Bioremediation Of Dyes Research Articles

Recent Developments and Challenges in the Application of Fungal Laccase for the Biodegradation of Textile Dye Pollutants

Abstract: According to the European Environment Agency, the textile industry is responsible for 20% of global water pollution due to dyeing and finishing products, thus facing severe environmental challenges. It is essential to design more biocompatible and sustainable treatment processes capable of removing dyes from industrial wastewater to fight this environmental hazard. Chemical industries must change traditional chemical-based concepts to more environmentally friendly and greener processes to remove pollutants, including dyes. Enzymatic bioremediation is a smart tool and a promising alternative for environmental pollutant degradation. The use of enzymes in dye decolourization makes the process a green and clean alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, enzymemediated biocatalysis decreases the formation of toxic by-products compared to chemical reactions. The most used enzyme for the decolourization of dyes is laccase. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase found in diverse organisms such as fungi. It promotes the oxidation of phenolic compounds and has a wide range of substrate specificity, making it a promising enzyme for removing different dyes used by the textile industry, including recalcitrant aromatic dyes. The present article gives a comprehensive revision of textile dye decolourization, its types, recent developments in laccase-mediated dye bioremediation technologies, the mechanism of biocatalysis, and their limitations and challenges. Emphasis on the chemical pathways of laccase reaction mechanisms for dye bioremediation processes is also provided. In addition, a brief overview of textile industries and the respective traditional treatment processes for textile wastewater is presented.

Simultaneous removal of malachite green and lead from water by consortium dry-biomasses of Bacillus licheniformis AG3 and Bacillus cereus M116

Synthetic textile dye malachite green (MG) and heavy metals present in industrial wastewater are hazardous to the ecosystem. Bioremediation of dyes and heavy metals using dry-biomasses has advantages over chemical methods. This study screened an acclimatized, heavy metal-resistant, and dye-degrading Gram positive Bacillus licheniformis AG3 strain from the textile wastewater near Kolkata, West Bengal. The EDXRF analysis of this colored wastewater effluent showed 36.33 mg/L lead, significantly higher than the WHO recommendation. Previously, Bag et al. showed bioremediation of synthetic dyes using dry-biomass of Bacillus cereus M116 from an aqueous solution (Bag et al. Arch Microbiol 203(7):3811–3823, 2021). Here, a consortium of dry-biomasses of B.licheniformis AG3 and B. cereus M116 strains (1:1 w/w ratio) was prepared for the simultaneous removal of lead and MG from wastewater. Statistical optimization determines that the pH, initial concentration of contaminants, and dry-biomass concentrations are critical for bioremediation under batch procedures. Further, optimization using the response surface methodology showed that 0.01% consortium dry-biomasses eliminated a maximum of 99.35% MG and 96.01% lead (II) within 6 h. SEM–EDS and FTIR confirmed a strong surface biosorption. Furthermore, a fixed-bed biofilter column of the consortium dry-biomasses was prepared, which was able to remove 98.1% MG and 98.5% lead at the 0.5–1 mL/min flow rate. Together, this study developed a biofilter with a consortium dry biomasses of B. licheniformis AG3 and B. cereus M116 for the simultaneous removal of MG and lead from wastewater.

Microbial bioremediation of dyes, metals, and microplastics for ecological sustainability

Microbial bioremediation of dyes, metals, and microplastics for ecological sustainability

Isolation of Potential Azo dye Degrading/Tolerating Bacteria from Polluted Environment

Various industries including the food and textile industries result in the release of azo dyes into the environment. These dyes are known to exert toxic effects on humans, animal and plants. Biological methods of azo dye bioremediation is a solution for the detoxification of azo dye in the environment. The present study was undertaken to isolate bacteria with potential for azo dye bioremediation. From five polluted environment samples, eight bacteria were isolated in azo dye supplemented Nutrient agar. Six isolates (75%, n=8) decolorized azo dye completely following 24 hours of incubation. The control tube with no bacterial inoculation remained blue, indicating that only microbial biotransformation processes were taking place. In each case, a blue-colored ring remained at the top, indicating the anoxic nature of the dye decolorization process. All isolates grew in presence of 400 ppm, 60% tolerated 600 ppm and 20% tolerated 800 ppm, whereas 1000ppm was inhibitory for growth of all isolates. Dead autoclaved cells of three representative isolates were tested for biosorption potential. Only one isolate turned the methylene blue supplemented nutrient broth colorless. This explains that this isolate was not metabolizing methylene blue rather it bound the dye to the cell structure. Two isolates did not show biosorption abilities indicating that their mechanism of bioremediation was enzymatic reduction. 16s rDNA sequencing identified two of the isolates as Lysinibacillus capsici and Stenotrophomonas muris. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 40, Number 2, December 2023, pp 56-59

