Dye Doping Research Articles

Comprehensive analysis of organic dye doped metal-coordinated single crystals: A study of structural, optical, thermal, dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical characteristics

Organic dye can induce positive changes in optical, mechanical and electrical properties of semi-organic single crystals. Single crystals of pure and 0.01 mol% SSY dye doped ZTS are grown from a slow evaporation solution technique. The structural properties of pure and SSY-dyed ZTS crystals are characterized using SCXRD and PXRD, confirming the maintenance of crystallinity and incorporation of dye molecules within the host lattice of ZTS crystal. Both ZTS crystals belong to orthorhombic crystal system with space group Pca21. The refined lattice parameters and cell volume of present pure ZTS crystal are a = 11.1723 Å, b = 7.7989 Å, c = 15.5357 Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V = 1353.6762 Å3. The intensity of all Raman peaks in ZTS is enhanced by the incorporation of dye. Optical spectroscopic UV–visible and photoluminescence techniques highlight the comparative studies of light absorption, energy bandgap, optical constants and fluorescence emission. An increment of 0.05 eV in optical bandgap is observed in dyed ZTS. The dielectric properties with variation in frequency range (23 Hz–10 MHz) at different temperature range (30–100 °C) are evaluated through impedance spectroscopy, showing an increase in dielectric constant around 15 % and reduction in dielectric loss, indicating potential for improved performance in electronic applications. A significant enhancement is observed in the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) in dyed ZTS single crystals. The d33 value of ZTS is increased from 2.75 to 2.95 pC/N by the doping of organic dye. Vickers micro-hardness tester is used to know the mechanical strength through micro-indentation, which illustrated an increase in the hardness nature of dyed ZTS single crystals. These findings provide a foundation for the future development of ZTS-based materials for technological applications, offering a promising route for the advancement of functional materials in the domain of piezoelectric and optoelectronic technologies.

Multispectral smart window: Dynamic light modulation and electromagnetic microwave shielding

A novel multispectral smart window has been proposed, which features dynamic modulation of light transmittance and effective shielding against electromagnetic microwave radiation. This design integrates liquid crystal dynamic scattering and dye doping techniques, enabling the dual regulation of transmittance and scattering within a single-layer smart window. Additionally, the precise control of conductive film thickness ensures the attainment of robust microwave signal shielding. We present a theoretical model for ion movement in the presence of an alternating electric field, along with a novel approach to manipulate negative dielectric constant. The proposed model successfully enables a rapid transition between light transparent, absorbing and haze states, with an optimum drive frequency adjustable to approximately 300 Hz. Furthermore, the resistive design of the conductive layer effectively mitigates microwave radiation within the 2−18 GHz range. These findings offer an innovative perspective for future advancements in environmental construction.

One-pot Synthesis of FITC-Doped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Cellular Imaging

This study aimed to develop, evaluate and analyse the potential of mesoporous silica nanoparticles doped with fluorescein isothiocyanate (MSNFITC) as an agent for bioimaging. The synthesis of MSNFITC nanoparticles was achieved by using a CTAB formaldehyde method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to conduct a detailed characterization of the size and morphology of MSNFITC. The efficacy of dye doping was validated via fluorescence and UV absorbance spectroscopy. The produced MSNFITC had a uniform size distribution (65.5 ± 0.825nm) and a spherical shape. Spectroscopic investigations showed distinct peaks at 495 nm (absorbance) and 520 nm (fluorescence emission), indicative of FITC. Biocompatibility experiments on HeLa cells, even exposed to high concentrations (100 μg/mL) of MSNFITC, showed minimal cytotoxicity effects. Furthermore, the effective uptake of nanoparticles by HeLa cells was demonstrated through a strong green fluorescence signal that is distinctive for FITC. Given their advantageous features and biocompatibility with living organisms, the MSNFITC nanoparticles can potentially be highly effective agents for studying cells through bioimaging.

Sulfone-infused covalent organic polymer derived from poly(2-aminothiophenol) and erythrosine B as an excellent tool for C–H activation

The generation of a low HOMO-LUMO energy gap makes organic polymer-based composites an important class of materials with outstanding catalytic efficiency. The present work describes the simple and direct synthesis of an excellent photocatalyst, PC (C26H16NO7S)n via doping of erythrosine-B dye on sulfone infused poly(2-amino thiophenol) assembly (PA, (C6H4NO2S)n). The O 1 s spectrum displays peaks at 531.8 eV and 533.3 eV, representing the O=C and O–C groups of the in-situ generated fluorescein loaded on PA surface. Through absorption study (Tauc’s plot), the optical band gap (Eg) for polymer PA (2.9 eV) and photocatalyst PC (2.1 eV) has been calculated. Further, due to the efficient absorbance in the range of 400–600 nm with a low optical band gap, the applicability of the catalyst, PC has been checked in photocatalytic C–H activation in thiophene, and the generation of C–C bond with p-nitro aryldiazonium salt.

