Dynamic Grammar Research Articles

The Application of English Grammar Teaching Based on the Thematic Contexts in Junior High Schools

Grammar is an important part of the language. It directly affects the accuracy and appropriateness of language comprehension and expression. English Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education (2022 Edition) offers suggestions for grammar teaching. Students are encouraged to explore grammar in the context based on their understanding of the theme. However, teachers may neglect the role of thematic meaning in grammar teaching, also they fail to create the context in teaching practice. As a result, students have difficulty applying grammar properly in their lives. Based on the concept of three-dimensional dynamic grammar and teaching examples, the paper explores the strategies and specific methods of grammar teaching in thematic contexts. Through relevant literature on the thematic context and the application of some progressive activities in thematic contextualization, it is made clear that the connotation of grammar learning is to perceive grammar forms, explore grammar rules, understand grammatical meanings and further express them in correct ways. The conclusions are summarized as follows. English grammar teaching based on the thematic contexts helps to stimulate students' interest in grammar learning, while students’ ability to transfer knowledge, their cultural awareness and the quality of thinking are all enhanced.

A Hybrid Fuzzy Dynamic Grammar Graph Attention Network for Traffic Flow Prediction

A Hybrid Fuzzy Dynamic Grammar Graph Attention Network for Traffic Flow Prediction

Animation as a computational framework for architectural design composition

ABSTRACTThe paper develops computation, through dynamic grammars, as a third equivalent to syntactical and typological understanding of architectural design. Within theory of architectural design, syntactical and typological understanding of architecture are the two main scientific paradigms that explain how architecture is formed and conducted. As such the premise of the paper is to connect computational design as an equivalent understanding of architecture, one which has parity with the classical theoretical canon of the architectural design theories of the 20th century. To accomplish this, Dynamic grammars, i.e. shape grammars developed through animation are presented and analysed along with their mechanisms. Shape Grammars have been selected as a vehicle for this as they provide an excellent model of architectural composition with computational design, using simple mechanisms. A case study of constructivist design is analysed using dynamic grammars, showcasing the elegance and efficiency of the system in describing variants of design, maintaining parity in a syntactical and a typological understanding of design. The paper concludes with the characteristics that a computational understanding of architectural design has.

Mythological Indifference in Schelling and Nerval

Mythological Indifference in Schelling and Nerval

Reconciling the Dynamics of Language with a Grammar Handbook: The Ongoing Pedalion Grammar Project

The contribution presents an ongoing research project that aims at designing a dynamic grammar of Ancient Greek. Relying on a Drupal-based solution, students will be trained to move between the language’s formal, semantic, and syntactic levels, so as to overcome the static character of a traditional grammar. A short description of the shortcomings of traditional Ancient Greek grammars is followed by a description of both the micro-structure and the macro-structure of the grammar. The final section focuses on the implementation of the tool in classes. Benefiting from recent developments and insights in the fields of technology, linguistics, and language didactics alike, the Greek grammar Pedalion ( —Ancient Greek πηδάλιον means ‘rudder’) seeks to offer a ‘contemporary’ instrument that is tailored to mastering and understanding ‘ancient’ languages.

Speech Recognition Using Dynamic Grammar and Parallel Listening Events

Speech Recognition Using Dynamic Grammar and Parallel Listening Events

Dynamic grammar in adults: Incidental learning of natural syntactic structures extends over 48 h

