Dyadic Type Research Articles

Cross-Generational Transmission of Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Direction and Dynamics

Studies of the cross-generational transmission of intimate partner violence (IPV) have yielded controversial findings about the centrality of child abuse (CA) and child exposure to parental violence (EIPV) as a risk factor for interpersonal violent relationships in adulthood. This cross-sectional study examines the intergenerational cycle of IPV by differentiating the gender of the parent and the directionality of violence. The purpose of the study was to test (a) the prevalence of the three patterns of IPV as suggested in Straus’s (2015) Dyadic Type’s typology (e.g., man only, woman only, or both) for both CA and EIPV; (b) the relevance of the Dyadic Type’s Typology of IPV on the cross-generational transmission of IPV; and (c) whether the gender of the violent parent has any differential effect on the cross-generational transmission of IPV. A total of 1,196 Israeli Jewish and Arab students completed a cross-sectional self-report questionnaire, retrospectively addressing CA and EIPV in their childhood family environment and their own IPV experience as adults. Our findings show that among families in which any one of the three violent dyads took place, the involvement of both parents in the violent dyad is the prevalent one and raises the highest risk for cross-generational transmission of IPV in adulthood. Utilizing the Dyadic Type’s typology proved insightful in mapping the prevalence of CA, EIPV, and IPV in three ways: (a) it more accurately maps the prevalence of the different IPV dynamics than does the “dichotomous lens,” (b) it highlights the interactive violent dynamic as the prevalent one, and (c) it shows that exposure to aggression by both parents seems to be the strongest predictor of cross-generational transmission of IPV. Overall, the present study contributes to the developing understanding of interactions between retrospectively reported experiences of exposure to IPV and one’s own current behavior.

Second language development in face-to-face versus synchronous computer-mediated interactions: Dyadic type and language proficiency

Language negotiations facilitate second language acquisition (SLA) in both face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated interactions. Research shows that dyadic type can impact the quantity and quality of negotiations. Although both learner (L)-learner and native speaker (NS)-L dyadic type interactions have shown to be beneficial to SLA, it is still unclear which dyadic type is more effective for second language (L2) development in FTF and computer-mediated interactions. To fill this gap, this quantitative study compares FTF versus text-synchronous-computer-mediated communication (SCMC) task-based interactions by examining the following question: Is there a significant difference in the (1) frequency of negotiations and (2) effect of negotiations on subsequent L2 development in FTF interactions compared with text-SCMC in the following three dyadic types: NS-low-proficiency learners (LPL), NS-high-proficiency learners (HPL), and HPL–LPL? The study is grounded in the Interaction Hypothesis, which argues that comprehensible input, opportunities for modified output, and noticing are essential for interactions to facilitate SLA through negotiation episodes. The participants included four NSs, four LPLs, and four HPLs. The participants were paired up to form two of each of the following dyadic types: NS–LPL, NS–HPL, and HPL–LPL. All dyads performed one task in each mode. The learners took a tailor-made posttest, designed to measure their L2 development. The data collection included transcribed FTF interactions, SCMC chats, and posttest scores. The interactions were coded for negotiation episodes and strategies. The posttest responses were coded as correct, partially correct, or incorrect. Chi-square test of independence was used to analyse the quantitative data because of their categorical nature and small sample size. Results found no statistically significant difference in the frequency of negotiation episodes among the three dyadic types or the LPLs’ and HPLs’ language learning outcome in FTF versus SCMC. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

Effects of computer-mediated collaborative writing on individual EFL writing performance

Although the effectiveness of computer-mediated collaborative writing (CMCW) is confirmed by many recent studies, only a few have investigated whether linguistic knowledge and writing skills learned through collaboration can be internalized and transferred to individual writing. This study uses a pre-and post-test design to investigate the impact of CMCW in a classroom setting on Chinese EFL learners’ development of writing skills and linguistic knowledge. Participants included 135 non-native English speakers with intermediate or advanced language proficiency and 45 native English speakers. They completed two online writing tasks in dyad or individually over eight weeks. The influences of task type, dyadic type and language proficiency were measured by gain scores on writing complexity, accuracy, fluency, and overall individual writing performance. Findings indicate that intermediate learners had higher gains than advanced learners, and that task type, dyadic type and language proficiency significantly support improvement in overall writing performance and fluency, but not accuracy and complexity. This study confirms the benefits of CMCW on language learning, suggests directions for future research, and offers practical applications for EFL writing teachers.