Investigation on Deterioration of Allura Red Dye Under Visible Radiation by TiO2 Based Nanocomposite

This current study is to prepare and characterise a Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Cu-doped Titanium dioxide with Tungsten (WO3) nanocomposite and its application for the deterioration of Allura Red (AR) Dye. After preparing the Cu- doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with WO3 and Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites using wet chemical Sol-gel method over various soaking times, the XRD, BET, and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were used to determine the properties of the synthesized Copper-doped Titanium dioxide and Copper-doped Titanium dioxide with Tungsten nanocomposites. When Tungsten was added to Cu-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2), the X-Ray Diffraction showed that all of the composites' peaks shifted slightly in the direction of a higher diffraction angle. To evaluate surface area BET curve was used. The Copper-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2)/Tungsten (WO3) nanocomposite gives a significant photocatalytic activity because of its increased surface area. High surface area (BET) and anatase phase development (XRD), which are the main contributors to effective photocatalytic activity, were identified by the work's results. XRD revealed that the synthesised materials were in the anatase phase. Compared to CDT, CTW-15, CTW-30, and CTW-60 nanocomposites, the surface area (BET) of the CTW-45 nanocomposite is larger at 128.79 m2/g. By examining the kinetics of reaction parameters such as dopant concentrations, pH, catalyst dose, and dye concentration, the catalysts were able to determine the ideal conditions for improved photocatalytic degradation of Allura Red dye. At pH 4, dye concentrations of 5 mg/L, and CTW-45 concentrations of 100 mg/L, the percentage of AR dye degradation was greater. The findings of this study can be used to develop efficient nanocomposites that remove Allura Red dye from wastewater.

Electrofluorochromic Hydrogels by Oligothiophene-Based Color-Tunable Fluorescent Dye Doping.

Soft electronic materials hold great promise for advancing flexible functional devices. Among the various soft materials available, hydrogels are particularly attractive for soft electronic device development due to their inherent properties, including transparency, shape adaptability through swelling/deswelling, and self-healing capabilities. Transparent hydrogels contribute to the creation of advanced smart devices such as sensors, smart windows, and anticounterfeiting technologies. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels are used as a platform for creating electrofluorochromic (EFC) devices in combination with oligothiophene-conjugated benzothiazole derivatives (OCBs) as fluorescent emitters. OCBs demonstrated excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) behavior with a large Stokes shift and emission changes responsive to solvent polarity and pH stimuli. Even in the solid state, OCBs exhibited strong fluorescence emission across a wide range of colors from blue to red, making them exceptionally well-suited for EFC device development. Their quantum yields in the powder state were obtained between 2.3% and 19.9%. Through the incorporation of OCBs into a PVA hydrogel (OCB@PVA), we achieved the successful fabrication of flexible EFC devices, including electronic paper and smart panels. When electric potentials (-2.4 and +2.4 V) were applied in OCB@PVA, fluorescence color changes were observed by an electrochemically induced pH change owing to electrohydrolysis of water. These devices demonstrated the potential of OCB@PVA hydrogels in the realm of flexible electronics. They could be used to create innovative and versatile devices with stimuli-responsive fluorescence properties.

Modeling of laser generation in a Fabry–Pérot-Tamm structure with a nematic liquid crystal layer

In the presented work, the possibility of controlling laser generation using a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) in a hybrid layered structure consisting of a thin metal layer (Ag), a layer of NLC doped with a light-absorbing dye, and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with a rectangular refractive index profile is theoretically studied. Spectral dependencies of the reflection, transmission, and absorption coefficients of light as well as the localization coefficient of the light field in NLC within the photonic bandgap of the DBR are obtained. Narrow dips in the reflection coefficient and peaks in the transmission coefficient are achieved due to the excitation of plasmons at the Ag-NLC interface. The dependence of the spectral position and magnitude of the plasmonic dips/peaks and the enhancement of the light field in the NLC medium on the thickness and orientation of the NLC layer as well as the impact of a light-absorbing dye doping are investigated. Theoretical calculations of the temporal dependencies of luminescence pulses for pumping pulses of different power settings (below, above, and at the threshold of laser generation) and different values of light absorption in the dye-doped NLC medium are performed, taking into account the peculiarities of the optical properties of the dye-doped NLC.

