Dye Test Results Research Articles

Extravesical ureteral ectopia from an iliac dystopic hypoplastic left kidney in a girl

Extravesical ureteral ectopia (EUE) is a rare cause of urinary incontinence (UI) in girls. In 80% of cases, ectopia is associated with ureteral duplication. We are reporting a case of a 17-year-old girl with UI by EUE from an iliac dystopic hypoplastic left kidney. The girl received outpatient treatment for UI and left kidney agenesia since the age of 5, when her parents for the first time noticed the UI with background normal urination. The child underwent a complete range of medical tests: CT, cystoscopy, renal nuclear scan, uroflowmetry, ureteral cystometry and profilometry. Although the examination revealed no proof of renal tissue existence on the left side, a pad test with a dye was performed to exclude an EUE. The test gave a positive result, which determined further diagnostic search. Vascular CT was performed and made it possible to visualize a severely hypoplastic left kidney dystopic towards the iliac vessels. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed and UI manifestations were corrected. Availability of a wide range of visualisation methods in the urologist's toolkit does not always allow to verify hypoplastic renal dystopia when the kidney is drained by a ureter with an extravesical ectopic orifice. When a reasonable suspicion of an EUE is combined with lack of information about its location and dimensions after visualizing tests, a pad test with a dye appears appropriate prior to a diagnostic laparoscopy in our opinion. Once the UU is confirmed by the dye test results, further diagnostic search using laparoscopic access is justified and can be transformed into a treatment procedure if the kidney is revealed.

A Comparison of Postoperative Surgical Outcomes among Women Undergoing Obstetric Fistula Repair with and without HIV.

Background and Objective:Obstetric fistula affects approximately 2 million women worldwide, predominantly in places with a high Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) burden. In Malawi, where thousands of women live with fistulas, HIV prevalence is 11-13%. Although repair is usually successful, surgical outcomes among immunocompromised women are poorly understood. Inconsistent guidelines regarding the Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) threshold necessary for repair make it difficult for surgeons to make informed decisions. This study compares the postoperative outcomes of women undergoing obstetric fistula repair with and without HIV, stratified by CD4 count.Methods:This is a retrospective case-control study using a database of women who underwent vesicovaginal fistula repair at the Fistula Care Center from 2010-2018. HIV-positive participants, stratified by CD4<350 and CD4>350, were matched to HIV-negative controls by age within 5 years and Goh classification. Controls were matched to cases in a 3:1 ratio. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were conducted on indicators based on HIV status and CD4 count stratification. Outcomes included dye test results, pad weights, and continence status at 2 weeks post-repair.Results:54 seropositive women were matched to 135 seronegative women. Of the 54 HIV positive women, 22.2% (n=12) had a CD4 count < 350. We found no statistically significant difference in surgical outcomes between HIV-positive and negative patients. 93.5% of HIV positive and 90% of HIV negative women healed completely. In our sub-analysis of 12 seropositive women with CD4<350, we found a statically significant difference in successful closure, with 25% of women with CD4<350 having a positive dye test indicating incomplete closure, compared to 2.8% of women with CD4>350 (p=0.024).Conclusion and Global Health Implications:Our analysis confirms previous research indicating that seropositive women with a CD4>350 can safely undergo obstetric fistula repair. Further research is needed to evaluate postoperative outcomes among women with CD4<350.

Platelet-Rich Plasma as Adjuvant Therapy for Recurrent Vesicovaginal Fistula: A Prospective Case Series.

Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is the nonphysiological communication between the bladder and vagina, and surgical closure is the gold treatment standard. Despite that successful closure occurs in around 85% of patients after the first repair, recurrence remains a highly distressing complication for patients and surgeons. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection as a supportive treatment in the surgical repair of recurrent VVF. Between January 2018 and July 2019, 16 patients with recurrent VVF were injected with PRP in a tertiary gynecological department. Subsequently, a surgical Latzko procedure for VVF closure was scheduled 6–8 weeks after the PRP injection allowing proper neovascularization and remodeling of surrounding tissues. Patients were considered cured if no leakage was observed after surgery and negative dye test results were indicated at follow-up. All patients who were examined therein remained dry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study aiming to assess PRP injections as a supporting treatment prior to surgical procedure for recurrent VVF. Preliminary results are encouraging, and we incorporated this method in our clinical practice. Further reports on a larger group will follow.

