Dynamic Characteristics Of System Research Articles

Offset-Free Koopman Model Predictive Control of Thermal Comfort Regulation for a Variable Refrigerant Flow-Dedicated Outdoor Air System-Combined System

Abstract Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system has been an appealing solution of air conditioning for residential and commercial buildings, due to its flexibility and cost effectiveness, while lack of ventilation capability is a major drawback. Incorporation of dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) is a typical practice. However, good coordination between DOAS and VRF is critical for achieving desired thermal comfort is challenging due to the possible complexity of mixed sensible and latent heat exchanges. In this paper, to handle the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of VRF-DOAS system, we propose an offset-free Koopman model predictive control (MPC) strategy for thermal comfort regulation, in which the MPC design is computationally more efficient due to the convex problem formulation and the use of reduced-order Koopman models, and the offset-free MPC structure enhances the robustness to model uncertainties and unmeasured disturbances. A control-oriented model is obtained by hybridizing the first-principle and data-driven modeling approach. The proposed controls strategy is evaluated with a Modelica simulation model of a VRF-DOAS system. A Dymola-Python cosimulation platform is developed via the functional mockup interface (FMI), for which the MPC algorithms are implemented in Python. Simulation results show significantly better performance of the offset-free Koopman MPC in thermal comfort regulation.

Vibration response analysis of boneless wiper-windshield system based on multi-body dynamics model

The vibration and noise generated by the boneless wiper-windshield system during its actual operation bother the occupants. Exploring the dynamic characteristics of the boneless wiper-windshield system is a prerequisite for understanding vibration and noise. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of the boneless wiper-windshield system are investigated, and a rigid-flexible coupled multi-body dynamic model matching the real boneless wiper-windshield system is constructed. The friction characteristic of the dynamic model is studied through the wiper test bench experiment. The nonlinear dynamic response of the dynamic model is calculated with the Adams and results of the frictional vibration are well reproduced in real motions. The parallel analysis of the simulation calculation results and the real vehicle test results confirms the validity of the model. The results show that the vibration generation mechanism at the moments before and after the reversal can be explained by the instability of the wiper blades due to the negative friction characteristic. There are differences in the magnitude of the reversal impact force and the moment of reversal at each position of the wiper blade. The effect of the speed-gears on the system vibration is analyzed through the simulation results. The analysis method and simulation results in this article can provide reference for the research on vibration and noise control of boneless wiper systems.

Representation of solutions to fuzzy linear fractional differential equations with a piecewise constant argument

This study marks the first exploration of fuzzy linear fractional differential equations with a piecewise constant argument (FLFDEs-PCA), incorporating the concept of Caputo’s type gH-differentiability with the order α ∈ (0, 1]. Such problems are noteworthy as they represent hybrid systems, blending the characteristics of continuous and discrete dynamical systems and integrating aspects from both differential and difference equations. The primary objective of this research is to establish a standardized framework for deriving explicit solution formulas for FLFDEs-PCA under various scenarios. Additionally, illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the practical implications of our theoretical findings.

Effect of Interstage Torsional Damping on Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Two-Stage Planetary Gear System

Abstract This paper explores the influence of interstage torsional damping on the nonlinear dynamics of a two-stage planetary gear transmission system. A comprehensive nonlinear dynamic model is developed, incorporating interstage torsional damping, stiffness, time-varying meshing parameters, damping, and tooth side clearance. The nonlinear equations are derived and solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The investigation reveals that the changes in torsional damping between stages significantly affect the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system, especially under load fluctuations. Bifurcation characteristics are analyzed using phase diagrams, Poincaré diagrams, time history diagrams, and frequency–domain spectrograms. The simulation results demonstrate that heightened torsional damping between stages distinctly affects the motion states across excitation frequencies. Notably, it mitigates the unstable motion state caused by high-frequency excitation when tooth side clearance is minimal.