Abstract 16318: Care Dyadic Types in Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions and Their Caregivers

Introduction: Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCC) are highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Patients’ informal caregivers play an essential role to achieve both patient and caregiver health outcomes. Four Care Dyadic Types (DTs) of caregiver-patient relationships were previously described in heart failure depending on who is responsible for most of the care: patient-oriented, caregiver-oriented, collaborative, and incongruent (i.e., disagreement on who is responsible for the care). Since DTs in MCC were not described yet, this study aimed to describe the DTs in MCC management, and to identify the patient and caregiver characteristics associated with each type of DT. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study enrolling 541 dyads in outpatient settings in Italy. Patients were included in the study if they were ≥65 years old, affected by at least two chronic conditions, and had an informal caregiver ≥18 years old. The Dyadic Symptom Management Type scale was used to assess DTs. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the characteristics associated with each DT. Results: Most patients and caregivers were female with a mean age of 76.54 (SD 7.23) years and 52.71 (SD 15.06) years, respectively. One third of the patients had heart failure. Younger patients with better cognitive status, fewer comorbidities, better relationship with their caregivers and male caregivers with a lower burden were associated with patient-oriented DT (14.2%, R 2 0.407). Older patients and caregivers with a higher burden were associated with caregiver-oriented DT (11.6%, R 2 0.388). Patients with more comorbidities, better relationship with their caregivers, and female caregivers with lower burden, perceiving strong social support, were associated with collaborative DT (58.8%, R 2 0.097). Caregivers with lower income, more frequently employed, providing more caregiving hours, and having a lower burden were associated with incongruent DT (15.4%, R 2 0.075). Conclusion: Different DTs were described in MCCs identifying specific patients and caregivers’ associated characteristics. This is helpful to classify the dyads and to tailor interventions aimed to empower patients and caregivers in MCCs.

The influence of dyadic congruence and satisfaction with dyadic type on patient self-care in heart failure.

Chronic illness management is increasingly carried out at home by individuals and their informal caregivers (dyads). Although synergistic in concept, the nuances of dyadic congruence in caring for patients with heart failure are largely unexamined. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of dyadic-type congruence on patient self-care (maintenance, symptom perception, and management) while controlling for actor and partner effects. This secondary data analysis of 277 dyads consisted of a series of multilevel models to examine the impact of dyadic congruence on a patient's self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management. Patient-level and caregiver-level data were input into each model simultaneously to account differential appraisals of factors related to the dyad. Bivariate analyses yielded dyad congruence which was associated with better patient self-care maintenance, symptom perception and management. However, after multilevel models were constructed, dyad congruence was found to be a significant predictor of patient's symptom perception scores, but not self-care maintenance or management scores. Caregiver's satisfaction with the dyad was differentially and significantly associated with self-care - it was inversely associated with patient self-care maintenance and positively associated with patient self-care management. This is the first study, to our knowledge, reporting that congruence in heart failure dyads is associated with better patient symptom perception and this advances our prior hypothesis that dyad typologies could be used to predict patient self-care performance. Since symptom perception is the key to preventing heart failure exacerbation, screening heart failure patient and caregiver dyads for congruence is important in clinical settings.

Type 1 and 2 sets for series of translates of functions

Suppose $${\Lambda}$$ is a discrete infinite set of nonnegative real numbers. We say that $${\Lambda}$$ is type 1 if the series $$s(x)=\sum\nolimits_{\lambda\in\Lambda}f(x+\lambda)$$ satisfies a “zero-one” law. This means that for any non-negative measurable $$f \colon \mathbb{R} \to [0,+ {\infty})$$ either the convergence set $$C(f, {\Lambda})=\{x: s(x)<+ {\infty} \}= \mathbb{R}$$ modulo sets of Lebesgue zero, or its complement the divergence set $$D(f, {\Lambda})=\{x: s(x)=+ {\infty} \}= \mathbb{R}$$ modulo sets of measure zero. If $${\Lambda}$$ is not type 1 we say that $${\Lambda}$$ is type 2. The exact characterization of type 1 and type 2 sets is not known. In this paper we continue our study of the properties of type 1 and 2 sets. We discuss sub and supersets of type 1 and 2 sets and give a complete and simple characterization of a subclass of dyadic type 1 sets. We discuss the existence of type 1 sets containing infinitely many elements independent over the rationals. Finally, we consider unions and Minkowski sums of type 1 and 2 sets.

