Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Research Articles

Implementation of DHCP Snooping Method to Improve Security on Computer Networks

This research proposes the DHCP Snooping method which is used to increase security on computer networks because Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a potential target for computer network attacks, one of the attack gaps that can occur in DHCP is the DHCP Rogue attack which is the simplest hacking method in which the attacker creates a fake DHCP connected to the core network allowing the hacker to set up a fake DHCP Server with full access to distribute IP addresses to clients. To address security gaps in computer networks in this research, researchers applied the DHCP Snooping method, which is a series of techniques to improve DHCP network security. When the DHCP server allocates IP addresses to clients on the LAN, DHCP Snooping can be configured on the LAN switch to allow only clients with certain IP and MAC addresses to have access to the network. By implementing the DHCP Snooping method you can increase security on computer networks where DHCP Snooping can distinguish which ports can be trusted (Trusted Port) and which ports cannot be trusted (Untrusted Port) so that the security of data and information in the computer network is maintained properly. Based on the results of this research, DHCP Snooping can prevent clients from getting DHCP IPs from DHCP Rouge because it has determined Trusted Port and Untrusted Port.

Strategic Network Management for Modern Campuses: A Comprehensive Framework

Campus handling of networks has become critical in the continuously changing world of higher education. This paper offers a thorough method for managing and safeguarding networks in a campus setting with multiple departments. Our approach focuses on four departments: the administrative, civil, computer science and engineering (CSE), and electrical and electronics engineering (EEE) departments. It combines multiple networking technologies to improve security and maximize speed. Network division using virtual LANs (VLANs), efficient IP address allocation using Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), simplified network configuration using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), dynamic routing using Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2), granular access control using Access Control Lists (ACLs), enhanced security using Network Address Translation (NAT), secure remote access using Secure Shell version 2 (SSHv2), and improved network resilience through Link Aggregation are the main components of our system.

DHCP DoS and starvation attacks on SDN controllers and their mitigation

Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology offers possibilities to improve network administration through a separate central controller for network switching devices. However, security in SDN is a critical issue and SDN faces new challenges due to shared protocols, inherits flaws from traditional networks and control flexibility. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a crucial protocol for SDN, but DHCP itself poses a security risk to SDN. In our study we performed security analysis for DHCP attacks on RYU, OpenDaylight and Floodlight, three popular SDN controllers. Our research demonstrates that they are vulnerable to starvation attacks and denial of service attacks by flooding DHCP discovery messages, slowing down networks and overloading controllers. In order to address these problems, we looked at state-of-the-art DHCP security approaches and evaluated their performance on these SDN controllers. We proposed and implemented a DHCP security algorithm on the RYU controller based on our analysis. Our solution utilize flexibility of SDN controller to identify discovery flood packets and verify authentic hosts to mitigate effects of DHCP attacks. Furthermore, the proposed solution transfers the authentic flows to switch for reduction in controller load. We demonstrate that without significant computational load the suggested method successfully rejects malicious DHCP packets, restores the IP address pool, and mitigates the harmful network consequences of DHCP-related attacks. The proposed solution improves the throughput by 3.6 times, transferred data by 66.8%, CPU usage by 93.9% and packet loss by 95% compared to the conventional RYU controller.

IPChain: Blockchain-Based Security Protocol for IoT Address Management Servers in Smart Homes

The dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) servers are forms of an Internet of Things (IoT) address management server (IoTAMS) that gives network configuration settings to newly connected hosts. Administrators of a network may save time by setting DHCP servers instead of every network node. However, the absence of a more robust authentication method for DHCP servers makes hosts susceptible to attacks since neither the server nor the users are able to check the other’s authenticity during DHCP connections. These concerns result in both internal and external threats to the system that have the potential to impair network services. Among these threats are malicious DHCP servers and DHCP starvation. This paper aims to provide a novel approach for tackling these issues and protect the DHCP protocol. The proposed model uses the Diffie–Hellman key exchange mechanism, the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP), a one-way hash function, blockchain technology, and a smart contract. In addition, registration and validation processes provide support for the proposed model in combating DHCP risks for both internal and external system threats. Results from this study show that the proposed model has an average of 21.1% more resistance to a growing number of adversaries than the benchmark models, thus revealing that the model is better suited for the security of IoT address management servers in smart homes, thereby enhancing resilience against related threats and the success of IP address management.