Dynamical Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of a Coaxial Dual-Rotor System

The dual-rotor structure is the primary excitation source of aero-engine vibration. It is essential to study the dynamical model and analyse the dynamic characteristics such as critical speed and the unbalanced response for rotor system dynamics. The coaxial dual-rotor support scheme of an aero-engine was introduced in the previous work, and the physical model with a high-speed flexible inner rotor of a sizeable length-diameter ratio has been designed. Then a finite element dynamic model based on the Timoshenko beam elements and rigid body kinematics of the dual-rotor system is modelled, with the Newmark-β method and Newton-Raphson method used for the numerical calculation to study the dynamic characteristics of the system. Three different simulation models, including beam-based FE (1D finite element) model, solid-based FE (3D finite element) model, and TM (transfer matrix) model, were designed to study the characteristics of mode and the critical speed characteristic of the dual-rotor system. The unbalanced response of the dual-rotor system was analysed to study the influence of mass unbalance on the rotor system. The effect of different disc unbalance phases and different speed ratios on the dynamic characteristics of the dual-rotor system were investigated in detail. The experimental result shows that the beam-based FE model is effective and suitable for studying the dual-rotor system. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Enhancing control disorder and implementing V2X-Based suppression methods for electric vehicle CO2 thermal management systems

In recent years, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) thermal management systems has underscored the crucial role in ensuring driving safety and optimizing driving range has become increasingly prominent. However, the inherent dynamic complexity of EV operation coupled with automatic control systems, can sometimes lead to unstable behavior, resulting in performance degradation and safety risks for compressors and batteries. To effectively address this issue, an evaluation was conducted on the dynamic control characteristics of an EV thermal management system utilizing CO2 as the refrigerant in this study. Through mathematical modeling and experimental analysis, the erratic nature of the dynamic thermal process was first identified. The underlying reasons were elucidated, focusing on system control characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms. It was found that control disorder could induce abnormal actions in thermal management system components like compressors and expansion valve, leading to significant performance decline and issues such as liquid carryover in compressor suction. Furthermore, specific control disorder regions of CO2 heat pumps for EVs were delineated, providing a framework for assessing the likelihood of system control disorder. Notably, control disorder was more likely to occur under conditions of low indoor air flow rate, high ambient temperature, and low supply air temperature. Given the widespread nature of this issue and the lack of suitable solutions, two control disorder suppression schemes were developed using V2X technology and validated through simulation. Results showed that adoption of V2X communication technology prevented an average of 70.1 % COP degradation, ensuring stability and safety of compressors and batteries under various operating conditions. The research provides useful information for exploring the dynamic characteristics of CO2 thermal management systems, offering a novel approach to enhance the system stability and efficiency.

A Novel Explicit Canonical Dynamic Modeling Method for Multi-Rigid-Body Mechanisms Considering Joint Friction

Friction is an inevitable phenomenon in mechanical systems that affects the dynamic characteristics of systems. To reduce the modeling complexity of complex multi-rigid-body mechanisms, a novel explicit canonical dynamic modeling method considering joint friction is proposed. Based on the explicit dynamic modeling theory that we have proposed, the solution of the constraint force required by the joint friction modeling of multi-rigid-body mechanisms is derived and improved, which greatly simplifies the solution of the constraint force. According to the obtained explicit expression of the constraint force equations, two joint friction models of the Coulomb–viscous effect and Stribeck effect are derived in analytical form. Moreover, the Stribeck effect of the joint is experimentally analyzed. A five-axis tree-chain mechanism and a three-loop closed-chain mechanism are chosen to demonstrate the method and compared with ADAMS software. Moreover, the proposed model is analyzed and compared with other methods.

Applications of Fractional Time Delayed Grey Model in Primary Energy Consumption Prediction

The prediction of total energy consumption is crucial across various domains including the economy, environment, market, and geopolitics. Accurate forecasts can guide policy-making, investment decisions, and international strategies, contributing to sustainable development and energy security. Fractional models have been proven to better capture the long-term memory effects and complex dynamic characteristics of systems, with time delay playing a crucial role in capturing dynamic behaviors. Such models enhance the accuracy and reliability of predicting future trends and behaviors. For the prediction of primary energy consumption in South and Central America, the Middle East, and Africa, this study opts for the existing fractional time delayed grey model, optimizing the fractional order using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that in most cases, the predictive capability of the fractional time delayed grey model surpasses that of other grey models. This indicates the effectiveness and reliability of the model in forecasting energy consumption, providing valuable references and foundations for decision-making in relevant fields.

FLOATING DOCK ANALYSIS SUBJECT TO DYNAMIC WAVE LOADS USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Floating dock systems are widely used in marine and waterfront facilities. Environmental loading and movements applied on these systems can be challenging to predict due to the complex interaction between structures and fluids under dynamic wave loads. Design of floating dock systems requires analysis of wave induced forces, relative movements of the dock, effects of connections, and subsequent loads and deflections in piles or mooring line anchors. Supporting structures such as piles or mooring lines can have significant impacts on load distribution within a floating dock system and shall be analyzed carefully during design. Recent advances in computer hardware and multi-physics computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology have permitted transient dynamic wave analysis of entire floating dock system, to explicitly consider fluid-structure interaction in the analysis and design of floating dock systems. In this study, a CFD technology is applied to investigate the dynamic system characteristics of a floating dock system supported by both piles and mooring lines. CFD analysis is based on software package FLOW-3D® Hydro. Floating dock, piles, and mooring lines are modeled, and analysis results are presented. It is shown to be useful for analyzing floating docks which are typically too complex to accurately evaluate using empirical methods.

