Dutch Connection Research Articles

The Dutch connection of Bob de Vogel

This contribution to the journal issue commemorating Professor Robert Byron Bird focuses on his Dutch connection, which dates back to as early as 1950. Bird twice spent a semester-long period at (the current) Delft University of Technology. The development over time of two different schools of teaching transport phenomena and their mutual influencing are reviewed in quite some detail. The cornerstone in both schools is the analogy between the transport modes for mass, momentum, and energy. However, the role of fluid mechanics and its treatment is different. In addition, the didactic concepts underpinning the textbooks from the two schools are rather different as well, both having their pros and cons. This is illustrated for the mechanical energy balance and its derivation.

Do Spanish causal connectives vary in subjectivity? What crowdsourcing data reveal about native speakers’ preferences

AbstractLanguage users have preferences for the connectives they choose to express causal relations. These choices may depend on the subjectivity involved in the relation. Dutch connectives illustrate this situation clearly:want(‘since/for’) is preferred typically for expressing subjective relations andomdat(‘because’) for objective ones. While various corpus-based studies have revealed a similar pattern in other languages, little attention has been paid to Spanish from this perspective. Recent corpus-based studies analyzed the connectivesporque(‘because’),ya que(‘since’) andpuesto que(‘given that’) using two different methods of analysis. Surprisingly, the findings did not coincide with the previous literature on Spanish connectives, and the semantic profile of such connectives in terms of subjectivity remained unclear. The current study again aims to investigate whether these connectives show systematic variation in terms of subjectivity, using crowdsourcing experimentation. Results show that Spanish native speakers preferpuesto queoverporqueto express subjective relations. However, no statistically significant difference was observed betweenporqueandya que. This study offers a better understanding of Spanish connectives in terms of subjectivity. Furthermore, it contributes to the assessment of the use of crowdsourcing as a useful and reliable method to elucidate the meaning and use of connectives.

‘I am greatly obliged to the Dutch’: James Beattie's Dutch Connection

In the second half of the 18th century, Scottish Enlightenment philosophy spread to the Dutch Republic, where it found a favourable reception. The most popular Scottish philosopher among Dutch intellectuals arguably was James Beattie of Aberdeen. Almost all of his prose works were translated into Dutch, and the Zeeland Society of Sciences elected him a foreign honorary member. It made Beattie remark that he was ‘greatly obliged to the Dutch’, and a Dutch learned journal that he had ‘in a sense become a native’. This article discusses why precisely the Dutch got interested in Beattie and what made his common sense philosophy appealing to a Dutch audience. It argues that it was the moderate and non-speculative nature of Beattie's moral philosophy that fitted well with the eclecticism of the Dutch Enlightenment.

A Dutch connection: Re-identifying a sitter at the National Portrait Gallery in London

A Dutch connection: Re-identifying a sitter at the National Portrait Gallery in London

Reverse Breakthrough: The Dutch Connection

Reverse Breakthrough: The Dutch Connection

Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers

Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines thechaîne opératoirefor these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.

