parts of innovation systems. We develop a multi-level analytical framework and outline several major transformation processes involving dynamic interactive capabilities as the core precondition for technology catching up. Technology accumulation and innovation systems are hybrid systems whose dynamism rests on various governing principles. The swing from one pure mode of coordination (plan) to other (market) explains limited technological upgrading in both periods. Dynamic innovation systems are quintessentially hybrid systems. Crucial to this is an understanding of the role which the state plays, both as a contributor and as an obstacle to the transformation towards sustainable economic growth.

Moving toward responsible value creation: Business model challenges faced by organizations producing responsible health innovations

AbstractResponsible Research and Innovation (RRI) seeks to steer innovation toward important societal challenges and, by doing so, calls for entrepreneurial activities that create economic, social, and environmental value. Nonetheless, little is known about the way different types of organization can produce responsible products and services and the challenges they face when implementing new business models remain largely uncharted. By linking the RRI and the business model literatures, the aim of this article is to generate a better understanding of the challenges underlying responsible value creation. To do so, we approach the business model as a dynamic construct that crosses organizational boundaries and develop an empirically grounded multilevel model that links entrepreneurs' practices (micro‐level), organizational management (meso‐level), and innovation system dynamics (macro‐level). Our multiple case studies include for‐profit and not‐for‐profit Canadian and Brazilian organizations (n = 16) engaged in the production of responsible health innovations and explore the following research questions: “What business model challenges do these organizations face in their attempt to produce responsible innovations? How do these challenges affect the implementation of their business model and capacity to achieve responsible value creation?” Our findings focus on cross‐case commonalities that clarify how specific business model components are dynamically adapted in response to eight micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level business model challenges, while the organizations' capacity to adequately align these components remains precarious. Our study provides innovation management scholars with an empirically grounded model that brings conceptual clarity to responsible value creation. This groundwork may foster cumulative knowledge growth on the way RRI‐oriented organizations can orchestrate their activities toward responsible value creation, which simultaneously requires individual entrepreneurial skills, organizational capacities, and the support of other innovation stakeholders.

The Impact of Government Policy on Macro Dynamic Innovation of the Creative Industries: Studies of the UK’s and China’s Animation Sectors

With digitalization and the support of policies, the creative industries have shown rapid growth in the last 20 years. Open forms of collective learning, user engagement and social networks have become popular to generate IPs and values. Meanwhile, government policy can support the sectors through subsidies, regulations, standardization, and protections at regional and national levels. This paper aims to explore the role of government policy in the innovation of creative industries from a macro dynamic perspective. The research method combines a structured literature review, a secondary document review of industry reports and government policy, and thematic content analysis. Through in-depth studies of the UK’s and China’s animation sectors, the paper identifies key elements of closed innovation, social innovation, and open innovation systems in the market. Comparisons of national government policies since 2000 reveal different approaches for countries where creative sectors are well-established, and for those starting with limited knowledge resources. A dynamic model is developed to address the evolution of macro dynamic innovation systems and the role of policies as interactive mechanisms. Practical implementation and future research areas are also suggested.

Which regional conditions facilitate university spinouts retention and attraction?

ABSTRACT We discuss the economic and institutional factors that contribute to regions retaining university spinouts (USOs) founded within their borders as well as attracting USOs from other regions. Using UK data, we find that those regions with high USO retention rates have lower urbanization and localization economies. This suggests that locally founded USOs take advantage of cheaper inputs in addition to benefits that come from proximity to their home university. However, regions with high USO attraction rates have higher localization economies and innovation resources, suggesting that USOs move there to benefit from dynamic innovation systems. This study offers some general implications for regional and national industrial policy, including the ‘levelling up’ regional policy agenda.

On the performance and strategy of innovation systems: A multicriteria group decision analysis approach

Mainstream approaches to analyzing innovation systems are based on statistical methods, use standard sets of indicators, and are typically deployed to measure and classify innovation performance. As they are not based on decision-theoretic approaches that involve the multiple agents that are usually embedded in innovation systems, conventional approaches are rather inadequate to generate the strategy and describe the dynamics of innovation systems. Taking a rather different approach that has been motivated by the need to generate the strategy of innovation systems, we set out a methodology that lies at the intersection of strategy, innovation and decision theory. The methodology construes the strategy of an innovation system as a process that emerges from the evaluations of agents and the aggregation logics used to arrive at a group decision. The methodology draws upon the TOPSIS multicriteria decision analysis method, uses the Mahalanobis metric of distance and applies the Borda count to aggregate the preferences of multiple agents who participate as strategists in the process of allocating resources based on a set of agreed-upon indicators. The resulting methodology can be used in concert with different innovation frameworks using sets of indicators that may show varying degrees of correlation in order to drive the strategy of innovation systems as a dynamic group decision-theoretic process.