Smart Agent and Modified Master-Backup Algorithm for Auto Switching Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Relay through Wireless Router

Several problems happened in a wireless router which is the number of clients that connected to DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) services and also durability in connectivity. Wireless router which is used in the office nowadays usually has a small memory and also CPU power. Memory or CPU sometimes could be running out when a wireless router does some background services. DHCP is one of the services needed to run in a wireless router. DHCP is interrupted when memory or CPU is full. DHCP relay and modification of the backup algorithm needed to overcome this situation when the memory or CPU in the wireless router is limited. The modification of the backup algorithm is a mechanism to switch the main router with the backup router when the main router memory is busy. DHCP relay could become a DHCP server directly when the main router is busy. Wireless router in another side could be formatted with open-source OS such as OpenWRT to become bridge interface that connected to DHCP relay. The scenario that tested in this research is using Cisco DHCP relay services in combination with OpenWRT wireless router, in variation with Mikrotik original “capsman” protocol with DHCP relay in combination with wireless-enabled Mikrotik and also in combination with OpenWRT wireless router. The result shows that OpenWRT in configuration with DHCP relay and backup algorithm could extend the number of a client connected, and also the durability of the wireless router runs its services as DHCP forwarder to DHCP relay and DHCP server. Theoretically, the number of the client that could connect in class C IPv4 address is 253 clients. Practically, in some wireless router brand, the number of the client is limited to 15 to 30 clients because that number is an optimal client for consuming the bandwidth. DHCP relay scenario could extend that limit to have a larger number of the client, and the new backup algorithm in combination also doesn’t decrease IP release time significantly from usual DHCP using a direct connection.

IDHOCNET-A Novel Protocol Stack and Architecture for Ad hoc Networks

Presently employed Internet Protocol (IP) stack possesses number of architectural problems. The issues like Dual/Overriding role of IP addresses, mobility, multi-homing etc are the limitations for the infrastructure oriented networks which even have support of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), Network Address Translation (NAT) servers, etc. Such issues are extremely complex to handle in the case of multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks which lack the support of any infrastructure component. The contemporary research direction for the improvement of present Internet architecture mainly focuses on the use of real identifiers instead of IP addresses for host identification in the network. However, the proposed architectures mostly discuss the infrastructure oriented network models and minimal research has been conducted in the direction of proposals for ad hoc networks. In this paper we provide a thorough discussion on the practical usage issues of IP based ad hoc network implementation. In order to resolve the present limitations of ad hoc networks, we describe an implementation of a novel identifier based ad hoc network protocol stack and architecture known as IDHOCNET (Identifier based ad hoc network). The architecture proposes a novel paradigm of identifier based applications for multi-hop wireless ad hoc environment. The proposed system further provides backward compatibility to support co-existence with IP based applications. As a proof of concept, the architecture has been implemented on Linux platform with WiFi interfaces. Various practical scenarios with architectural insight are presented to demonstrate the practicability of the proposed approach.

Deep learning for assessment of environmental satisfaction using BIM big data in energy efficient building digital twins

Energy efficient Building Digital Twins (BDTs) are researched using Building Information Model (BIM) to explore the key techniques of Digital Twins (DTs). DTs in buildings can be regarded as an expression of “BIM+,” born to digital descriptions. Comprehensive perception of physical systems is the preconditions for DTs implementation. BIM’s energy-saving design includes the selection of building orientation and building shape. BIM energy consumption analysis can compare different materials, examine the performance of various materials, and select the most suitable and most energy-efficient materials for building structure maintenance. Data Fusion Algorithm (DFA) in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is improved. A novel DFA is constructed by combining Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) with Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DCHP), recorded as BP-DCHP. Simulation experiment proves that BP-DCHP can prolong sensor nodes’ survival time and provide the highest data fusion quality. BP-DCHP runs for about 310 s, 500 s, and 705 s in WSNs consisting of 20, 50, and 100 WSNs, respectively. Moreover, BP-DCHP can provide higher quality given insufficient data fusion degree. Once the WSNs consume 50% of the total initial energy, BP-DCHP presents a shorter network delay, only 0.6 s on average in the 100-sensor-node-WSN. To validate BDTs’ effectiveness, the environmental satisfaction of residents from two Beijing intelligent communities is assessed using Deep Learning (DL) approach. Taking the data as the clue, the study establishes DTs serving the application of urban scene, which plays a certain role in promoting the technological innovation of BDTs, better optimizing the city and managing the city.

