Dyadic Events Research Articles

Convention, Protest, or Violence? Estimating the Influence of Repertoires of Contention over Tactical Choice

Why do people opt for different forms of collective action, like lobbying, marching, or rioting, to voice contentious claims? The patterns of these collective action forms, or “tactics” exhibit variations among groups, regions, and nations, evolving over time. Current explanations for such tactical patterns are unsatisfactory due to limited theoretical and empirical exploration of the concept of repertoires of contention. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical model drawing on social practice and learning theories, centered around the notion of tactical familiarity. The central idea posits that people in diverse societies have learned distinct ways of doing politics, gaining varying familiarity and proficiency with different tactics, developed through three mechanisms: feedback, diffusion, and memory. These mechanisms contribute to the formation of notably distinct repertoires of contention. Based on this theoretical model, this study develops an empirical measure of tactical familiarity. The novel measure allows comparing the impact of tactical familiarity with other factors, like political regime characteristics. Previous research has not conducted such comparisons, as it often focuses on particular tactics, like protests or violence, without delving into the full array of potential tactical choices, including conventional-institutional ones. Using quantitative event analysis and a dataset of 10 Million International Dyadic Events, the paper examines 17,575 global political events from 2000 to 2004. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression highlights repertoires of contention’s significant influence on tactical choices, potentially outweighing political regime characteristics.

Does Political Savviness Enhance Employee Voice? Speaking Up when Coworkers are Ostracized

Given that organizations are functions of intricate and interpersonal systems, the severity and pervasiveness of workplace ostracism – defined as the extent to which an individual perceives he or she is being ignored in the workplace – can have devastating effects on both employee and organizational outcomes. Much of the literature has largely established workplace ostracism to be a dyadic event between the perpetrator and the target by mainly examining targets’ reactions from a need-threat perspective. Yet, as individual employees interact with and are often nested within a team environment, ostracism may impact not only the target but also the other individuals that share the same social context (i.e., group members, coworkers). To address the understudied indirect effects of workplace ostracism on third parties, this study adopts a social information processing approach to examine how the ostracism of an employee’s coworkers affects his or her own work outcomes such as voice behavior. We contend that individuals are not merely passive recipients of the social environment but can utilize their abilities and knowledge (i.e., political savviness) to successfully navigate socially disruptive environments. A study was conducted involving a sample of 154 employees and their supervisors from a large biotechnology firm in China. The results showed that employees were less likely to engage in voice behaviors when their coworkers were ostracized in the workplace. The study also revealed a significant three-way interaction effect between political understanding and political skill on the relationship between coworkers’ ostracism and employee voice, supporting the notion that political savviness is a valuable resource in mitigating ostracism’s negative effects. Organizational implications, recommendations and future research ideas are also discussed.

Sexuality and Sleep Disorders

The physiological role of sleep in the maintenance of number of life function including development, energy conservation, brain waste clearance, modulation of immune responses, cognition, performance, vigilance, disease, and psychological state is well documented in the scientific literature.1-3 Sexual activity and sleep are both considered as “dyadic events” (at least for partners who share the same bedroom) and there is also a physiological pattern that leads from the first to the second one. Orgasm is followed by a parasympathetic discharge, psychological and physical relaxation that all together promote sleep.

Taking dyads seriously

AbstractInternational relations scholarship concerns dyads, yet standard modeling approaches fail to adequately capture the data generating process behind dyadic events and processes. As a result, they suffer from biased coefficients and poorly calibrated standard errors. We show how a regression-based approach, the Additive and Multiplicative Effects (AME) model, can be used to account for the inherent dependencies in dyadic data and glean substantive insights in the interrelations between actors. First, we conduct a simulation to highlight how the model captures dependencies and show that accounting for these processes improves our ability to conduct inference on dyadic data. Second, we compare the AME model to approaches used in three prominent studies from recent international relations scholarship. For each study, we find that compared to AME, the modeling approach used performs notably worse at capturing the data generating process. Further, conventional methods misstate the effect of key variables and the uncertainty in these effects. Finally, AME outperforms standard approaches in terms of out-of-sample fit. In sum, our work shows the consequences of failing to take the dependencies inherent to dyadic data seriously. Most importantly, by better modeling the data generating process underlying political phenomena, the AME framework improves scholars’ ability to conduct inferential analyses on dyadic data.