Identification of novel laccase from cyanobacterium Microcystis flos-aquae and enhanced azo dye bioremediation potential

Textile industries discharge up to 280,000 tons of dye waste annually, resulting in global pollution and health risks. In Nigeria and other African countries, persistent dyes threaten aquatic life and human health. This study introduces a cost-effective, enzyme-mediated bioremediation alternative using a novel laccase from the cyanobacteriumMicrocystis flos-aquae. This purified enzyme yielded 0.55 % (w/w)with significant activity at 40 °C and pH 4.00. Kinetic studies showed the dependence of M. flos-aquae laccase on Cu2+and its inhibition by EDTA and Fe2+. The efficacy of the enzyme was demonstrated through rapid decolorization of the azo dye Cibacron Brilliant Blue over a wide temperature and pH range. As this enzyme effectively decolorizes dyes across a broad temperature and pH range, it offers a promising solution for bioremediation of textile effluents.

A Case Study of Fungal Geoactivities as Sustainable Approach for the Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes and Metals from Wastewater

A Case Study of Fungal Geoactivities as Sustainable Approach for the Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes and Metals from Wastewater

Microorganism-mediated bioremediation of dyes from contaminated soil: Mechanisms, recent advances, and future perspectives

Many methods have been proposed for the remediation of dye-contaminated soils, a widespread form of environment pollution. Bioremediation, it is hoped, can combine ecological benefits with efficiency of dye decontamination. We review the types and sources of dye contaminants; their possible effects on plant, animal, and human health; and emerging strategies for microbial bioremediation. Challenges, limitations, recommendations for future research, and prospects for large-scale commercialization of microbial bioremediation are discussed.

Employment of collective physical pretreatment and immobilization of Actinomucor biomass for prospective crystal violet remediation efficiency

AbstractIndustrialization and urbanization have increased the number of industries that utilize colors and their wastewater, contributing to the global pollution catastrophe. Recently, wastewater treatment has relied on expensive, energy-inefficient, and limited-flexibility physico-chemical processes. This study sought a low-cost, efficient method of removing crystal violet (CVD). We created a statistical approach to choose the best practice by immobilizing physically prepared Actinomucor elegans AUMC15946 biomass. The immobilized cells displayed an enhanced CVD removal (80.3%) than the free cells (66.2%). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized at three physical pretreatment parameters (heat, UV radiation, and gamma ray) for the first time to explore and maximize the positive impact of physical parameters on the immobilized fungus efficiency for potent crystal violet removal. The maximum CVD removal (96.4%) was achieved at the following optimum conditions (45 °C of heat treatment, 20 min of UV exposure, and 300 Gy of gamma irradiation). The toxicity of the treated CVD compared to the untreated one was also evaluated via three different protocols (phytotoxicity, microbial toxicity, and cytotoxicity). The treated CVD has no any adverse effect on seed germination. Similarly, the treated dye revitalized the growth of Escherichia coli cells and two normal cell lines, epithelial breast MCF-12F and fibroblast BJ-1, compared to the untreated dye. Thus, the physically pretreated and immobilized biomass of Actinomucor is a new and potent candidate that could be applied in dye bioremediation practices.