Three experiments examine whether a naturalistic reading task can induce long-lasting changes of syntactic patterns in memory. Judgment of grammatical acceptability is used as an indirect test of memory for sentences that are identical or only syntactically similar to those read earlier. In previous research ( Luka & Barsalou, 2005) both sorts of sentences were found more acceptable, yielding a structural preference for recently encountered syntactic patterns. The effect is evident across a very diverse set of some 60 distinct sentence constructions. This phenomenon may be similar to implicit learning paradigms using evaluative ratings as dependent measures, but also resembles a variety of shorter-lived structural priming effects observed for a handful of syntactic constructions that occur in binary alternate forms. Here we examine the duration of the structural preference effect to determine whether it is fleeting (suggesting transient priming) or long-lasting (suggesting enduring changes in representation). Experiments 1 and 2 show that the effect is evident after a 48-h delay between initial exposure (simple reading aloud) and test. Experiment 3 shows a persistent effect after 7 days, despite unrestricted exposure to natural language in the interim. Larger effects were observed for comparatively novel sentence constructions than common syntactic patterns. Experiments 2 and 3 also examine the role of the evaluation process itself, and find that reading for comprehension produces greater facilitation than reading while performing an evaluative categorization (grammaticality rating). These observations suggest that incremental adjustments to the language processing system occur on a continuous basis and may extend to acquisition of novel syntactic structures. We discuss whether and in what ways the structural preference effect can be integrated with the literature on structural priming. We interpret our results in the context of models of language comprehension, emphasize the dynamic nature of grammatical knowledge in memory, and argue that the current paradigm offers several advantages for elaborating the various systems of memory upon which linguistic representations depend.

The HISPACAT comparative database of syntactic constructions and its applications to syntactic variation research

The HISPACAT database of syntactic constructions in Catalan and Spanish is a dynamic comparative grammar of two closely related languages, which, from a theoretical point of view, offers us a alternative viewpoint to advance in our understanding of the ``atoms'' of linguistic microvariation, and to offer a snapshot of microparametric (in)variance, which will help us to predict less stable parts of the grammar, and hence more sensitive to syntactic change or interference phenomena. Moreover, this tool, which is conceived as a major empirical source for testing syntactic microvariation, may also prove helpful for researchers in bilingualism and language contact studies, and for teachers and students of Catalan or Spanish as L2.

Memes and their themata

When it is instantiated as a neuronal state, a meme is characterized as a phenotype in a novel neuronal sense. A thema is an instantiation of a meme as a conscious experience (a thought-meme). It is a primitive to which no location may be attributed, and it serves as a canonical representative of a class of memes. Memes in such a class may have physical or ideal (Platonic) instantiations. Pairing of this memetic phenotype characterization with the ideal thematic primitive is an example of other pairings in nature that are identified, and in particular it informs a description of the pairing of the unconscious mind and manifestations of consciousness. Interrelationship of these pairings is what illuminates aspects of each of them. These constructs support introduction of a consciousness thesis and then a notion of a dynamic self-referential grammar that generates a growing repertoire of consciousness manifestations. A method showing how a neuronal state generates a specific concept (thema) is introduced, and a sample of a class of examples is given. Pointers to experiments relevant to development of the thesis are given.

Genre and disciplinary competence: A case study of contextualisation in an academic speech genre

The process of disciplinary socialisation has been linked to a gradual mastery of a discipline’s genres. This article takes a view of genre, as indexing a wide range of often implicit understandings about knowledge creation and use within a discipline, and as fully rhetorical. Within such a framework, novice and near-expert examples of one academic assessment genre – the student architecture presentation are compared. The face-to-face nature of the academic presentation directs attention to the interpersonal dimension involved in the speaker persuading the audience of the value of their design. The analysis thus focused on identifying the rhetorical strategies that successful students used to accomplish this interpersonal dimension in a manner valued by disciplinary experts. From our data, it seemed that the contextualisation practices that students drew upon to facilitate intended interpretations of their design distinguished successful from less successful presentations. These practices were found to include a narrative style, metaphorical images, and dynamic grammar. Such practices served to animate students’ design artefacts and to help take the audience beyond the design artefacts into the world of the students’ designs that the artefacts represented.

Dynamic TAG and Lexical Dependencies

Incrementality is a widely held assumption that constrains the language processor to parse the input words from left to right. In this paper we describe the basic features of a constituency-based dynamic grammar based on Tree Adjoining Grammar, which natively fulfills a strict version of incrementality. We focus on the linguistic appeal of the formalism, analyzing a number of linguistic phenomena and exploiting the relation between dynamic constituency analysis and lexical dependencies.