Policy Diffusion Through Multiple Streams: The (Non‐)Adoption of Energy Conservation Building Code in India

Although the diffusion of policy innovations can promote sustainability, how this process can be accelerated remains unclear. I address this gap by conceptualizing policy transfer and policy diffusion using the multiple streams framework (MSF) and developing hypotheses to connect them. I apply this theorization to explain the limited spread of the energy conservation building code (ECBC) in India by combining a process trace of policy adoption in the embedded case of Andhra Pradesh with a dyadic event history analysis of state‐level diffusion during 2012‐18. The data for this study are collated from official statistics, elite interviews, news reports, policy documents, and secondary literature. The qualitative analysis shows that policy transfer to Andhra Pradesh occurred when external influence and prior adoption elsewhere were used by a policy entrepreneur to exploit a window of opportunity and couple problem, policy, and politics in the state; the dyadic analysis demonstrates that policy diffusion was influenced by the interaction among the structural characteristics of the problem, policy, and politics streams. I conclude with the implications for research on policy diffusion and the MSF as well as the relevance of the findings for promoting policy innovation for a sustainable energy transition.

The Voice Cultivation Process: How Team Members Can Help Upward Voice Live on to Implementation

The upward voicing of ideas is vital to organizational performance. Yet power differences between voicers and those with authority may result in valuable ideas being overlooked. In this ethnographic, 31-month longitudinal study of a multi-disciplinary team in the healthcare sector, we examine how upwardly voiced ideas can endure to reach implementation. Of 208 upwardly voiced ideas, most were rejected in the moment, but 49 reached implementation despite appearing to be initially rejected. These ideas were kept alive by other team members who later drew upon and revived the initial ideas through what we call the voice cultivation process. We detail this process and describe five pathways through which voiced ideas stayed alive to reach implementation by overcoming different forms of resistance. We illustrate how the allyship of others can help voice live on beyond its initial utterance to reach implementation and generate change, even when the person who initially spoke up is no longer on the team or advocating for the idea. By reconceptualizing voice as a collective, interactional process rather than a one-time dyadic event, this paper develops new theory on how employees can help one another’s voice be heard to positively impact their teams and organizations.

Cooperation Failure or Secret Collusion? Absolute Monarchs and Informal Cooperation

Despite sharing attributes that scholars argue promote international cooperation, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates have few formal international agreements with each other. Does this absence of formal agreements imply a cooperation failure? We argue that absolute monarchies frequently cooperate with each other but do so informally. At the domestic level, absolute monarchs pursue their personal interests by unilaterally and nontransparently developing and implementing policies. These norms of domestic policymaking engender an absolutist logic, which shapes how absolute monarchs selectively use informal and formal cooperation at the international level. When cooperating with each other, absolute monarchs maximize mutual private benefits through similarly unilateral and nontransparent policymaking, producing secret, cartel-like informal agreements. Using the 10 Million International Dyadic Events data, we develop a data set of informal and formal cooperation from 1990 to 2004. We find that joint absolute monarchy dyads have higher levels of informal cooperation and lower levels of formal cooperation than joint democratic dyads and dyads of mixed regime types. We also draw on the Continent of International Law dataset to demonstrate that, when absolute monarchs enter into agreements with leaders of other regime types, they strategically accept the formal design mechanisms necessary for optimal cooperation. We assess the causal mechanisms underlying the absolutist logic through an in-depth case study of the informal, secret 2014 Riyadh agreements that outlined security cooperation between the Gulf monarchies.