Stochastic Intrusion Detection Game-Based Arrangement Using Controlled Markov Chain for Prevention of DoS and DDoS Attacks in Cloud

DoS (denial of service) assault is the most prevalent assault these days. It imposes a major risk to cybersecurity. At the point when this assault is propelled by numerous conveyed machines on a solitary server machine, it is called as a DDoS (distributed denial of service) assault. Additionally, DoS bypass on DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) server assault is a rising and famous assault in a system. The authors have proposed a stochastic intrusion detection game-based arrangement utilizing controlled Markov chain that figures the transition probabilities starting with one state then onto the next in a state transition diagram. At first, the authors have conjectured these assaults, and after that, they proposed a methodology that uses the idea of master and slave IPS (intrusion prevention system). This approach works well when mapped to these estimated assaults and accordingly helps in the recognition and counteractive action of these assaults in a cloud domain.

Security analysis of SDN controller-based DHCP services and attack mitigation with DHCPguard

Software defined networking (SDN) presents opportunities for improving network management, mainly thanks to the centralized controller separated from forwarding devices. On the other hand, security in SDN is a complicated issue: SDN both inherits vulnerabilities from traditional networks through common protocols and introduces new problems due to the risks associated with softwarization. Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) is an essential protocol in SDNs as well and the security risks of DHCP also menace SDNs. In this study, we have analyzed the security of the built-in DHCP services on three popular SDN controllers: POX, ONOS and Floodlight. Our results indicate that they are vulnerable to starvation attacks, and DHCP discovery message floods can also be used to launch denial-of-service attacks, slowing down networks and overloading controllers. To counter these issues, we examined state-of-the-art DHCP security methodologies and assessed their applicability to the built-in DHCP servers of SDN controllers. Considering our assessment, we have designed and implemented a DHCP security module on the POX controller, DHCPguard, utilizing DHCP snooping, rate limiting, and IP pool recovery functions. Our findings show that DHCPguard successfully blocks malicious DHCP messages, recovers the IP address pool, and alleviates the negative effects of DHCP related attacks on the network without significant overhead. DHCPguard is able to increase throughput by up to 94% and decrease CPU usage by up to 92% compared to plain POX under DHCP attack scenarios performed on simple and complex topologies.

Automated Deployment of CBC/Radio-Canada’s Media-Over-IP Data Center

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CBC/Radio-Canada is finalizing its new Internet Protocol (IP)-based production center in Montréal. During the design and early deployment of this major facility, it became clear that the staging and configuration of the thousands of media devices should be automated and managed in a fashion similar to an information technology (IT) data center. In fact, these new devices require thousands of parameters to be configured, and there are more frequent updates than for conventional devices. Moreover, once the system is in place, business continuity imposes careful management of system changes to minimize the risk of technical regressions and human errors. The good news is that the IT industry has solved the problem of operating huge data centers that require high availability. Continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) practices have proven track records for operating data centers throughout their lifecycle, from configuration and provisioning, updates and changes, to sanity checks and monitoring. Tools such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), domain name server (DNS), IP address management (IPAM), and configuration management tools are mature and widely used. This paper presents the architecture and implementation of CBC’s automated deployment workflow. We cover requirements on endpoint devices and the technical and human-factor challenges we encountered during our journey putting in place the novel approach for the media facility. We believe that these tools and methods will be applicable as a way forward to many media-over-IP projects at all scales</i> .