Nanoremediation of toxic dyes using a bacterial consortium immobilized on cellulose acetate nanofiber mats

AbstractStenotrophomonas maltophilia and Ochrobactrum sp. demonstrated the highest rates of dye bioremediation. The trials were performed at pH 8, which resulted in the highest bioremediation rate of 64.6% in media containing 21.2 mg L−1 dye. As the dye concentration increased, the pollutant removal decreased, with the maximum bioremoval rate of 70.3%. The removal capacity was increased with an increase in biomass concentration; the highest yield of 91.3% was obtained in media containing 14.2 mg L−1 dye and 12% (v/v) biomass. In nanoremediation studies, the bacterial consortium was immobilized on cellulose acetate nanofiber mats (CA‐NFM). Scanning electron microscopic micrographs showed that bead‐free nanofiber mats were effective in immobilizing bacterial cells. Moreover, nanofiber structures were capable of supporting exopolysaccharides formation, as confirmed by Fourier transform ınfrared spectroscopy. The bacterial consortium immobilized on CA‐NFM showed a maximum bioremoval rate of 56.5%. Reusability tests demonstrated that the consortium immobilized CA‐NFM could be used at least five times. Furthermore, after leaving the mat for 1 month at 4°C, it was still usable, and the removal efficiency was found to be 45.4%. Based on our findings, bacteria immobilized on CA‐NFM have the potential to be used as highly effective and versatile nanobiotechnological biological sorbents in the treatment of wastewater containing dyes.Highlights Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Ochrobactrum sp. were used as a bacterial consortium. Bacterial consortium immobilized on cellulose acetate nanofiber mats (CA‐NFM) was tested. EPS production by the consortium was confirmed by Fourier transform ınfrared spectroscopy analysis. CA‐NFM could be used at least five times.

Metagenomic analysis of a bioreactor biofilm treating raw textile effluent and biochemical characterization of a novel azoreductase gene

Azo dyes are potent synthetic carcinogens that are widely used in the textile industries and their discharge into the surface water has detrimental consequences for human and ecosystem health. Oxidoreductases have been found to be involved in the metabolism of various xenobiotic compounds including azo dyes. Therefore, in this study shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SGMS) was used to bioprospect novel oxidoreductase genes in the biofilm of a fixed-film bioreactor treating raw textile effluent. According to the SGMS taxonomic and functional annotation, the bacteria found to be dominant in the bioreactor biofilm exhibited versatility and possessed genes that are capable of degrading azo dyes as well as other xenobiotics. A novel azoreductase gene (BM-AzoR) derived from the bioreactor biofilm metagenome was found to encode a previously uncharacterized FMN-dependent NADH azoreductase. In silico analysis of BM-AzoR gene encoded enzyme suggests that it is a thermostable and hydrophilic monomeric protein. The purified BM-AzoR is a flavin protein showing an optimal enzyme activity at pH 5 and 55 °C, respectively. The purified enzyme showed a specific azoreductase activity of 1.348 ± 0.12 U mg−1 in the presence of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and preferred nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) over nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as an electron donor. A molecular docking analysis validated the in vitro results by identifying Methyl Red as the best substrate for the BM-AzoR. The purified enzyme retained its activity in a variety of metal ions and solvents, indicating its potential application in azo dye bioremediation.

Synthesis, characterization, and reusability of novel nanobiocomposite of endophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with dye bioremediation potential

The incorrect disposal of textile dyes, such as Reactive Black 5 (RB5), causes several problems for living beings and the quality of the environment. Nanobiocomposites (NBC) produced from endophytic fungi (potentially remediation dyes-agents) and magnetic nanoparticles have high biotechnological potential due to their superparamagnetic behavior, which would allow their recovery through the magnetic field after the bioremediation process. This work aimed to obtain a new nanobiocomposite from the interaction of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with the endophyte Aspergillus flavus (Af-CL-7) to evaluate its bioremediation capacity and to reduce the toxicity of RB5 and its reuse. Before obtaining the NBC, Af-CL-7 showed discoloration of RB5 and it was tolerant to all tested concentrations of this dye. The discovery of the nanobiocomposite textile dye bioremediator product presents a significant environmental advantage by addressing the issue of water pollution caused by textile dyes. The NBC called Af-Fe3O4 was successfully obtained with the magnetized endophyte, and their magnetic properties were verified by VSM analysis and by action of magnetic fields generated by Nd-Fe-B magnets SEM analyzes showed that the nanoparticles did not cause any damage to the hypha morphology, and TEM analyzes confirmed the presence of nanoparticles in the fungus wall and also inside the cell. The NBC Af-Fe3O4 and Af-CL-7 showed, respectively, 96.1% and 92.2% of RB5 discoloration in the first use, 91.1% e 86.2% of discoloration in the validation test, and 89.0% in NBC reuse. In the toxicological bioassay with Lactuca sativa seeds, NBC showed a positive reduction in the toxicity of RB5 after treatment, allowing the hypocotyl growth to be statistically similar to the control with water. Thus, we highlight the promising obtaining process of NBC that could be applied in bioremediation of contaminated waters, wherein the industrial economic cost will depend on the fermentation efficiency, biomass production and nanoparticle synthesis.