Sequential coding of maternal sensitivity: application of nonlinear dynamic analyses and reliability

In infant development, maternal sensitivity is a central construct in the study of the processes involved in the caregiver-infant relationship and child attachment. The relevance of these dyadic processes for infant and later child development requires the advancing in the measurement of maternal sensitivity. The measurement of this construct, that reveals its complexity through different ‘windows’ using different approaches and operational definitions, has brought researchers’ attention into the methodological arena. Mother–infant interaction has been mainly quantified through rating scales and sequential strategies using observational methodology. The present study is part of a research program whose purpose is to measure maternal sensitivity dimensions using sequential coding in real time, the free-play paradigm and the early mother–child interaction coding system (CITMI-R: by its Spanish initials) instrument. This study was designed to further the analysis of the quality of the data obtained by this coding system. For this purpose, six trained observers coded fifty-seven mother–infant free-play episodes. The reliability of their coding was estimated: firstly, examining the inter-coder agreement with the Alignment Kappa, thus, incorporating the temporal dimension of the measurement. Secondly, analyzing the inter-coder agreement on parameters that consider the sequential and temporal organization by applying variables derived from the State Space Grid methodology and the nonlinear dynamic system approach: Contingency, through dyadic events, visits to them, predictability and duration of event, visit and dyadic behavioral states. The results indicated acceptable inter-observer reliability values based on the standards for use on parameters of interest in the study of sensitivity.

Reliability of relational event model estimates under sampling: How to fit a relational event model to 360 million dyadic events

AbstractWe assess the reliability of relational event model (REM) parameters estimated under two sampling schemes: (1) uniform sampling from the observed events and (2) case–control sampling which samples nonevents, or null dyads (“controls”), from a suitably defined risk set. We experimentally determine the variability of estimated parameters as a function of the number of sampled events and controls per event, respectively. Results suggest that REMs can be reliably fitted to networks with more than 12 million nodes connected by more than 360 million dyadic events by analyzing a sample of some tens of thousands of events and a small number of controls per event. Using the data that we collected on the Wikipedia editing network, we illustrate how network effects commonly included in empirical studies based on REMs need widely different sample sizes to be reliably estimated. For our analysis we use an open-source software which implements the two sampling schemes, allowing analysts to fit and analyze REMs to the same or other data that may be collected in different empirical settings, varying sample parameters or model specification.

Portable Innovation, Policy Wormholes, and Innovation Diffusion

AbstractThis article explores the effects of city managers' career paths on the diffusion of climate policy innovation among municipal governments in the United States. Using the agent network diffusion (AND) model, the authors hypothesize that local climate policy innovations are portable and that cities may learn from distant jurisdictions to which they are connected through the career paths of managers, a phenomenon termed the “policy wormhole” effect. Employing a dyadic panel data set of more than 400 Florida cities from 2005 to 2010, these hypotheses are tested using dyadic event history analysis. The results support both the portable innovation hypothesis and the policy wormhole hypothesis. Cities can facilitate the diffusion of policy innovations by paying special attention to the recruitment process of city managers.

Negotiations in the Shadow of Outside Alternatives: An Estimation Strategy

Many political and socioeconomic binary outcomes are the result of multiactor interaction: states joining a given international institution (e.g., military alliance, economic block) and not its rivals, people entering the workforce as an employee of a specific firm and not of its competitors, and so on. Yet most empirical studies analyze multilateral phenomena as the (joint) binary choice of either a single or, at most, two decision makers. This is due in part to a lack of empirical estimators that can efficiently deal with multiactor interaction. Analyzing multilateral processes as a set of either monadic or dyadic events, though, introduces bias and has important consequences for the estimates and ultimately the inferences that one would draw. In this article, I develop a new empirical estimator that is specifically designed to analyze multiparty interactions. Specifically, the model can accommodate the input of multiple actors into a unified, overarching decision-making process. Results from a Monte Carlo analysis and an application to real data on alliance formation demonstrate the superior performance of the new estimator relative to the standard approach.

Multiple mechanisms of policy diffusion in China

ABSTRACTAn increased interest in policy diffusion research on China has emerged in recent years. However, the multiple diffusion mechanisms in China have not been explored adequately. In this research, we employ the directed dyadic event history analysis, a new approach introduced into recent policy diffusion research, to examine the diffusion of China’s provincial level administrative licencing centres from 1999 to 2015. Our research provides consistent evidence that horizontal learning, imitation, and the vertical top-down diffusion mechanisms can coexist in China, which provides substantial empirical support for the application of policy diffusion theory in non-western countries.