Combined Real-Time Three-Dimensional Hysterosalpingo-Contrast Sonography with B Mode Hysterosalpingo-Contrast Sonography in the Evaluation of Fallopian Tube Patency in Patients Undergoing Infertility Investigations

Objective This prospective study aimed to investigate the use of real-time three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy), using contrast agent SonoVue, with B mode hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (B mode-HyCoSy), to evaluate tubal patency and the wall of the Fallopian tubes in infertility patients. Method In total, we recruited 739 women with fertility requirements from the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou Medical College between January 2017 and July 2018. All cases received 4D-HyCoSy using contrast agent SonoVue, immediately followed by the B mode-HyCoSy. Of these patients, 145 showed pathological findings in the Fallopian tubes during HyCoSy; 34 of these (62 Fallopian tubes) were verified by laparoscopy and the dye test against routine reference standards. Sonographic findings, along with laparoscopic findings and dye test results, were used to compare the two techniques using the Cohen kappa coefficient. We also investigated the duration of examination and pain score. Results Compared with laparoscopy and the dye test, the tubal occlusion diagnostic accordance rates for 4D-HyCoSy were 88.7% (32+23)/62, with a kappa coefficient of 0.769 and a 76.9% agreement rate. Distal occlusion diagnostic accordance rates for 4D-HyCoSy were 100% (8/8) with a k coefficient of 1.000 and a 100% agreement rate. Conclusions The use of 4D-HyCoSy, with B mode-HyCoSy, for the diagnosis of tubal patency is safe, feasible, noninvasive, and highly accurate. B mode-HyCoSy allowed us to observe tubal walls in an intuitive manner.

Role of geological structures in seepage from Lar dam reservoir

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the water seepage from Lar dam reservoir based on a combination of the geological structure study results and identification of the flow conduits in the right bank of the reservoir. From the beginning of impounding the dam in 1980, heavy seepage was observed at two karstic springs, Haraz and Galugah, located about 9 km downstream of the dam. During the first impounding, the discharge of the Haraz spring abruptly increased from 0.5 m3/s to around 5 m3/s. The results of piezometers and dye tests indicate that seepage occurs mainly through the right abutment of the dam where there is a structural wedge between the north dipping North Tiz Kuh and the south dipping Lar Valley faults. F1, F2, and F3 faults are the most important faults in vicinity of the structural wedge. Based on the dye test results, the North Tiz Kuh and F3 faults along which caves No. 1 and 2 are formed are regarded as two isolated conduits for seepage and conveyance into Lar Valley Fault at downstream of Lar dam. After identifying the conduits, water seepage from the Lar dam reservoir has been calculated using finite element method. According to the results of numerical method, when the reservoir water level is at 2485 m a.s.l, the average of water seepage is around 8.51 m3/s (this amount of water is related to the seepage along the Lar Valley Fault). The average discharge of springs downstream of the dam has been used to verify the numerical method. The results show a very close relation between estimated and observed discharge.

Modified method of ostium intubation after endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy

Introduction. The use of bicanalicular lacrimal implants designed to prevent ostium scarring after endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EEDCR) may cause a number of complications. The use of Monoka monocanalicular implants (FCI, France) after EEDCR is not covered in the Russian scientific literature at all. Methods. 61 EEDCRs were performed in 56 patients with lacrimal pathway (LP) obstruction at the level of lacrimal sac cervix. In 29 cases, a new method of ostium intubation with two Monoka monocanalicular lacrimal implants (FCI, France) (that was proposed by the authors) was applied (group 1). In the remaining 32 cases, Bika bicanalicular implants (FCI, France) were used (group 2). Besides routine dacryological assessment, all patients underwent multislice computed tomography (MSCT), in which was LP were contrast-enhanced according to an original technique. Before being enrolled in either group, patients were standardized according to proposed criteria, which were based on the MSCT ones. LP extubation was performed 3 months after surgery. The follow-up period was 12 months. The following parameters were evaluated: subjective epiphora (Munk’s scale), dye test results, LP patency (irrigation test), and the shape of the ostium (nasal endoscopy). Results. Judging from the results of a comprehensive examination; favorable outcomes were achieved in 89.7% (26 cases) of patients from group 1, and in 90.6% (29 cases) of patients from group 2. In group 2, a number of complications were observed: lacrimal implant dislocation (3 cases, 9.4%), corneal epitheliopathy (2 cases, 6.2%), toxic allergic conjunctivitis (2 cases, 6.2%), lacrimal canaliculi dissection (1 case, 3.1%), lacrimal point ectopy (1 case, 3.1%), granulations within lacrimal canaliculi (1 case, 3.1%), and pterygium progression (1 case, 3.1%). In group 1, neither of the above mentioned complications occurred. Conclusion. For ostium intubation after EEDCR, with two Monoka monocanalicular lacrimal implants (FCI, France) passed through both the upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi is preferable in comparison with bicanalicular intubation using «Bika» (FCI, France).