Nonlinear dynamics analysis of electromechanical planetary gear systems with temperature effects considered

PurposeThe electromechanical planetary transmission system has the advantages of high transmission power and fast running speed, which is one of the important development directions in the future. However, during the operation of the electromechanical planetary transmission system, friction and other factors will lead to an increase in gear temperature and thermal deformation, which will affect the transmission performance of the system, and it is of great significance to study the influence of the temperature effect on the nonlinear dynamics of the electromechanical planetary system.Design/methodology/approachThe effects of temperature change, motor speed, time-varying meshing stiffness, meshing damping ratio and error amplitude on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of electromechanical planetary systems are studied by using bifurcation diagrams, time-domain diagrams, phase diagrams, Poincaré cross-sectional diagrams, spectra, etc.FindingsThe results show that when the temperature rise is less than 70 °C, the system will exhibit chaotic motion. When the motor speed is greater than 900r/min, the system enters a chaotic state. The changes in time-varying meshing stiffness, meshing damping ratio, and error amplitude will also make the system exhibit abundant bifurcation characteristics.Originality/valueBased on the principle of thermal deformation, taking into account the temperature effect and nonlinear parameters, including time-varying meshing stiffness and tooth side clearance as well as comprehensive errors, a dynamic model of the electromechanical planetary gear system was established.

Experimental Research on Dynamic Characteristics of a Multi-Disc Rotor System Supported by Aerostatic Bearings

Gas bearings have the advantages of small friction loss, wide applicable speed range, no pollution, etc., and have important application prospects in micro and small high-speed rotating machinery. However, due to its compressibility and low viscosity, its dynamic stability in high-speed rotating machinery is the key to constraining its development. The experimental study of shaft system dynamics is the main means to explore the mechanism of rotor behavior. On the test platform of dynamic characteristics of multi-disc rotor system supported by aerostatic bearings, experimental research on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a rotor system was carried out, and nonlinear vibration test and analysis methods, such as axial orbits, bifurcation diagrams, and spectral characteristics, were adopted, and vibration phenomena, including the critical rotational speed accumulating energy and low-frequency accumulating energy, were presented and the vibration characteristics of bearing fracture faults were presented. The bearing supply pressure and rubber damping pad were introduced as a method to suppress the low-frequency vibration of the aerostatic bearing rotor system, and its vibration-reduction effect was verified by experiments. The above results can provide technical support for vibration control and fault diagnosis of rotor systems supported by aerostatic bearings.

Research on cable dynamic response of a catenary anchor leg mooring system based on ANCF

This paper presents a dynamic analysis model for a catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) system based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) method, combined with continuum mechanics and finite element theory. This model uses absolute slope coordinates instead of traditional angle coordinates to better describe the large deformation and large displacement of the cables. The paper derives the element mass matrix, generalized stiffness matrix, and the element external load matrix, including the Morison force transformed into the ANCF framework, based on the virtual work principle. The accuracy and reliability of the ANCF program are validated using static and dynamic beam models, as well as submerged tether models. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the ANCF mooring cable model with OpenFAST and MoorDyn accentuates the program's practical value in real engineering applications. Finally, we systematically analyzed the dynamic characteristics of a CALM single-point mooring system, revealing that the mooring forces in the cables significantly influence the high-frequency motion of the buoy. Additionally, the reduction in the length of the mooring cables, to an appropriate extent, enhances the stability of the system, which further attests to the effectiveness and practicality of the ANCF model that has been developed.

A generalized model for a triboelectric nanogenerator energy harvesting system

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) energy harvesting system involves at least three components: the mechanical source that inputs mechanical energy to drive TENGs, the TENG device itself as an energy converter, and an external electrical circuit that output the energy from TENGs. Multiple theoretical models have been developed for structural optimization design and maximum power output, yet there has been less emphasis on dynamic modelling of the entire energy harvesting system. This work presents attempts to establish such system-level models that encompass both mechanical and electrical systems. Special consideration is paid to the dynamic contact problem in this generalized model, since dynamic response of impacts can significantly affect the electric outputs. To address contact constraint problems, the penalty function method is utilized to handle non-smoothness and discontinuity. Subsequently, this research specifies how to improve the maximum energy conversion efficiency, and suggest optimal executive strategies for maximizing the energy output through a thorough parametric study. The anticipated outcome is that the generalized model will not only guide optimization design and predict the dynamic characteristics of the energy harvesting system but also assess the potential feasibility of mechanical energy harvesting technology across diverse application domains.