Approaches to the creation of a systemic integrated theory of intellectual capital management

Summary.:The present study aims to make its theoretical contribution to the rationale for the creation of an integrated system theory of human capital management and to clarify the interaction of knowledge generation factors in a dynamic innovation system. The systems theory of intellectual capital identifies the mechanisms that ensure the role of intellectual capital in the dynamic innovation capabilities of technology companies and industrial sectors.

The Impact of Innovation Systems on E-commerce Capacity

For improved and sustained growth, world economies are now moving towards innovation systems. However, the impact of these innovation systems on economies within the economic paradigm is still unknown. This study aims to investigate how innovation systems in various economies influence E-commerce capacity. However, various policymakers plan to design and implement policies that meet the changing dynamics of innovation systems. However, the fact that these policies have an impact on E-commerce is mostly not taken into consideration. This study further aims to understand whether policymakers should consider the enabling side effects and the impact assessment derived from innovation systems when they design E-commerce policies? By utilizing quantitative analysis, the study evaluates the innovation enabling factors for E-commerce advancement. The innovation system factors, institutions, human capital, infrastructure, market sophistication, knowledge, and creative outputs construct the set of independent variables that evaluated against the dependent variable that is E-commerce capacity. Through structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis of the Global Innovation Index data, the study concludes that human capital and market sophistication are significant enabling factors to E-commerce when innovation system policies are applied. In addition, infrastructure and information communication technology are essential factors in advancing E-commerce capacity. This work recommends that policymakers should assess the impact of existing innovation policies related to human capital, empowerment, and market sophistication on E-commerce capacity.

Constructing the national innovation system in Rwanda: efforts and challenges

ABSTRACT The building of sustainable innovation capabilities in Africa requires an innovation system capable of producing, disseminating and using new knowledge. This paper assesses the process of constructing the National Innovation System (NIS) in Rwanda. It is posited that consensus on and acceptance of the concept of NIS among stakeholders is crucial in the early process of constructing an efficient and dynamic innovation system. Primary empirical data are presented for the case of Rwanda and analyzed in a regional context. The study shows that the NIS concept is generally being integrated and utilized in the process of building sustainable innovation capabilities in Rwanda. In particular, Rwanda exhibits promising progress in the process of establishing and reinforcing infrastructures and institutions as well as policies to promote innovation. However, there are still challenges associated with low research capacity, low level of interactions among stakeholders, limited financial resources as well as lack of coordination framework, all of which contribute to hampering the building up of sustainable innovation capabilities.

Reviewing the intellectual structure and evolution of the innovation systems approach: A social network analysis

The increased attention of policymakers and researchers to the concept of innovation systems in recent decades has led to an increase in studies in this field and, consequently, its dynamics. This increase in the number of studies indicates the necessity of conducting studies to delineate the intellectual structure and process of development and evolution of this field. The present study aims to present a picture of the structure, evolution, and dynamics of innovation systems through the analysis of academic social networks based on bibliometric criteria and identify emerging issues for research. Accordingly, using citation, word co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analyses, we analyzed 3250 documents which had been published between 1988 and 2018 and extracted from the Web of Science database. Through a systematic review, theoretical roots and frameworks affecting this field were identified and the existing research streams were introduced. According to the analyses, historical and contemporary views were categorized into four clusters. In addition, the most important and emerging issues in this field were identified and the most influential documents, journals, and authors were introduced.

Industrial Energy Transitions and the Dynamics of Innovation Systems: The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry, 1970–2010

This article provides a sectoral innovation system perspective of the development of energy efficient and clean process technologies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Specifically, the analysis elaborates the importance of knowledge development, actor networks, and institutions (including policy) for progressing and diffusing novel technologies related to energy use. The empirical analysis also sheds light on how significant changes in the sectoral innovation system have influenced the relevant research, development and demonstration activities in the Swedish pulp and paper industry over the period 1970–2010. The results are based on various sources—e.g., industry magazines, reports from industrial consultants and associations, minutes from meetings—and illustrate the importance of well-functioning innovation systems for successful technological development and diffusion processes. They display, in particular, the importance of joint, industry-wide R&D activities, trust-based state—industry relationships, government R&D expenditures, and intense information sharing. One important implication is that the role of policy stretches beyond the funding of basic R&D. Policy also involves measures that strengthen existing actor networks, build competence, and secure the existence of research institutes that provide a bridge between basic knowledge generation (at the universities) on the one hand, and industrial application on the other.