Smart Agent and Modified Master-Backup Algorithm for Auto Switching Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Relay through Wireless Router

Several problems happened in a wireless router which is the number of clients that connected to DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) services and also durability in connectivity. Wireless router which is used in the office nowadays usually has a small memory and also CPU power. Memory or CPU sometimes could be running out when a wireless router does some background services. DHCP is one of the services needed to run in a wireless router. DHCP is interrupted when memory or CPU is full. DHCP relay and modification of the backup algorithm needed to overcome this situation when the memory or CPU in the wireless router is limited. The modification of the backup algorithm is a mechanism to switch the main router with the backup router when the main router memory is busy. DHCP relay could become a DHCP server directly when the main router is busy. Wireless router in another side could be formatted with open-source OS such as OpenWRT to become bridge interface that connected to DHCP relay. The scenario that tested in this research is using Cisco DHCP relay services in combination with OpenWRT wireless router, in variation with Mikrotik original “capsman” protocol with DHCP relay in combination with wireless-enabled Mikrotik and also in combination with OpenWRT wireless router. The result shows that OpenWRT in configuration with DHCP relay and backup algorithm could extend the number of a client connected, and also the durability of the wireless router runs its services as DHCP forwarder to DHCP relay and DHCP server. Theoretically, the number of the client that could connect in class C IPv4 address is 253 clients. Practically, in some wireless router brand, the number of the client is limited to 15 to 30 clients because that number is an optimal client for consuming the bandwidth. DHCP relay scenario could extend that limit to have a larger number of the client, and the new backup algorithm in combination also doesn’t decrease IP release time significantly from usual DHCP using a direct connection.

Booting of Diskless Workstation

This paper focuses on proposing a system for centralization of the IT infrastructure by building upon the concept of Diskless Booting. The client stations are configured to boot over an existing network using the Network Boot. The Client Station lacks an actual Hard Drive, which is responsible for storing the boot files and other necessary files. It consists of other hardware excluding the Hard Drive such as, RAM, Processor, etc. The network consists of DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server which assigns IP addresses to several client stations connected. The NIS (Network Information Service) server stores the login credentials of all the users, enabling the users to login from any client station without any restrictions. The NFS (Network File System) server makes the files available for the user, even on the absence of local secondary storage. Security is ensured by SHA (Security Hash Algorithm), which encrypts the sensitive data by creating the hash values. Individual ports and services can be kept secured by using the Firewall service. The open source Cockpit Tool provides a GUI with which the administrator can conveniently carry out several admin-oriented tasks, such as memory management, user management.

Squeezing the Gap: An Empirical Study on DHCP Performance in a Large-Scale Wireless Network

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is widely used to dynamically assign IP addresses to users. However, due to little knowledge on the behavior and performance of DHCP, it is challenging to configure lease time and divide IP addresses for address pools properly in large-scale wireless networks. In this paper, we conduct the largest known measurement on the behavior and performance of DHCP in the wireless network of T University (TWLAN). We find the performance of DHCP is far from satisfactory: (1) The non-authenticated devices lead to a waste of 25% of addresses at the rush hour. (2) Address pool utilization varies greatly under the current address division strategy. (3) A device does not generate traffic for 67% of the lease time on average. Meanwhile, we observe devices of different locations and operating systems show diverse online patterns. A unified lease time setting could result in an inefficient usage of addresses. To address the problems, taking account of authentication information and online patterns, we propose a new leasing strategy. The results show it outperforms three state-of-the-art baselines and reduces the number of assigned addresses by 24% and the average total lease time by 17% without significantly increasing the DHCP server load. Besides, we further propose an adaptive address division strategy to balance the address utilization of pools, which can be deployed in parallel with the new leasing strategy and reduce the risk of address exhaustion.