The MATRIX, a novel tool exploring dynamic psychotherapy: Preliminary psychometric properties

Most measures in the field of psychodynamic psychotherapy are bound to a specific theory, and usually focus only on patient processes or therapist interventions. The MATRIX is a newly developed research tool that focuses on events within both the patient and the therapist individually, as well as on dyadic events, and provides the simple and meaningful coding of content for therapy session transcripts in psychotherapy. The present study describes the inter-rater reliability and construct validity of the MATRIX.Reliability of the MATRIX was assessed by applying it to 805 fragments of psychodynamic-oriented psychotherapy sessions. Three independent experts coded fragments, and the tool was examined for reliability. Validity in identifying the theoretical inclinations was assessed by applying the MATRIX to 30 segments (containing 1309 fragments) of sessions that reflect different theoretical orientations. Findings evinced high inter-rater reliability for all dimensions. The MATRIX was found to have high degree of validity for differentiating the theoretical inclinations of segments of sessions.The MATRIX is a reliable and valid measure that may enable moment-to-moment, quantitative, analysis of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Autocracies and International Cooperation

Scholarly work on the impact of domestic politics on international cooperation has grown significantly over time. Unfortunately, there is a democratic bias to much of this literature as scholars typically focus on the relative advantage of democracies at cooperation. Our paper seeks to shed more light on the cooperation potential of autocracies by distinguishing different types of autocratic regimes. We argue that autocracies that more closely resemble democracies in the institutional characteristics that have been found to be important for cooperation (that is, greater leader accountability, limited policy flexibility, and greater transparency) should be more successful at cooperation and thus more likely to cooperate with one another and with democracies. Specifically, we expect single-party and military regimes to be advantaged at international cooperation compared to personalist systems. We test our theoretical expectations using the 10 Million International Dyadic Events data (1990–2004) and find support for our theoretical argument.

Same Evidences, Different Interpretations – A Comparison of the Conflict Index between the Interstate Dyadic Events Data and Militarized Interstate Disputes Data in Peace-Conflict Models

AbstractStudying the determinants of international conflict, researchers have found a series of influential variables, but few have addressed the robustness of the results to changes in the definition of the dependent variable, conflict. The two main sources for operationalizing conflict in empirical work are data on militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) and events data. In this paper, we find that a χ2-test indicates a correlation between events data and MIDs data. However, detailed regression analysis indicates that there are some contradictory findings depending on whether we use events data as opposed to MIDs data to measure conflict.

Dyadic Event Attribution in Social Networks with Mixtures of Hawkes Processes.

In many applications in social network analysis, it is important to model the interactions and infer the influence between pairs of actors, leading to the problem of dyadic event modeling which has attracted increasing interests recently. In this paper we focus on the problem of dyadic event attribution, an important missing data problem in dyadic event modeling where one needs to infer the missing actor-pairs of a subset of dyadic events based on their observed timestamps. Existing works either use fixed model parameters and heuristic rules for event attribution, or assume the dyadic events across actor-pairs are independent. To address those shortcomings we propose a probabilistic model based on mixtures of Hawkes processes that simultaneously tackles event attribution and network parameter inference, taking into consideration the dependency among dyadic events that share at least one actor. We also investigate using additive models to incorporate regularization to avoid overfitting. Our experiments on both synthetic and real-world data sets on international armed conflicts suggest that the proposed new method is capable of significantly improve accuracy when compared with the state-of-the-art for dyadic event attribution.