Influence of procion red dye doping on the structural, dielectric and optical properties of diglycine-phthalic acid single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Influence of procion red dye doping on the structural, dielectric and optical properties of diglycine-phthalic acid single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Optical studies of fluorescein dye doped sulphamic acid single crystal

Fluorsceine, a dye used in lasers and non-linear optics have been studied for its interaction with crystal matrix (Sulphamic acid). Present study reveals the effect of fluorescein dye on sulphamic acid single crystals that are grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature. Cell Parameters and crystal structure of pure sulphamic and 0.1 mol % fluorescein dye doped crystals is confirmed by Single Crystal XRD. The crystal structure is found to be orthorhombic and space group Pbca. Slight increase is noticed in cell parameters. Vibrational bands are assigned by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. UV–Vis spectroscopy is also studied to find out band gap energy which is found to increase from 5.13 eV to 5.2 eV due to dye doping in crystal. Decrease in cutoff wavelength confirms that the synthesized crystals are permissible material for electro-optic application.

Study the Impact of Silica Nanoparticles on the Properties of Several Dyes for the Fabrication of a Random Laser Gain Medium

Random laser gain media is synthesized with different types of dye at the same concentration (1×10-3 M) as an active material and silicon dioxide NPs (silica SiO2) as scatter centers through the Sol-Gel technique. The prepared samples are tested with UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDX). The end result demonstrates that doped dyes with silica nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.0016 mol/ml have lower absorbance and higher fluorescence spectra than pure dyes. FESEM scans revealed that the morphology of nanocrystalline silica is clusters of nano-sized spherical particles in the range (25-67) nm. It is concluded that the various dyes with SiO2 as a scattering center can be proposed to build laser media.

Xanthan gum-based copper nano-magnetite doped carbon aerogel: A promising candidate for environmentally friendly catalytic dye degradation

In this work, a novel copper nano-magnetite doped carbon aerogel (CXMCA) was created utilizing a simple graft co-polymerization approach with xanthan gum (XG) as a template to tackle the agglomeration problem caused by magnetic nanoparticle magnetism. The results indicated that the XG based CXMCA exhibited outstanding magnetic properties (Ms = 36.52 emu/g) as well as strong catalytic activity for the degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. Among all organic dyes, methylene blue and crystal violet (MB, CV) as cationic dyes, as well as congo red and methyl orange (CR, and MO) as anionic dyes, CXMCA demonstrated an exceptional dye degradation rate (8.06 × 10−3 s−1–1.12 × 10−2 s−1) and was highly competent for cationic dyes with degradation (90 %–98 %) as compared to its unsupported magnetic nanoparticles. The formation of CXMCA catalyst is clearly confirmed by the FTIR, XRD, XPS, VSM, SEM & TEM analyses. We report a very effective xanthan gum-based copper nano-magnetite doped carbon aerogel dye scavenger with application in percentage dye degradation and kinetic investigations, as well as a remarkable reusability assay up to 7 repetition cycles. The findings suggested that using biological macromolecules like xanthan gum as a foundation to generate magnetic aerogels might be a good choice for evaluating environmental aspects.

An Activatable Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Precise Detection of the Pulmonary Metastatic Tumors: A Traditional Molecule Having a Stunning Turn

AbstractAn accurate detection of lung metastasis is of great significance for making better treatment choices and improving cancer prognosis, but remains a big challenge in clinical practice. In this study, we propose a reinventing strategy to develop a pH‐activatable near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobe, pulmonary metastasis tracer (denoted as PMT), based on assembly of NIR dye IR780 and calcium phosphate (CaP). By delicately tuning the intermolecular interactions during the assembly process and dye doping content, as well as the synthetic condition of probe, the fluorescence of PMT could be finely adjusted via the tumor acidity‐triggered disassembly. Notably, the selected PMT9 could sharply convert subtle pH variations into a distinct fluorescence signal to generate high fluorescence ON/OFF contrast, dramatically reducing the background signals. Benefiting from such preferable features, PMT9 is able to precisely identify not only the tumor sites in orthotopic lung cancer models but also the pulmonary metastases in mice with remarkable signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR). This study provides a unique strategy to turn shortcomings of traditional dye IR780 during in vivo imaging into advantages and further expand the application of fluorescent probe to image lung associated tumor lesions.

An Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Precise Detection of the Pulmonary Metastatic Tumors: A Traditional Molecule Having a Stunning Turn.