DHCPv6Auth: a mechanism to improve DHCPv6 authentication and privacy

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) deployment continues to gain ground due to the increasing demand for IP addresses generated by the number of Internet facing devices, and it is compounded by the exhaustion of allocatable IPv4 addresses. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6) is used to allocate IPv6 addresses and distribute network configuration information to IPv6 hosts in a link-local network. However, DHCPv6 messages in transit expose identifiable information of the DHCPv6 client that could be used by malicious users to track their victims. Additionally, the lack of an authentication mechanism leaves IPv6 hosts vulnerable to rogue DHCPv6 server attacks. This paper introduces DHCPv6 Authentication (DHCPv6Auth) mechanism to prevent rogue DHCPv6 server attacks and protect the privacy of IPv6 hosts. DHCPv6Auth uses the Ed25519 digital signature algorithm for authentication and could be used in conjunction with Anonymity Profile mechanisms for privacy protection. The DHCPv6Auth mechanism was compared with other mechanisms in terms of processing time, prevention of rogue DHCPv6 server attack, and protection of users’ privacy. The results show that it requires less processing time and traffic overhead than other authentication mechanisms; is able to prevent rogue DHCPv6 server attacks; and provides better privacy protection for the IPv6 host than other authentication mechanisms to which it was compared.

STARVATION DELAYED DHCP SERVICE FOR ENABLING POOL RECOVERY

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Internet Protocol (IP) address starvation is a method, used by attackers, to breakdown communication over IP network. In order to solve this problem, a method to detect and recover malicious IP address request by using Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) protocol has been proposed. However, the ICMP based was not be able to work faster in detecting and recovering the malicious request than the attack rate. This study proposed an ease and effective authentication method to emphasize on limiting the rate of IP addresses request by malicious client during the DHCP discovering process and prevent the DHCP server from being IP address starved. Experimental results revealed that the proposed method was not only limited to the IP addresses requested time by attackers but also able to prevent the DHCP server from facing the IP address starvation attack.

Design and Implementation of University Network

Information technology is being used at numerous places fulfilling various purposes. Doing work at one place by professors and sharing it at another place either to faculty members and students becomes quite difficult. As doing tasks on one PC, a professor might have to visit different classes and labs due to various reasons. Similarly a student working on a project might have to access a particular project document in multiple labs and classes. Head of Department has to visit various rooms and classes in a particular day. It would be very tedious job to carry laptop everywhere. There might be a situation when a user wants to share a particular data with more than 1 user. There can also be a situation when a particular message/ information need to be shared with the entire university. So this research work proposes a novel approach to communicate among various users that are present at different sites at the same time where at university premises network system is being proposed which would help departments to share information among faculty members and students Proposed approach takes the help of sharing common network domain by DNS and applies heterogeneous BUS topology model to explore various concepts like topology design, creating dynamic host configuration protocol, sub net masking, DNS and VLAN within a single network with the help of Cisco Packet Tracer to make the network more secured and cost effective.

Designing a New Scalable Autoconfiguration Protocol with Optimal Header Selection for Large Scale MANETs

Autoconfiguration in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a challenging task to be accomplished in hostile environment. Moreover, a mobile node in MANET is usually configured with a unique IP address for providing better communication and to connect it with an IP network. Essentially, the nodes in wired networks are autoconfigured using a commonly known Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. However, MANET exhibits the intrinsic characteristics (i.e., distributed, dynamic and multi-hop) in nature; hence, it is hard to adopt DHCP server for autoconfiguration of nodes in MANET without applying significant modifications in auto-configuration scheme. This paper proposes an efficient IPV6 Duplicate address Elimination Autoconfiguration protocol for MANETs (IDEAM) which comprises the member and the cluster head (CH) nodes organized in a hierarchical fashion. Further, the proposed protocol considers the global connectivity exhibiting reduced communication overhead among the nodes. Initially, our proposed auto-configuration protocol encourages the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) operation by selecting a controller node from the prefixed group members using a joining node in the network. In other words, the DAD operation is performed perfectly by a selected controller node on behalf of the new joining node. Thus, our proposed protocol becomes more effective and behaves better in the minimization of overhead by considerably eliminating the DAD messages broadcast in the network. Also, we imposed a new Flower pollination based gray wolf optimization (FPGWO) algorithm for selecting an optimal header among the group members by considering various node parameters (i.e., node location, resources and node density) to avoid unnecessary broadcasting of additional weight messages about each node in the network. The simulation results proved the efficiency of our proposed protocol in terms of scalability and in the minimization of overhead. Also, an effectual method provided by our proposed approach enhances the activity of marginal nodes over the group for healing the network that degrades its performance followed by the splitting and merging operation.