Studies On the Role of Fungal Strains in Bioremediation of Dyes Isolated from Textile Effluents

Fungal strains are widely used for the cleaning of soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and the ecosystem. The presence of extracellular enzymes in fungi facilitates the process of bioremediation of textile dyes. This study was conducted to observe the quality of water being released from textile dyes industries and also the capability of some fungal strains which can remediate these dyes by showing the tendency of their resistance. Samples of water were collected from the polluted area surrounding the textile dyeing industries in Lahore. In the process of isolation, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to verify the fungal growth. Fungal strains were purified, and the morphological characterization of fungal strains was carried out at 10X and 100X by using a magnification microscope. The fungal strains, such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusoryzae, and Aspergillusflavus were identified. The stress of four types of dyes was given to each fungal strain. The results showed that Aspergillusoryzae was one of the most stable, non-toxic, and resistant fungal species against the high stress of dyes as compared to other species

Adsorption linked fungal degradation process for complete removal of Lanasyn olive dye using chemically valorized sugarcane bagasse

Textile dye effluents have been reported for many deleterious effects; therefore, it is essential to remove before releasing into waterbodies. A two-step agro-waste-based technology for the remediation of a textile dye Lanasyn olive was developed in this study. The first step involved the chemical modification of agro-waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with a natural acid (alginic acid). The modified SCB was used for the column bed preparation and adsorptive removal of the dye. In the second step, SCB used for dye removal was decolorized through a fungus Pleurotus sp. to produce a dye-free SCB with a potential for application as manure. To evaluate the efficacy of the column device, parameters like removal percentage, and adsorption capacity were determined. There was 90% removal of dye in aqueous dye solution and 83% removal in dye spiked textile industry effluent. To comprehend the column properties, three non-equilibrium models—Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Adams-Bohart—were used. Among the models applied, Adams-Bohart fitted well with the obtained data. Dye bioremediation efficiency by Pleurotus sp. was assessed by studying the deviation in absorption maxima, dye decolorization on the agar plate, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The fungus-treated SCB showed no signs of residual toxicity towards alga Chlorella vulgaris. The carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur (CHNS) profile examination of spent SCB revealed significantly improved nitrogen content after the treatment (from 0.35% to 0.69%). The prototype of the column, chemical valorization of SCB, and degradation of dye-adsorbed SCB through Pleurotus sp. provides a green solution for the safe disposal of textile dye through a novel agro waste-based treatment process.

Dynamics of the role of LacMeta laccase in the complete degradation and detoxification of malachite green.

Laccases highlight for xenobiotic bioremediation, as well as application in the fine chemical, textile, biofuel and food industries. In a previous work, we described the preliminary characterization of laccase LacMeta, a promising enzyme for the bioremediation of dyes, able to decolorization malachite green (MG), trypan blue, methylene blue. Here we demonstrate that LacMeta is indeed suitable for the complete degradation and detoxification of MG dye, not just for its discoloration, since some works show false positives due to the formation of colorless intermediates such as leucomalachite. The optimal pH and temperature parameters of LacMeta were 5.0 and 50°C, respectively (MG as substrate). LacMeta was tolerant of up to 10 mmol L- 1 EDTA (82%) and up to 5% (V/V) acetone (91%) and methanol (71%), while SDS promoted severe inhibition. For ions, a high tolerance to cobalt, zinc, manganese, and calcium (10 mmol L- 1) was also observed (> 90%). Even under high-salinity conditions (1mol L- 1 NaCl), the residual bleaching activity of the dye remained at 61%. Furthermore, the bleaching product of MG did not inhibit the germination of sorghum and tomato seeds and was inert to the vegetative structures of the germinated seedlings. Additionally, this treatment effectively reduced the cytotoxic effect of the dye on microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Azospirillum brasilense), which can be explained by H-NMR spectral analysis results since LacMeta completely degraded the peak signals corresponding to the aromatic rings in the dye, demonstrating extreme efficiency in the bioremediation of the xenobiotic at high concentrations (50mg L- 1).