Breakdown of simple female genital fistula repair after 7 day versus 14 day postoperative bladder catheterisation: a randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial

Duration of bladder catheterisation after female genital fistula repair varies widely. We aimed to establish whether 7 day bladder catheterisation was non-inferior to 14 days in terms of incidence of fistula repair breakdown in women with simple fistula. In this randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial, we enrolled patients at eight hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. Consenting patients were eligible if they had a simple fistula that was closed after surgery and remained closed 7 days after surgery, understood study procedures and requirements, and agreed to return for follow-up 3 months after surgery. We excluded women if their fistula was not simple or was radiation-induced, associated with cancer, or due to lymphogranuloma venereum; if they were pregnant; or if they had multiple fistula. A research assistant at each site randomly allocated participants 1:1 (randomly varying block sizes of 4-6; stratified by country) to 7 day or 14 day bladder catheterisation (via a random allocation sequence computer generated centrally by WHO). Outcome assessors were not masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome was fistula repair breakdown, on the basis of dye test results, any time between 8 days after catheter removal and 3 months after surgery. The non-inferiority margin was 10%, assessed in the per-protocol population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01428830. We randomly allocated 524 participants between March 7, 2012, and May 6, 2013; 261 in the 7 day group and 263 in the 14 day group. In the per-protocol analysis, ten (4%) of 250 patients had repair breakdown in the 7 day group (95% CI 2-8) compared with eight (3%) of 251 (2-6) in the 14 day group (risk difference 0·8% [95% CI -2·8 to 4·5]), meeting the criteria for non-inferiority. 7 day bladder catheterisation after repair of simple fistula is non-inferior to 14 day catheterisation and could be used for management of women after repair of simple fistula with no evidence of a significantly increased risk of repair breakdown, urinary retention, or residual incontinence up to 3 months after surgery. US Agency for International Development.

Interpreting Dye Test Results for Improved Drip Irrigation Management for the Mulched Vegetable-Production Systems in South Florida

On-farm dye tests provide simple, low-cost methods to understand how water and dissolved nutrients (e.g., nitrogen) will move within beds at a given farm. If it is not feasible for the grower to conduct an on-farm dye test, results from a dye test with similar site characteristics—including region, soil type, bed geometry, and drip tape—can be used. The intent of this publication is to explain procedures of a dye test and describe the movement pattern for Immokalee fine sand, a typical soil found in central and south Florida. We also show the effect of antecedent soil moisture on water movement in the bed. This 6-page fact sheet was written by Sanjay Shukla, Nathan Holt, and Gregory Hendricks, and published by the UF Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, July 2014.

Immunoblotting can help the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis

Aims—To determine whether IgG immunoblotting can improve the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods—Samples of serum were tested from patients with ocular lesions that could be caused by toxoplasmosis. All such...

False-negative dye-test findings in a case of fatal toxoplasmosis associated with cardiac transplantation

False-negative dye-test results were recorded in a case of fatal toxoplasmosis associated with cardiac transplantation. Serological and histological data require individual consideration in cases of suspected toxoplasma infection of the immunocompromised.

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of flow characteristics in an upflow reactor

Abstract Determining and modeling of the extent of a treatment process in a reactor require knowledge of the flow characteristics. Residence time distribution (RTD), hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients, and velocity distribution are three important terms. Velocity distribution can be measured by a laser doppler anemometer (LDA) accurately, but RTD and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients must be analyzed by mathematical modeling and dye testing. In this paper, the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of a upflow reactor are developed. Rhodamine B and a fluorometer are used in laboratory testing. By applying the Euler FTCS (forward‐time‐center‐space) finite‐difference method, the results of dye tests and convection‐dispersion models are compared. The relationship between hydro‐dynamic dispersion coefficients and flow rates is discussed.

Dacryocystography after paranasal sinus surgery.

The influence of nasolacrimal duct dissection and irradiation of the lacrimal system on lacrimal drainage were assessed. Findings at dacryocystography, in correlation with the results of dye tests and symptoms, are presented. Lacrimal drainage obstruction was demonstrated in one of 10 patients after paranasal sinus surgery not followed by irradiation and in four of 10 patients in which surgery was followed by irradiation.

Determination of viability ofHistoplasma capsulatumyeast cells grownin vitro: comparison between dye and colony count methods