Do Parents Recognize Autistic Deviant Behavior Long before Diagnosis? Taking into Account Interaction Using Computational Methods

BackgroundTo assess whether taking into account interaction synchrony would help to better differentiate autism (AD) from intellectual disability (ID) and typical development (TD) in family home movies of infants aged less than 18 months, we used computational methods.Methodology and Principal FindingsFirst, we analyzed interactive sequences extracted from home movies of children with AD (N = 15), ID (N = 12), or TD (N = 15) through the Infant and Caregiver Behavior Scale (ICBS). Second, discrete behaviors between baby (BB) and Care Giver (CG) co-occurring in less than 3 seconds were selected as single interactive patterns (or dyadic events) for analysis of the two directions of interaction (CG→BB and BB→CG) by group and semester. To do so, we used a Markov assumption, a Generalized Linear Mixed Model, and non negative matrix factorization. Compared to TD children, BBs with AD exhibit a growing deviant development of interactive patterns whereas those with ID rather show an initial delay of development. Parents of AD and ID do not differ very much from parents of TD when responding to their child. However, when initiating interaction, parents use more touching and regulation up behaviors as early as the first semester.ConclusionWhen studying interactive patterns, deviant autistic behaviors appear before 18 months. Parents seem to feel the lack of interactive initiative and responsiveness of their babies and try to increasingly supply soliciting behaviors. Thus we stress that credence should be given to parents' intuition as they recognize, long before diagnosis, the pathological process through the interactive pattern with their child.

Recruitment of African American and Latino Adolescent Couples in Romantic Relationships

Background: There is considerable literature on effective engagement strategies for recruiting adolescents individually for health research studies, but literature on recruiting adolescent couples is new and minimal. Purpose: This paper describes the recruitment strategies used for Teen Connections (TC), a longitudinal study that recruited 139 mainly African American and Latino adolescent couples in romantic relationships living in New York City. Methods: We collected data in Microsoft Access and documented the date each recruitment strategy was implemented, date each partner was enrolled, and amount of effort required to enroll participants. We identified individual and relationship characteristics from each partner's baseline survey. Results: We found that relationship type and characteristics, language used in printed materials, parental consent, implementing a screener questionnaire and gender of partner had implications for enrollment in TC. Discussion: Couples studies are highly demanding but achievable with dedicated staff and access to a large number of youth. Translation to Health Education Practice: Research on sexual health and risk often relies on individual reports of dyadic events. Adolescent couples' studies may not be pursued because of recruitment limitations, but they can provide invaluable insight into relationship dynamics, characteristics, etc. that may help design better health education interventions, and should be pursued nonetheless.

Factors influencing the temporal patterns of dyadic behaviours and interactions between domestic cats and their owners

Human-cat dyads may be similar in interaction structure to human dyads because many humans regard their cats as being social companions. Consequently, we predict that dyadic structure will be contingent on owner and cat personalities, sex, and age as well as duration of cohabitation of the partners. Forty owner-cat dyads were visited in their homes, on four occasions, during which their behaviours and interactions were video-taped. Behaviour was coded from tape and was analysed for temporal (t)-patterns using Theme (Noldus; Magnusson, 1996). Owner personality was assessed using the NEO-FFI. Five cat personality axes were identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on observer-rated items and on coded behaviours. We found that the higher the owner in neuroticism, the fewer t-patterns occurred per minute. The higher the owner in extraversion, the higher was the number of non-overlapping patterns per minute. The more "active" the cat, the fewer non-overlapping patterns occurred per minute, but the higher was the event type complexity. The older the cat, the lower was dyadic event type complexity. We suggest that basic temporal structures similar to those of human-cat dyads may also be found in other long-term and complex dyadic relationships, including those between humans.

Policy Emulation or Policy Convergence? Potential Ambiguities in the Dyadic Event History Approach to State Policy Emulation

I demonstrate a source of bias in the common implementation of the dyadic event history model as applied to policy diffusion. This bias tends to severely overstate the extent to which policy changes depend on explicit emulation of other states rather than on a state's internal characteristics. This happens because the standard implementation conflates policy emulation and policy adoption: since early adopters are policy leaders, later adopters will appear to emulate them, even if they are acting independently. I demonstrate this ambiguity analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation. I then propose a simple modification of the dyadic emulation model that conditions on the opportunity to emulate and show that it produces much more accurate findings. An examination of state pain management policy illustrates the inferential differences that arise from the appropriately modified dyadic event history model.