Empirical application of the multi-level perspective: tracing the history of ground-source heat pumps systems in Finland

The emergence and evolution of more sustainable technologies and related industrial fields is a core concern for sustainability transitions scholars. This interest is accentuated as it has become evident that the upscaling of transition-relevant technologies follows different pathways in varying national and geographic contexts. The usual research approach to studying such industry-field dynamics in particular contexts has been to use the technological innovation systems (TIS) framework, focusing on the emergence of functioning TISs. The current calls for life-cycle TIS and the few existing examples of operationalizing the multi-level perspective (MLP) in a more focused way underscore the need to better account for the contextual specifics, contingencies, and later phases in the proliferation of transition technologies. We elaborate on the benefits of using the MLP in long-term analyses of transition technologies by examining the history of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems in Finland from the era of the energy crises in the 1970s until the present day. The investigation reveals how the present success of GSHPs has not followed just from simple innovation-system dynamics or niche-regime landscape relations but is also a result of variations and extent of landscape pressure as well as unplanned support from neighboring niche technologies.

Entrepreneurial experimentation: a key function in systems of innovation

The literature on innovation systems focuses on the supply side (the creation of technology) rather than on how innovations are converted into economic activity and growth via the market (the demand side, and the interface between supply and demand). One implication of this is that there is a dearth of research on the links between innovation systems and economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to begin to fill this gap in the literature. We articulate the function of entrepreneurial experimentation as an essential mechanism for translating new knowledge into economic activity and growth created in innovation systems. We argue that entrepreneurial experimentation comprises both “technical” and “market” experimentation. Spinoffs and acquisitions are proposed as micro-mechanisms that give rise to system-wide entrepreneurial experimentation. Our framework suggests that entrepreneurial experimentation is central in driving both the supply- and the demand-side dynamics of innovation systems, hence linking both innovation systems and entrepreneurship to economic growth.

Sustainable R&D and innovation system comparisons of India, Russia, Mexico and Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to define and measure the outputs of a specific kind of innovation system, namely a sustainability-oriented innovation system (SoIS) for India, Russia, Mexico, and Turkey, with a view to compare and draw best practises for other emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachIn a mixed methods design, the research work combines qualitative assessments based on support mechanisms with quantitative analyses based on the outputs of papers and patents in a set of 25 main keywords and related patent codes.FindingsThe SoIS for the four countries are defined based on 40 support mechanisms in the six main activities or functional dynamics of innovation systems. In an 11-year timeframe between 2003 and 2014, the output analyses consisted of 42,812 papers in the Scopus database and 3,483 patents in the World Intellectual Property Organization PatentScope database. Best practices were further identified and used to make a set of five key recommendations toward activating SoIS.Practical implicationsThe synergy of each functional dynamic is necessary to maximize the outputs of SoIS and transform knowledge into societal benefit for sustainable development. Best practises include dedicated research initiatives in sustainability priorities.Originality/valueThe paper bridges a gap in developing and applying a method to identify, compare, and measure the performance of SoIS. The results are useful to activate SoIS to accelerate the pace of research, development and innovation for better managing environmental quality.

Sustainability-oriented innovation system analyses of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Turkey and Singapore

The coherency of research, development, and innovation processes are vital in promoting a more resource efficient society. Sustainability-oriented innovation systems define specific kinds of innovation systems, i.e. those that are directed to the aims of sustainable development. This paper develops an integrated method with four layers of analysis to evaluate the priorities and performances of such systems. The method is applied to a sample of emerging and innovation based economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Turkey, and Singapore. The analyses consider the 6 main activities or functional dynamics of innovation systems and a set of 19 keywords. The keywords relate to the thematic clusters of renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency, and environmental management. The priorities of the countries in each main interaction of the system are classified accordingly. The priorities are compared to the existing level of specialization in the keywords based on the intermediate outputs of the system. The analyses cover 153,838 papers and 15,138 patents between the years 2003 and 2014. A Sustainable Innovation Index is developed to aggregate the normalized values of country performance across all keywords. Singapore receives the highest value (21.17) and the average of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa is 14.91. The results determine the ability of countries to align priorities and performance towards more mature innovation systems for sustainable development.

Analysis of animal monitoring technologies in Germany from an innovation system perspective

In order to address societal demands (e.g., animal welfare, traceability, environmental aspects), animal monitoring (AM) technologies provide much potential for innovation in animal production. AM means the real time and on-going automatic monitoring by ‘smart’ sensors of physiological, growth and behaviour parameters of individual farming animals, integrated in various areas (e.g., animal milking, feeding, breeding, health). The literature on AM mainly focusses on technologies and their application. The available information about innovation processes in AM is still very fragmentary and not comprehensive. The present article analyses the generation, development and use of AM technologies in Germany from a dynamic innovation system perspective. The analytical framework of the article is based on the sectoral innovation system approach. Qualitative interviews, an expert workshop, and a Delphi survey were conducted to explore the roles and interactions of heterogeneous actors in innovation processes and the interlocking between innovation stages. On the basis of identified fostering and inhibiting factors, opportunities for systemic interventions are suggested to further innovations in AM and in the German animal production sector and in other countries. These interventions consider, on the one hand, recommendations to support AM technologies and their broader implementation (‘hard skill interventions’) and, on the other hand, interventions that are suitable to stimulate innovations in animal production without specific focus on a single technological regime or innovation area (‘soft skill interventions’). The ‘hard skill interventions’ refer to the need for improvements concerning system compatibility and data exchange; the special need for financial support of extensive validation of AM technologies and clear communication of benefits or constraints to farmers. ‘Soft skill interventions’ are related to innovation capacity building of actors in order to coordinate co-development processes and to improve communication: Finding of a common understanding of the innovation system and common language among actors; early involvement of all actors and the reflection of actors' roles; resource-based fostering of network management. Finally, innovation policies should be capable to gather and react appropriately to these requirements. Generally, the study contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of innovation activities in AM and their embedding in the innovation system of animal production. The opportunities for systemic intervention can be used by the sector's actors to enhance the innovativeness of the German sector and to make better use of AM potentials to address the global challenges and societal demands.