An accurate detection of lung metastasis is of great significance for making better treatment choices and improving cancer prognosis, but remains a big challenge in clinical practice. In this study, we propose a reinventing strategy to develop a pH-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobe, pulmonary metastasis tracer (denoted as PMT), based on assembly of NIR dye IR780 and calcium phosphate (CaP). By delicately tuning the intermolecular interactions during the assembly process and dye doping content, as well as the synthetic condition of probe, the fluorescence of PMT could be finely adjusted via the tumor acidity-triggered disassembly. Notably, the selected PMT9 could sharply convert subtle pH variations into a distinct fluorescence signal to generate high fluorescence ON/OFF contrast, dramatically reducing the background signals. Benefiting from such preferable features, PMT9 is able to precisely identify not only the tumor sites in orthotopic lung cancer models but also the pulmonary metastases in mice with remarkable signal-to-background ratio (SBR). This study provides a unique strategy to turn shortcomings of traditional dye IR780 during in vivo imaging into advantages and further expand the application of fluorescent probe to image lung associated tumor lesions.

Structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, SHG and antibacterial properties of organic dyes doped glycine potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate single crystals

The advanced electro-optical materials are highly demanded because of their various uses in recent years. Glycine potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate single crystals are grown using a slow solvent evaporation technique in order to investigate the effects of the organic dyes crystal violet, malachite green, chrysoidine y, alizarin red, and victoria blue on the structural, optical, mechanical, thermal, SHG, and antibacterial properties. The powder XRD study validates the 14-2d space group tetragonal crystal structure. The higher optical bandgap energy and increased optical transparency of the crystal violet and victoria blue dye doped crystals indicate that there are less defects in their crystal lattice. The elemental analysis confirmed the presence of different organic dyes in the GKDP crystal lattice. The dye doping has enhanced the mechanical and optical characteristics of the formed crystals, and are categorised as soft materials. It is found that all dye-doped crystals have improved thermal stability. Malachite green and crystal violet doped GKDP crystals have higher SHG efficiency.

Methods for improving the stability of perovskite materials and their conversion efficiency

he research on perovskite thin film solar cells has made great progress in recent years and is believed to be a material with enormous potential for development. However, problems like relatively poor stability, environmental unfriendliness and low large-area photoelectric conversion efficiency remain to solve. Its large-scale production is still a long way off. This study introduces the recent progress of the perovskite materials for perovskite solar cells and reviews the three ways of improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite materials for solar cells, including dye sensitization, doping and graphene oxidation. Diverse dyes for sensitization of perovskite materials are listed, and their mechanics are briefly introduced. The principles of how doping and graphene oxidation improve the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite materials are also described in this manuscript. Finally, based on those methods, suggestions for the future development of perovskite materials for solar cells are provided.

Optical and Optoelectronic Studies of Binary and Ternary Films of Poly(L-Tryptophane), Poly(5-hydroxy-L-tryptophane), and P(TER-CO-TRI) Doped with Sudan Dye

In this work, the optical properties and optoelectronics parameters of binary and ternary composite films made of two electron acceptors, poly(L-Tryptophane) and poly(5-hydroxy-L-Tryptophane), with an electron donor, P(TER-CO-TRI), doped with Sudan dyes, are comprehensively investigated. The films with different volumetric ratios of the components were deposited onto the glass substrates using spin coating technique. Results showed that with the help of dye doping into the binary systems of poly(L-Tryptophane):P(TRI-co-TER) (1:2) and poly(5-hydroxy-L-Tryptophane):P(TRI-co-TER)(1:2), the refractive index was increased from 2.01 to 2.32. The nature of the electronic transition in the studied films was found to be a direct allowed transition, which was derived from Tauc’s equation. The combination of Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique and absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the molecular energy levels, HOMO and LUMO of the polymer samples. It was seen that the mixture of poly(L-Tryptophane):P(TRI-co-TER):Sudan dye (1:2:2) has led to increase the energy gap to 2.95 eV and the real optical conductivity ( ) to about 433.11 S.cm-1. According to the findings, the investigated polymers can have a great potential for semitransparent organic solar cells.