Discrete event system framework for fault diagnosis with measurement inconsistency: case study of rogue DHCP attack

Fault detection and diagnosis &#x0028 FDD &#x0029 facilitates reliable operation of systems. Various approaches have been proposed for FDD like Analytical redundancy &#x0028 AR &#x0029, Principal component analysis &#x0028 PCA &#x0029, Discrete event system &#x0028 DES &#x0029 model etc., in the literature. Performance of FDD schemes greatly depends on accuracy of the sensors which measure the system parameters. Due to various reasons like faults, communication errors etc., sensors may occasionally miss or report erroneous values of some system parameters to FDD engine, resulting in measurement inconsistency of these parameters. Schemes like AR, PCA etc., have mechanisms to handle measurement inconsistency, however, they are computationally heavy. DES based FDD techniques are widely used because of computational simplicity, but they cannot handle measurement inconsistency efficiently. Existing DES based schemes do not use Measurement inconsistent &#x0028 MI &#x0029 parameters for FDD. These parameters are not permanently unmeasurable or erroneous, so ignoring them may lead to weak diagnosis. To address this issue, we propose a Measurement inconsistent discrete event system &#x0028 MIDES &#x0029 framework, which uses MI parameters for FDD at the instances they are measured by the sensors. Otherwise, when they are unmeasurable or erroneously reported, the MIDES invokes an estimator diagnoser that predicts the state&#x0028 s &#x0029 the system is expected to be in, using the subsequent parameters measured by the other sensors. The efficacy of the proposed method is illustrated using a pump-valve system. In addition, an MIDES based intrusion detection system has been developed for detection of rogue dynamic host configuration protocol &#x0028 DHCP&#x0029 server attack by mapping the attack to a fault in the DES framework.

DHCP Hierarchical Failover (DHCP-HF) Servers over a VPN Interconnected Campus

This work presents a strategy to scale out the fault-tolerant dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) algorithm over multiple interconnected local networks. The proposed model is open and used as an alternative to commercial solutions for a multi-campus institution with facilities in different regions that are interconnected point-to-point using a dedicated link. When the DHCP scope has to be managed and structured over multiple geographic locations that are VPN connected, it requires physical redundancy, which can be provided by a failover server. The proposed solution overcomes the limitation placed on the number of failover servers as defined in the DHCP failover (DHCP-F) protocol, which specifies the use of one primary and one secondary server. Moreover, the presented work also contributes to improving the DHCP-F specification relative to a number of practical workarounds, such as the use of a virtualized DHCP server. Therefore, this research assumes a recovery strategy that is based on physical servers distributed among different locations and not centralized as clustered virtual machines. The proposed method was evaluated by simulations to investigate the impact of this solution in terms of network traffic generated over the VPN links in order to keep the failover service running using the proposed approach.

The Impact of Client-Server Configurations on Robotics

Objective: In this work, we discuss that neighborhood and connection level affirmations are never contrary. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Our investigation is principled. Considering the earlier models our model is practically identical, yet will truly comprehend this point. We expect that all aspects of our system learn e-business, are independent of each other portion. We use our as of late thought about results as a purpose behind these assumptions. Findings: Our general assessment technique tries to demonstrate three theories: (1) that streak memory throughput is less imperative than RAM speed while augmenting clock speed; (2) that we can do a lot to affect a calculation\'s ROM throughput; lastly (3) that the PDP 11 of yesteryear really displays preferable mean inertness over the present equipment. Application: All products are gathered utilizing GCC 0.5.2, Service Pack 2 connected against exceptionally accessible libraries for architecting sensor systems. We made the majority of product accessible under a GPL Version 2 permit. Keywords: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Input/Output (I/O), eXtensible Markup Language (XML).