Influence of gear modification on dynamic characteristics of star gearing system in geared turbofan (GTF) gearbox based on a closed-loop dynamic analysis method

The star gearing transmission system is a key component of a geared turbofan (GTF) aero-engine. Accurate prediction of the dynamic characteristics of the star gearing transmission system, especially after gear modification, is important for the design of high-performance engines. Firstly, this paper establishes a dynamic time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) and a comprehensive transmission error (TE) calculation model for herringbone gear pair considering changes in the meshing state. Then, the dynamic internal excitation calculation model is combined with the lumped parameter dynamic model of the system to form the “excitation–response–feedback” closed-loop coupling dynamic analysis method of the GTF star gearing system. Compared with traditional analysis methods, this method takes into account the effect of contact state changes on internal excitation during the calculation process and corrects internal excitation in real time. Finally, the effect of different topology modification schemes on the system's dynamic characteristics is investigated based on this method. The results show that the closed-loop coupled dynamics analysis method is able to capture contact state changes of the same gear pair at different moments and between different gear pairs at the same moment. Modified #2 is only to modify the planet gear. This scheme can effectively reduce the vibration displacement of the ring gear, and reduce the peak-to-peak value of the ring gear's vibration displacement in all directions by more than 70%. At the same time, the scheme also reduces the load-sharing coefficient of the internal and external meshing pairs of the system by 1.92% and 2.01%, respectively, and the peak-to-peak value of the dynamic factor of the internal and external meshing pairs can be reduced by 57.91% at most.

Application of the New Mapping Method to Complex Three Coupled Maccari’s System Possessing M-Fractional derivative

In this academic investigation, an innovative mapping approach is applied to complex three coupled Maccari’s system to unveil novel soliton solutions. This is achieved through the utilization of M-Truncated fractional derivative with employing the new mapping method and computer algebraic syatem (CAS) such as Maple. The derived solutions in the form of hyperbolic and trigonometric functions. Our study elucidates a variety of soliton solutions such as periodic, singular, dark, kink, bright, dark-bright solitons solutions. To facilitate comprehension, with certain solutions being visually depicted through 2-dimensional, contour, 3-dimensional, and phase plots depicting bifurcation characteristics utilizing Maple software. Furthermore, the incorporation of M-Truncated derivative enables a more extensive exploration of solution patterns. Our study establishes a connection between computer science and soliton physics, emphasizing the pivotal role of soliton phenomena in advancing simulations and computational modeling. Analytical solutions are subsequently generated through the application of the new mapping method. Following this, a thorough examination of the dynamic nature of the equation is conducted from various perspectives. In essence, understanding the dynamic characteristics of systems is of great importance for predicting outcomes and advancing new technologies. This research significantly contributes to the convergence of theoretical mathematics and applied computer science, emphasizing the crucial role of solitons in scientific disciplines.

Application of Genetic Algorithms for Medical Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

The system of glucose-insulin control and associated problems in diabetes mellitus were studied by mathematical modeling. It is a helpful theoretical tool for understanding the basic concepts of numerous distinct medical and biological functions. It delves into the various risk factors contributing to the onset of diabetes, such as sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history, viruses, and increasing age. The study emphasizes the importance of mathematical models in understanding the dynamic characteristics of biological systems. The study emphasizes the increasing prevalence of diabetes, especially in India, where urbanization and lifestyle changes contribute to the rising incidence. The present investigation describes the use of John Holland's evolutionary computing approach and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) in diabetes mellitus. The Genetic Algorithm is applied to address issues related to diabetes, offering a generic solution and utilizing MATLAB's Genetic Algorithm tool. The Mathematical Model provides differential equations representing glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood. The results represent testing outcomes for normal, prediabetic, and diabetic individuals, optimized with Genetic Algorithm showcased through fitness value plots. The conclusion highlights the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm as an optimization tool in predicting optimal samples for diabetes diagnosis. The paper encourages the use of heuristic algorithms, such as Genetic Algorithms, to address complex challenges in the field of diabetes research. Future scope includes further exploration of biomathematics and Genetic Algorithm applications for enhanced understanding and management of diabetes mellitus. It is critical for people with diabetes to consistently check their blood glucose levels and follow their treatment plan.