The viability of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells grown under different conditions was determined by dye tests with Eosin-Y and Janus Green B and by colony counts of cells plated on brain-heart infusion agar supplemented with histoplasma growth factor and bovine serum albumin (BHI-SAG). The test samples included cells grown on brain-heart infusion agar at 37 degrees C for 2-7 days, cells grown in glucose-cysteine broth medium for 1-31 days, and cells grown on brain-heart infusion agar for 3 days at 37 degrees C and then irradiated by ultraviolet light. The colony count indicated that the viability of the yeast cells grown on brain-heart infusion agar for 2 or 3 days varied between 68 and 100% depending on the isolates. The viability, however, dropped from 16 to 29% by day 7. The results of dye tests showed 78 to 99% dye-negative cells among the 2- and 3-day-old cultures while the number of dye-negative cells dropped to 32-36% on day 7. The colony count with the cells grown in the broth culture showed 100% viability until day 7 and dropped significantly by day 9. The results of dye tests showed no correlation with the colony count findings. The survival curve of ultraviolet-irradiated cells determined by colony count showed that irradiation at 180 erg mm-2 killed more than 50% of cells; fewer than 10% of cells survived 360 erg mm-2. The results of the dye test showed no difference between the irradiated and control populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Serologic evidence for acute toxoplasmosis in polymyositis-dermatomyositis: Increased frequency of specific anti-toxoplasma IgM antibodies

Several case reports have suggested an association between acquired toxoplasmosis and polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Because the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies suggests recent infection, 58 patients with polymyositis-dermatomyositis (from two medical centers) were examined for the presence of IgM antibodies using a specific indirect immunofluorescent technique. Serum samples were also examined for antibodies using the Sabin-Feldman dye test and complement fixation methods. Of 58 patients with polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 29 (50 percent) had positive Sabin-Feldman dye test results and 14 (24 percent) had positive IgM immunofluorescent findings. This is higher than the expected frequency. None of the patients with negative Sabin-Feldman dye test results had IgM immunofluorescent antibodies. Furthermore, IgM immunofluorescent antibodies were associated with the presence and titer of both Sabin-Feldman dye test and complement fixation antibodies. Evidence that the presence of antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor did not influence these results is presented. Patients with muscular dystrophy and systemic lupus erythematosus (with or without myositis) did not have an increased frequency of anti-Toxoplasma IgM immunofluorescent antibodies.

The complement-fixation test in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

We present serologic results on 26 patients with congenital toxoplasmosis and on 22 of their mothers. The infection was severe (central nervous system involvement) in 12 patients, 12 had only ocular manifestations, and two were asymptomatic. The dye test results were positive on all specimens, and were positive at a titer of 1:1,024 or higher if collected from patients younger than 2 years of age. The complement-fixation test (CFT) results were positive on all specimens from patients younger than 2 years of age and on 69% of specimens collected from older patients. These serologic results are contrasted with those obtained on two control groups: (1) 46 uninfected infants followed up after birth because of substantial antibody titers in their mothers during pregnancy; and (2) 190 infants and children tested because toxoplasmosis was tentatively included in the differential diagnosis of the current illness. In both control groups the positive results on the CFT were limited almost exclusively to cord blood specimens or specimens collected during the first 2 weeks of life. Lower CFT titers in follow-up specimens suggested that the antibodies were maternal in origin. These two tests are valuable in providing laboratory support for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis, particularly the test for the comparatively short-lived complement-fixing antibody.

The Clinical Chemistry of Bromsulfophthalein and Other Cholephilic Dyes

This chapter describes the clinical chemistry of the cholephilic dyes. Cholephil refers to endogenous and exogenous substances, which are removed from the circulation by the liver and concentrated in the bile. Among the cholephils are bromsulfophthalein (BSP) and other dyes, which are used in the study of liver function in patients and experimental animals. However, the most widely used dye in clinical and laboratory studies is BSP. The chapter focuses on the metabolism of BSP and various tests, which involve this dye. Comparative studies in clinical situations exhibit that dye tests are more sensitive to liver damage than are other biochemical tests and that there is a significant correlation between the results of dye tests and histological findings in patients who have minimal clinical evidence of liver dysfunction. The rate of disappearance of cholephilic dyes from plasma depends on the plasma flow to the liver and on the patency of the biliary system as well as on the efficiency of parenchymal cells, and the influence of these factors must be considered in interpreting the results of dye tests.

Staining toxoplasma gondii with fluorescein-labelled antibody. II. A new serologic test for antibodies to Toxoplasma based upon inhibition of specific staining.

A new serologic test for antibodies to Toxoplasma is described, which is based upon inhibition of specific staining with fluorescent antibody. In performing the test, a mixture of the test serum and known fluorescein-labelled antiserum is added to a dried smear of toxoplasms for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The smear is then rinsed and examined with a fluorescence microscope. Reduction in the brightness of fluorescence, as compared to that of a negative control slide, indicates the presence of antibody in the test serum. A comparison of the results of this test with those of the methylene blue dye test showed a strong parallelism between the two sets of results. On the other hand, the complement-fixation test for toxoplasmosis did not yield nearly as many positives as the inhibition test. The specificity of the new test was studied by comparing it with dye test results and clinical histories in human patients, and by testing a group of animals immunized with a variety of non-Toxoplasma antigens. No evidence of cross-reactions was obtained in the latter series. Some advantages and disadvantages of the inhibition test are discussed.