Bioprospecting of novel ligninolytic bacteria for effective bioremediation of agricultural by-product and synthetic pollutant dyes

Lignin is a significant renewable carbon source that needs to be exploited to manufacture bio-ethanol and chemical feedstocks. Lignin mimicking methylene blue (MB) dye is widely used in industries and causes water pollution. Using kraft lignin, methylene blue, and guaiacol as a full carbon source, 27 lignin-degrading bacteria (LDB) were isolated from 12 distinct traditional organic manures for the current investigation. The ligninolytic potential of 27 lignin-degrading bacteria was assessed by qualitative and quantitative assay. In a qualitative plate assay, the LDB-25 strain produced the largest zone, measuring 6.32 ± 0.297, on MSM-L-kraft lignin plates, while the LDB-23 strain produced the largest zone, measuring 3.44 ± 0.413, on MSM-L-Guaiacol plates. The LDB-9 strain in MSM-L-kraft lignin broth was able to decolorize lignin to a maximum of 38.327 ± 0.011% in a quantitative lignin degradation assay, which was later verified by FTIR assay. In contrast, LDB-20 produced the highest decolorization (49.633 ± 0.017%) in the MSM-L-Methylene blue broth. The highest manganese peroxidase enzyme activity, measuring 6322.314 ± 0.034 U L−1, was found in the LDB-25 strain, while the highest laccase enzyme activity, measuring 1.5105 ± 0.017 U L−1, was found in the LDB-23 strain. A preliminary examination into the biodegradation of rice straw using effective LDB was carried out, and efficient lignin-degrading bacteria were identified using 16SrDNA sequencing. SEM investigations also supported lignin degradation. LDB-8 strain had the highest percentage of lignin degradation (52.86%), followed by LDB-25, LDB-20, and LDB-9. These lignin-degrading bacteria have the ability to significantly reduce lignin and lignin-analog environmental contaminants, therefore they can be further researched for effective bio-waste management mediated breakdown.

Efficient degradation and decolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by Serratia sp. WKD under extreme environmental conditions and the mechanism

Microbial degradation of dyes is fundamental and essential for understanding their environmental fate. In this study, a new bacterial strain with efficient degrading capability of triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes named WKD was isolated and identified as the genus Serratia sp. by 16S rDNA analysis. The decolorization of TPM dyes by the strain especially under extreme environmental conditions were studied. The results showed that the strain could completely decolorize Malachite Green (MG) and Crystal Violet (CV) at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0 and at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 45 °C in a 12 h of incubation. The strain still showed an excellent decolorizing capability even at low (5 °C) and high (60 °C) temperatures. Moreover, the enzymatic analysis indicated that MnP, NADH-DCIP reductase, MG reductase, and CV reductase might be involved in TPM dyes biodegradation. Besides, the biodegradation pathways were proposed based on UV–visible, FTIR, and LC-Q-TOF-MS analyses. Results indicated that degradation of MG by the strain was mainly regulated by N-demethylation and hydroxylation pathways, while degradation of CV was only by the N-demethylation pathway. Therefore, Serratia sp. strain WKD is expected to have a broad application prospect for the bioremediation of TPM dyes, especially in extreme environments.

Modelling the Decolorization of Malachite Green by Staphylococcus aureus

Dyes plays an important role in our everyday life. From manufacturing plastics, paints, textile and even pills contain traces of dye used. With the ever-increasing demand for dye with growing world populations, the use of synthetic dyes has grown linearly. Bioremediation of dyes using microorganisms is on the rise. The ability to accurately predict the rate of bioremediation relies upon the gathering of the accurate rate of decolourisation, which is often inaccurately obtained by natural logarithm transformation of the decolourisation process over time. In this instance, a nonlinear regression of the curve needs to be carried out utilising available rate models. Hence, various primary models such as modified Logistic, modified Gompertz, modified logistics, modified Richards, modified Schnute, Baranyi-Roberts, Buchanan-3-phase, von Bertalanffy and the Huang models were utilized to fit the specific decolourisation rate. Several models failed to converge and was omitted and only Huang, Baranyi-Roberts, modified Gompertz, modified Richards and modified Logistics were able to model the data while other models failed to converge and were omitted. The best model based on statistical analysis was Baranyi Roberts with the highest value for Adjusted Coefficient of Determination and the lowest values for RMSE, AICc, HQC and BIC and the closest value to 1.0 for accuracy and bias factors. The Baranyi-Roberts fitted curve was found to conform to normality tests and is adequate to be used to fit the experimental data. The parameters obtained from this exercise can be utilized for further secondary modelling exercise to gleam information on how substrate (dye) affect the rate of decolourisation of the substrate.