The dynamics of national innovation systems: an empirical approach to economic growth and development

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar las relaciones dinamicas y el proceso de co-evolucion entre innovacion, crecimiento economico y desarrollo. Se analiza una muestra amplia de sistemas nacionales en las tres ultimas decadas con un enfoque econometrico de series temporales. Este trabajo contribuye a la literatura y las politicas publicas al generar evidencia cuantitativa de las estructuras que unen los Sistemas de Innovacion (SSII) con los sistemas economicos a traves del tiempo. La tesis se compone de cuatro articulos cientificos. El primero, ?How innovation systems and development theories complement each other?, escrito con Mario Pansera (2013), relaciona las teorias de desarrollo con los SSII. Propone que la interaccion entre los SSII y las teorias de desarrollo proporciona beneficios para ambas lineas de investigacion. El segundo articulo, ?A new panel dataset for cross-country analyses of national systems, growth and development (CANA)?, escrito con Fulvio Castellacci (2011), proporciono datos completos de series temporales de las ultimas tres decadas de 134 paises. El documento da una alternativa al problema de la falta de datos aplica imputacion multiple para estimar datos transversales y de series temporales a nivel de pais. Se construyo un conjunto de datos completos con 41 indicadores, que miden innovacion y capacidad tecnologica, sistema educativo y capital humano, infraestructuras, competitividad economica, factores politico- institucionales y capital social. Los dos ultimos documentos son contribuciones empiricas. El documento ?Innovation, Absorptive Capacity and Growth Heterogeneity Development Paths in Latin America 1970?2010?, escrito con Fulvio Castellacci (2013a), hace un analisis del desarrollo de 18 paises de America Latina, aplicando cointegracion de series temporales para estudiar las relaciones entre capacidad de absorcion, innovacion y crecimiento economico aporta dos resultados principales a) los paises de America Latina han seguido diferentes trayectorias de crecimiento en funcion a las politicas que han adoptado b) los paises que han combinado politicas de innovacion e imitacion han tenido una mayor tasa de crecimiento. El ultimo documento, ?The dynamics of national innovation systems a panel cointegration analysis of the coevolution between innovative capability and absorptive capacity?, escrito con Fulvio Castellacci (2013b), investiga si las dinamicas de los SSII responde a la co-evolucion de la capacidad de innovacion con la capacidad de absorcion. Se utiliza cointegracion de panel para 87 paises en el periodo 1980-2007. Los resultados indican que existe co-evolucion entre la capacidad de innovacion y tres factores de capacidad de absorcion. Este resultado general, no obstante, difiere y toma patrones especificos en diferentes niveles de desarrollo.De estos documentos se extrae una conclusion central. Existe evidencia de la co-evolucion entre las capacidades innovadoras, la capacidad de absorcion y el desarrollo economico. Esto avala que los enfoques reduccionistas que no consideran la naturaleza multidimensional del desarrollo son propensos a hacer analisis errados. Por tanto, dos recomendaciones principales se pueden esbozar a) la combinacion de las politicas de innovacion y la imitacion es la mejor practica que podria ser sugerida b) las soluciones deben ser especificas para cada pais en funcion a las capacidades reveladas y las interacciones entre ellas, las sociedades deben coordinar y acodar la forma de construir las competencias que necesitan. La evidencia hasta el momento ofrece un mensaje claro las interacciones fuertes son una caracteristica comun de las economias desarrolladas.Palabras clave sistemas nacionales de innovacion, capacidades de innovacion, capacidad de absorcion, desarrollo y crecimiento economico, co-evolucion, cointegracion.

Understanding the Turkish biotechnology system through the functions of an innovation system

The paper empirically examines biotechnology innovation system in order to present the concerns of developing countries. Through mapping innovation processes/functions over time, it is possible to develop insights of the dynamics of innovation systems. This mapping is carried out for the Turkish biotechnology system, and the findings are summarised.