Nitrile rubber (NBR) as a vibration absorber of lower elasticity modulus has a considerable contribution in the effective damping. Three kinds of journal bearings (general journal bearings, journal bearings supported on circular nitrile rubber, journal bearings supported on radial nitrile rubber) were designed and manufactured. Experiments were carried out to investigate vibration and stability of the rotor-bearing system with the above bearings. Oil whirl and the onset of instability of the system was analyzed and compared. The experimental results show that there is a significant decrease in the acceleration amplitude of the bearings embedded with nitrile rubber compared to general journal bearings. In addition, the journal bearings supported on radial nitrile rubber have better vibration damping effect than journal bearings supported on circular nitrile rubber, for there is no obvious oil whirl and asynchronous vibration, which can be verified by waterfall plots and continuous wavelet transform spectrograms. Results demonstrated that vibration energy dissipated by viscous absorbers indeed contributes to improving dynamics stability of the rotor-bearing system.