Effect of Turbulent Wind Conditions on the Dynamic Characteristics of a Herringbone Planetary Gear System of a Wind Turbine

Due to complex environmental factors, the gear transmission systems of wind turbines are continuously affected by large torque load excitation with periodic and random properties. This paper shares the load-sharing and dynamic characteristics of a herringbone planetary gear system applied in a wind turbine. The gear dynamic model is established using a typical lumped parameter method, in which the nonlinear transmission errors of the gear pairs and left and right-side coupling stiffness of the herringbone gears are included. With the help of the blade element momentum theory, the precise calculation of the hub load of the wind turbine, which is the external excitation of the gear system, is implemented, in which the wind shear, tower shadow, turbulent effect, and tip loss correction are taken into consideration. The nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system are obtained using the Runge-Kutta method and then discussed. The results show that the turbulent effect plays a major role in the impact on the load-sharing characteristics, and a reasonable set of the support stiffness of rotational components can improve the load-sharing characteristics of the system. The purpose of this research is to provide some useful references in numerical modelling and methods for designers and researchers of wind turbine transmission systems.

Vibration Control of Reinjection Pump Room Pipeline System Based on Dynamic Characteristic Analysis

The reinjection pump room plays a crucial role in industries such as petroleum and chemical engineering. Its main responsibility is to safely and effectively inject treated wastewater, exhaust gas, or other fluid substances into the formation, aiming to achieve resource recycling and environmental protection. However, the pipeline system of the reinjection pump room usually has complex spatial distribution, long span, and multi-point elastic support characteristics, which may cause structural vibration during operation, and have adverse effects on the stable operation, safety, and surrounding environment of the equipment. Therefore, in the pipeline design stage, it is crucial to conduct in-depth vibration analysis of complex pipeline systems to ensure that harmful resonance phenomena do not occur in the pipeline under working conditions. Given the potential impact of pipeline system vibration on equipment performance and surrounding environment, effective suppression of pipeline system structural vibration is of great practical significance. This article focuses on the vibration control strategy of the reinjection pump room pipeline system based on dynamic characteristic analysis. By conducting in-depth research on the dynamic characteristics of pipeline systems, including vibration frequency, modal analysis, and vibration transmission paths, the aim is to propose a set of targeted vibration control measures.

Effect of Gear Tooth Cracks on the Dynamic Characteristics of Gear Transmission System of High-Speed Train

Abstract In order to study the dynamic characteristics of a high-speed train gear transmission system with cracks, time-varying meshing stiffness of gear teeth with different cracks was obtained using energy method. A torsional vibration model of the gear transmission system of a high-speed train was established. Based on the model, the ρ-value describing the change in stiffness was used to obtain the analytical solution of a system with crack faults. The influence of the degree of crack on the dynamic characteristics of a system under torque excitation of the driving end and load end was analyzed. In contrast with a normal gear system, a system containing a crack fault generated no harmonic response. Moreover, for a given set of working conditions, the degree of crack only affected the resonance amplitude and frequency of the system. These results form a robust guide for the detection of crack faults in the gear transmission system of a high-speed train.

Structural design and dynamic characteristics analysis of braided composite two-stage gear transmission system

In order to realize the lightweight design of the transmission system, the braided composite material is applied to the two-stage gear transmission system. According to the structural characteristics of the two-stage gear reducer box, the whole box is designed to be assembled with the braided base and the box wall. Woven composite materials are applied to the web parts of mixed metal composite gears to realize the design goal of lightweight gears. Then, under the assumption of ignoring the influence of friction, bearings and other factors on the system, the dynamic model of the two-stage gear transmission system considering the box is established. By normalizing and dimensionless processing of the equations, the dimensionless differential equations of motion are obtained. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to analyze the relationship between the connection parameters and the dynamic characteristics of the system under the two working conditions of rigid and flexible connection between the composite base and the box wall.Through the analytical analysis of vibration displacement of two-stage gear reducer and box, the theoretical basis is found for the numerical analysis results. Finally, the dynamic characteristics of the transmission system are studied by vibration resonance analysis through high and low frequency interference. It is found that in a certain frequency range, with the decrease of the mass and moment of inertia of the transmission parts corresponding to the mixed metal composite gear, the amplitude-frequency characteristic Q of the lightweight gear and gearbox transmission system is slightly lower than that of the common gear and gearbox system, and the stability of the system is increased, and the dynamic characteristics of the system are improved.