Physical Intimate Partner Violence and Controlling Behavior in Mexican University Students and Their Attitudes Toward Social Limits

This study explored patterns of controlling behavior, physical violence, and attitudes toward social limits in young Mexican university students in light of the effect that socialization processes have in attitudes toward social norms and violent behavior as indicated in some of the literature. A total of 437 male and female heterosexual participants residing in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, provided information on their perpetration/victimization experiences of controlling behavior (by means of the Controlling Behaviors Scale) and physical violence (using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales [CTS2]) and their attitudes toward social limits (using the Attitudes Toward Social Limits scale). Results indicate similar chronicity levels of experienced controlling behavior and physical violence perpetration/victimization between the sexes. Participants expressed major tendency to adjust to a social norm rather than overstepping it. Males tend to overstep social limits more often than females, although no significant linear relationship was found between abusive behavior and attitudes promoting the infringement of social norms. Higher chronicity levels were rather found by dyadic type, relationships with mutual physical intimate partner violence (IPV), and controlling behavior in comparison with relationships where unidirectional violence prevails. Implications of findings involve the acknowledgment of change in dynamics used by more educated young Mexicans, and the recognition of IPV in these populations as a heterogeneous phenomenon for primary and secondary interventions.

Focus-on-form and EFL learners’ language development in synchronous computer-mediated communication: task-based interactions

The purpose of this study was to explore the occurrence of incidental focus-on-form and its effect on subsequent second language (L2) production of learners of different dyads in an online task-based language learning context. The participants included Taiwanese learners of English as a foreign language at different proficiency levels, and native speakers of English. Sixteen native speaker–non-native speaker (NS–NNS) dyads and 14 NNS–NNS dyads were formed. The dyads were asked to complete two multiphase communicative tasks in a synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) environment. Language-related episodes (LREs) were identified and utilised as a basis for individualised tailor-made tests. The tailor-made post-tests were used to assess the learners’ learning outcomes. The results suggested that LREs in the SCMC medium can enhance learners’ language development in both dyadic types. No significant differences were found between the two dyadic types in relation to the amount of LREs produced and the learning outcomes. In sum, this quasi-experimental study demonstrates that the effectiveness of incidental focus-on-form can be measured through individualised testing of linguistic items and that research on incidental focus-on-form does not have to remain descriptive or exploratory in nature. Our findings suggest that language proficiency, dyadic type and incidental focus-on-form in the SCMC setting interacted in complex and intricate ways.

Violencia física en el noviazgo: análisis de los tipos diádicos en población argentina

Violence against women in dating relationships has been extensively explored in most developed countries and more pointedly in developing countries. This article presents rates of physical dating violence and resulted injuries in heterosexual relationships by a sample of 963 Argentinean undergraduate subjects of both sexes. On average, 34 % of females and 22 % of males physically assaulted his or her partner in the last 12 months of relationship, and 6 % physically injured his or her partner. Results show few differences between sexes. Probably the most important similarity is the high rate of physical assaults perpetrated by both females as males, and the bidirectionality as the most frequent pattern in couples, 52 % of couples were classified in this dyadic type. The results are compared with findings from an international survey and other studies from the Spanish-speaking context. Finally, the implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.

Learners of Different Language Proficiency Levels and Incidental Focus on Form in Synchronous Text-based Discussion

This study examined the effectiveness of incidental focus on form in facilitating second language learning for learners of different proficiency levels in a synchronous computer-mediated communication environment. Sixteen native speaker (NS)-nonnative speaker (NNS) dyads and fourteen NNS-NNS dyads were formed. The participants completed two communicative tasks. Language-related episodes (LRE), mini-dialogues in which learners either explicitly or implicitly ask or talk about language or question their own or/and interlocutors' language use, were identified and used as a basis for individualized tailor-made tests to assess the learners' subsequent learning outcome. The results reveled that in the NS-NNS dyads, no significant difference in the frequency of LREs produced was found between the lower- and higher-proficiency learners whereas in the NNS-NNS dyads, the lower-proficiency learners produced significantly more LREs than their higher-proficiency interlocutors. Additionally, the learners of both proficiency groups interacting with NSs produced significantly more LREs than learners interacting with NNSs. However, no significant differences were found in the test performance of learners of different proficiency levels in either dyadic type.

Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations

This article aims to provide a more complete description of the violence between parents experienced by children than is usual in research and to suggest the practicality and importance of doing so. It presents results on the percent of parents in each of three Dyadic Types: Father-Only (the father assaulted the mother and the mother did not assault), Mother-Only (mother assaulted and the father did not assault), and Both-Assault; and on differences between these three types in the chronicity and severity of assaults. Questionnaires were completed by convenience samples of university students in 15 nations (N=11,408). Violence between parents was measured by the short form of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Fourteen percent of the students reported one or more instances of physical violence between their parents, including 6% who reported a severe assault. Cross classification of assaults by the father and the mother to identify Dyadic Types found 25% Father-Only, 22% Mother-Only, and 52% Both-Assaulted. The percentage in each Dyadic Type based on reports by male or female students were similar. They were also consistent with percentages found by previous studies identifying the Dyadic Types of violent couples. In respect to chronicity, when violence between parents occurred, in 82% of the cases, it occurred more than once. Research on children experiencing violence between parents, and prevention and treatment of inter-parental violence, are likely to be enhanced if it takes into account that Both-Violent is the most frequent pattern to which children are exposed and that Mother-Only is about as frequent as Father-Only. Consideration of the severity, and chronicity, of the inter-parental violence needs to replace simply classifying parents as violent. Achieving this is possible using instruments which take only three to five minutes and which can be completed by only one of the parents or by the child.

Assessing the response of patients and spousal/partner caregivers to a new instrument measuring dyadic heart failure care types

Nurse researchers are exploring new ways of understanding heart failure (HF), spousal/partner dyad's self care. To assess the response to a new instrument developed to measure dyadic HF care type in HF patients and spousal/partner caregivers and explore relationships between type and other variables. Dyads answered a written criterion referenced question related to dyadic HF care type. The relationships between the dyadic care type and sociodemographic and clinical variables were explored using χ 2, ϕ coefficient. Degree of agreement within the dyad on particular type was assessed by kappa statistic. A total of 19 dyads were accrued. Patients were aged 71.7 ± 9.7 years (mean ± SD), male (n=15), and NYHA Class IIIB/IV (79%). Caregivers were aged 69.2 ± 11.7 years, female (n=15), married for 45.2 ± 14.1 years. HF patient and caregiver dyads were easily able to self select a dyadic type given specific criteria. Agreements ranged from 21% to 5%, by type, resulting in a kappa of 0.28 (p = 0.025) when patient self reported type was compared to their caregiver's type. Now that we are able to measure types of dyadic HF care, understanding how dyadic care type relates to self care outcomes is needed to advance the science.

Novel synaptic structures in the central nervous system of the locust Schlstocerca gregaria

An electron-microscopical study of locust thoracic ganglia reveals that synapses in the neuropily are morphologically heterogeneous. In addition to the conventional dyadic type described frequently in the literature, there is a second type with a complex arrangement of presynaptic dense material and a non-dyadic postsynaptic configuration. Serial-section analysis of these synapses suggests that the presynaptic structures include irregular or curved bars, and small projections.

A dyadic age-replacement policy for a periodically inspected equipment item subject to random deterioration

A periodic review replacement system is considered. The amount of deterioration over successive periods forms a sequence of i.i.d. random variables. A replacement policy of the dyadic type is in effect whereby the used equipment item is discarded and immediately replaced by a new identical equipment item if at the end of a period the old equipment has service aged by an amount in excess of S or has been in operation for exactly N periods whichever comes first. Using a theorem on renewal reward processes, an expression for the total steady-state expected cost per period is derived, consisting of a fixed replacement cost and a linear cost of operation. Optimal values of S and N that minimize this steady state cost are computed for a few numerical examples, when the service aging per period has a gamma distribution.