Mathematical Modeling of the Inhibition Kinetics of Malachite Green Decolorization by Staphylococcus aureus

Basic Green 4 or Malachite Green (MG) is an important dye that found great usage in controlling fish pathogens. The use of MG has been banned but developing, and third-world countries still found applications for this dye. Bioremediation of dyes using microorganisms is on the rise. The ability to accurately predict the rate of bioremediation relies upon the gathering of the accurate rate of decolourisation, which is often inhibited at high concentrations of the toxicant. Various secondary models such as Monod, Haldane, Teissier, Aiba, Yano and Koga, Hans-Levenspiel, Webb and the Luong models were utilized to fit the specific decolourisation rate, and most of them show visually acceptable fitting except Monod and Teissier. The best model based on statistical analysis was Hans-Levenspiel with the highest value for the adjusted coefficient of determination and the lowest values for RMSE, AICc, HQC and BIC and the closest value to 1.0 for accuracy and bias factors. The Hans-Levenspiel model was found to conform to normality tests and is adequate to be used to fit the experimental data. The normality tests carried out using tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilks-Shapiro and the D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus K2 test shows that the model pass the normality tests with p >0.05 for all normality tests carried out. The experimental data obtained indicates that Malachite Green is toxic and slows down the rate of decolourisation at higher concentrations. The maximum MG specific biodegradation rate (qmax), half-saturation concentration (KS), maximum allowable MG concentration (Sm), and the shape factors (n and m) were 0.136 h-1, 0.56 mg/L, 2691 mg/L, -33.31 and 35.12, respectively. The parameters obtained from this exercise can be utilized to model the bioremediation of MG in the future.

Impact of textile dyes on human health and bioremediation of textile industry effluent using microorganisms: current status and future prospects

Environmental contamination brought on by the discharge of wastewater from textile industries is a growing concern on a global scale. Textile industries produce a huge quantity of effluents containing a myriad of chemicals, mostly dyes. The discharge of such effluents into the aquatic environment results in pollution that adversely affects aquatic organisms. Synthetic dyes are complex aromatic chemical structures with carcinogenic and mutagenic properties in addition to high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). This complex aromatic structure resists degradation by conventional techniques. The bioremediation approach is the biological clean-up of toxic contaminants from industrial effluents. Biological treatment methods produce less or no sludge and are cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly. Microorganisms, mostly microalgae and bacteria, and, in some instances, fungi, yeast, and enzymes decolorize textile dye compounds into simple, non-toxic chemical compounds. Following a thorough review of the literature, we are persuaded that microalgae and bacteria might be one of the potential decolorizing agents substituting for most other biological organisms in wastewater treatment. This article presents extensive literature information on textile dyes, their classification, the toxicity of dyes, and the bioremediation of toxic textile industry effluent utilizing microalgae and bacteria. Additionally, it combines data on factors influencing textile dye bioremediation, and a few suggestions for future research are proposed.

A mini-review on innovative strategies for simultaneous microbial bioremediation of toxic heavy metals and dyes from wastewater.

Bioremediation of heavy metals and dyes is one of the emerging techniques globally as it is evident from the numerous publications made by various research groups. Biofilm-assisted bioremediation is one of the trending approaches as it facilitates negatively charged extracellular polymeric substances which makes the bacteria resistant to the toxic chemicals. Genetic engineering of microbes will make them unique in the bioremediation process. This mini-review concentrates on source and toxic effects of heavy metals and dyes on aqueous and living beings. Further, the genetic improvement strategies for effective bioremediation are described. However, the gap between practicability and real-time applicability needs to test with real-time wastewater in the industrial scale.