Two-Wavelength Dye-Doped Swellable Clad POF Humidity Sensor

Because humidity is an important indicator used in many fields, the development of technology for its measurement is of great significance. We investigated humidity sensors that use a swellable polymer as the cladding material of plastic optical fibers (POFs). A POF humidity sensor using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as the cladding material has a linear response at approximately 20% relative humidity (RH), but its sensitivity is low. The sensitivity can be improved by adding brilliant blue (BB) as a dye to cladding. However, this makes the detection range of the sensor too narrow for practical use. Therefore, we change the incident light from a single wavelength to two wavelengths and use the fact that the output waveform of the dye-doped sensor depends on the wavelength of the incident light. The results of experiments show that a humidity sensor with high sensitivity and an RH detection range of 10%–90% can be developed by combining the output waveforms of a two-wavelength sensor with a dye doping level of 0.8% in cladding.

Spectroscopic properties and optoelectronic parameters of ternary composites incorporating poly(L-Tryptophane):P(TER-CO-TRI) and Sudan dye

<p>In this study, the spectroscopic properties and optoelectronic parameters of a ternary composite containing poly(L-Tryptophane): P(TER-CO-TRI) and Sudan dye were thoroughly investigated. Poly(L-Tryptophane) and P (TER-CO-TRI), the electron acceptor and donor, were solution processed and doped with different ratios of Sudan dye to form ternary composite systems. The FTIR technique, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized to study the broad properties of the samples. Results showed that with the help of dye doping, the non-dispersive refractive index and energy gap of the ternary system were increased to 2.00 and decreased to 2.11 eV, respectively. The optical band gap, refractive index, dielectric constant, and optical conductivity of the samples were elaborated. The nature of the electronic transition in the studied samples was found to be a direct allowed transition, which was derived from the application of Tauc’s equation. The combination of CV test and absorption spectroscopy was successfully used to determine the molecular energy levels, HOMO and LUMO of the polymer samples.</p>

Efficacy of a neoteric tungsten and phosphorous co-doped TiO2 nano photocatalyst: Studies on bifunctionality in abatement of dye pollutant and microbes

Potentially improved tungsten and phosphorous co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were fabricated with various weight percentages of dopants by the simple sol–gel method for photocatalytic activity studies under visible light. XRD, TEM, BET, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XPS, and UV–vis DRS techniques characterized the catalyst samples (WPT1, WPT2, WPT3, WPT4, WPT5, and UnT). The experimental results indicated that all co-doped samples showed anatase phase (XRD), and reduced band gaps (2.78 eV to 2.84 eV) by UV–vis DRS. Co-doped TiO2 particles show smaller particle sizes (5.3Nm) with a high surface area of 122 m2/g (BET). The expected substitution of dopants and their presence in catalysts were determined by XPS. WPT3 exhibited the best optoelectronic properties. The optimum conditions for better photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye by the catalysts were achieved by analysing the kinetics of the reaction parameters such as dopant concentrations, pH, catalyst dosage, and dye concentration. At pH 9, with 0.075 g/L of WPT3 and 10 mg/L dye concentration, the dye degradation was completed within 60 min. WPT3 was also utilized for antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli, Bacillus coagulans, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. These findings supported the utilization of catalysts in association with the renewable source of solar radiation.

Facile Surface Treatment of 3D-Printed PLA Filter for Enhanced Graphene Oxide Doping and Effective Removal of Cationic Dyes

The structured adsorption filter material is one of the ways to enhance the practical applicability of powdered adsorbents, which have limitations in the real water treatment process due to difficulty in the separation process. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology was applied to prepare filter materials for water treatment processes. A 3D-printed graphene-oxide (GO)-based adsorbent is prepared on a polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold. The surface of the PLA scaffold was modified by subjecting it to strong alkaline or organic solvent treatment to enhance GO doping for realizing effective adsorption of cationic dye solutions. When subjected to 95% acetone treatment, the structural properties of PLA changed, and particularly, two main hydrophilic functional groups (carboxylic acids and hydroxyls) were newly formed on the PLA through cleavage of the ester bond of the aliphatic polyester. Owing to these changes, the roughness of the PLA surface increased, and its tensile strength decreased. Meanwhile, its surface was doped mainly with GO, resulting in approximately 75% methylene blue (MB) adsorption on the 3D-printed GO-based PLA filter. Based on the established optimal pretreatment conditions, a kinetic MB sorption study and an isotherm study were conducted to evaluate the 3D-printed GO-based PLA filter. The pseudo-second-order model yielded the best fit, and the MB adsorption was better fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. These results suggested that chemical adsorption was the main driver of the reaction, and monolayer sorption occurred on the adsorbent surface. The results of this study highlight the importance of PLA surface modification in enhancing GO doping and achieving effective MB adsorption in aqueous solutions. Ultimately, this study highlights the potential of using 3D printing technology to fabricate the components required for implementing water treatment processes.