Learning first-pass structural attachment preferences with dynamic grammars and recursive neural networks

One of the central problems in the study of human language processing is ambiguity resolution: how do people resolve the extremely pervasive ambiguity of the language they encounter? One possible answer to this question is suggested by experience-based models, which claim that people typically resolve ambiguities in a way which has been successful in the past. In order to determine the course of action that has been “successful in the past” when faced with some ambiguity, it is necessary to generalize over past experience. In this paper, we will present a computational experience-based model, which learns to generalize over linguistic experience from exposure to syntactic structures in a corpus. The model is a hybrid system, which uses symbolic grammars to build and represent syntactic structures, and neural networks to rank these structures on the basis of its experience. We use a dynamic grammar, which provides a very tight correspondence between grammatical derivations and incremental processing, and recursive neural networks, which are able to deal with the complex hierarchical structures produced by the grammar. We demonstrate that the model reproduces a number of the structural preferences found in the experimental psycholinguistics literature, and also performs well on unrestricted text.

Speech recognition system employing multiple grammar networks

The input speech is segmented using plural grammar networks, including a network that includes a filler model designed to represent noise or extraneous speech. Recognition processing results in plural lists of candidates, each list containing the N-best candidates generated. The lists are then separately aligned with the dictionary of valid names to generate two lists of valid names. The final recognition pass combines these two lists of names into a dynamic grammar and this dynamic grammar may be used to find the best candidate name using Viterbi recognition. A telephone call routing application based on the recognition system selects the best candidate name corresponding to the name spelled by the user, whether the user pronounces the name prior to spelling, or not.

System and method using N-best strategy for real time recognition of continuously spelled names

A multipass recognition strategy selects the N-best hypotheses resulting from each pass and propagates these N-best to the next pass. This strategy outperforms conventional hidden Markov model recognizers using a grammar constraining all possible names. Real time recognition of continuously spelled names is made feasible, in part, because the processor-intensive costly constraints are applied, if at all, in the 4th pass, after the system has produced a much smaller dynamic grammar.

An Operator Precedence Parser for Standard Prolog Text

Prolog is a language with a dynamic grammar which is the result of embedded operator declarations. The parsing of such a language cannot be done easily by means of standard tools. Most often, an existing parsing technique for a static grammar is adapted to deal with the dynamic constructs. This paper uses the syntax definition as defined by the ISO standard for the Prolog language. It starts with a brief discussion of the standard, highlighting some aspects that are important for the parser, such as the restrictions on the use of operators as imposed by the standard in order to make the parsing deterministic. Some possible problem areas are also indicated. As output is closely related to input in Prolog, both are treated in this paper. Some parsing techniques are compared and an operator precedence parser is chosen to be modified to deal with the dynamic operator declarations. The necessary modifications are discussed and an implementation in C is presented. Performance data are collected and compared with a public domain Prolog parser written in Prolog. It is the first efficient public domain parser for Standard Prolog that actually works and deals with all the details of the syntax.

An Operator Precedence Parser for Standard Prolog Text

Prolog is a language with a dynamic grammar which is the result of embedded operator declarations. The parsing of such a language cannot be done easily by means of standard tools. Most often, an existing parsing technique for a static grammar is adapted to deal with the dynamic constructs. This paper uses the syntax definition as defined by the ISO standard for the Prolog language. It starts with a brief discussion of the standard, highlighting some aspects that are important for the parser, such as the restrictions on the use of operators as imposed by the standard in order to make the parsing deterministic. Some possible problem areas are also indicated. As output is closely related to input in Prolog, both are treated in this paper. Some parsing techniques are compared and an operator precedence parser is chosen to be modified to deal with the dynamic operator declarations. The necessary modifications are discussed and an implementation in C is presented. Performance data are collected and compared with a public domain Prolog parser written in Prolog. It is the first efficient public domain parser for Standard Prolog that actually works and deals with all the details of the syntax.

The French National MT-Project: Technical organization and translation results of CALLIOPE-AERO

The software and lingware aspects of the CALLIOPE-AERO system derive from those of the laboratory prototypes developed at GETA (Grenoble University).1 The basic MT software, ARIANE-78, has been augmented with a translator workstation and a lexical database system from which the MT dictionaries are generated. The architecture of the lingware was designed by Professor Bernard Vauquois. For the first time, development has begun with the systematic construction of two ‘static grammars’ for French and English, before any programming of ‘dynamic grammars’.

Book Review: Dynamic Grammar

Book Review: Dynamic Grammar