From the Editor

From the Editor C. Dallett Hemphill This issue of Early American Studies features the inauguration of a new department called “Class Acts.” The goal is to bring our scholarship to the classroom by designing rich and engaging exercises for students. Richard Godbeer and Douglas L. Winiarski kick things off nicely with their undergraduate-friendly transcription of materials relating to the Nicholas Sension sodomy trial of 1677 in Massachusetts. They provide useful context in their introduction and time line, as well as provocative questions for class discussion. The case provides a revealing glimpse into daily life in early New England, shining light not only on questions of sexuality, but also on religious views; family life; court proceedings; and the power dynamics of class, age, and gender relations. This exercise would thus be useful in a variety of early American history or historical methods courses, as well as offerings focused on the history of gender and sexuality. In addition, because there is no documentary edition of the trial transcript available, Godbeer and Winiarski have provided the literal transcription of the records, published here as a companion piece in our longstanding “Consider the Source” department. The inclusion of this transcript should be useful to scholars and to those who wish to explore the case with graduate students. I am grateful to the authors for the work they invested in these pieces. I think they are great evidence for the contention that teaching is, or ought to be, a form of scholarship in itself. I hope their example inspires others to share their best classroom work. I welcome any feedback or inquiries about this new department. I’m also happy to announce that an Early American Studies article has won a prize. Mark Meuwese of the University of Winnipeg was recently awarded the New Netherland Institute article prize for “The Dutch Connection: New Netherland, the Pequots, and the Puritans in Southern New England, 1620–1638,” Early American Studies 9, no. 2 (Spring 2011). This article appeared in the “Special Issue: The Worlds of Lion Gardiner, ca. 1599–1663, Crossings and Boundaries,” edited by Ned Landsman and Andrew Newman. Congratulations, and thanks to you all. [End Page 239] I must end on a much sadder note. As this issue was going to press, the EAS community learned of the sudden death of one of its dearest members, William A. Pencak, professor emeritus of history at Penn State University. Bill was known to and loved by all, since he was as prolific with his friendship and help as in his scholarship. He was also the founding editor of this journal in its first incarnation as Explorations in Early American Culture, and he was steadfast with editorial assistance ever after. A former editor, Elaine Crane, adds that “he was always willing to referee an article on the spur of the moment and give a perceptive analysis of it briefly and quickly. If he didn’t feel qualified to render judgment on a piece, he always knew the right person to call on. He was a wonderful ‘consulting editor,’ and I consulted him more often than either he or I expected. EAS has lost a friend and a valuable ally. So have I.” Bill’s many books and articles will serve as a perpetual monument, but so will the memory of his ever-genial self. Thanks for everything, Bill. This issue is dedicated to you. [End Page 240] Copyright © 2014 The McNeil Center for Early American Studies

Causal connectives in discourse processing: How differences in subjectivity are reflected in eye movements

Causal connectives are often considered to provide crucial information about the discourse structure; they signal a causal relation between two text segments. However, in many languages of the world causal connectives specialise in either subjective or objective causal relations. We investigate whether this type of (discourse) information is used during the online processing of causal connectives by focusing on the Dutch connectives want and omdat, both translated by because. In three eye-tracking studies we demonstrate that the Dutch connective want, which is a prototypical marker of subjective CLAIM–ARGUMENT relations, leads to an immediate processing disadvantage compared to omdat, a prototypical marker of objective CONSEQUENCE–CAUSE relations. This effect was observed at the words immediately following the connective, at which point readers cannot yet establish the causal relation on the basis of the content, which means that the effect is solely induced by the connectives. In Experiment 2 we demonstrate that this effect is related to the representation of the first clause of a want relation as a mental state. In Experiment 3, we show that the use of omdat in relations that do not allow for a CONSEQUENCE–CAUSE interpretation leads to serious processing difficulties at the end of those relations. On the basis of these results, we argue that want triggers a subjective mental state interpretation of S1, whereas omdat triggers the construction of an objective CONSEQUENCE–CAUSE relation. These results illustrate that causal connectives provide subtle information about semantic-pragmatic distinctions between types of causal relations, which immediately influences online processing.

Semantics of Connectives Guides Referential Expectations in Discourse: An Eye-Tracking Study of Dutch and Russian

This study aims to establish whether connectives can create referential expectations in discourse, and, if so, what these expectations are based on: connective semantics or frequency distributions in language use. This was tested by comparing the processing of the connectives “and” and “but” in Dutch and Russian by means of an eye-tracking experiment using the visual world paradigm. A corpus study showed that in terms of frequency distributions, the Russian connectives are very similar to the Dutch connectives (“and” more often introduces reference maintenance and “but” more often introduces reference shift). In terms of semantics, the two languages are different, because only the Russian connectives are specified for maintenance/shift. The experimental results indicate that only Russian connectives are informative about referential development of discourse. Irrespective of frequency distributions, connectives are only used as processing instructions for referential development if reference maintenance or shift is specified in their semantics.

From the Role of Context to the Measurement Problem: The Dutch Connection Pays Tribute to Guy Van Orden

The call for a daisy chain of replications by Daniel Kahneman (as cited in Yong, 2012) to combat the recent credibility problems of psychological science touches upon the issue that Guy dealt with ever since he started his academic career and that we acknowledge as one of his major contributions. After coming to terms with the fact that psycholinguistics (with strong roots in information-processing theory) never accepted the dogma of falsification, Guy advanced a different approach. Applying the so-called ideal strategy manipulation in his experiments, he showed that psycholinguistic effects are fundamentally context sensitive. Any subtle change in an experiment may cause the effect to appear, diminish, or to even disappear. This analysis of psycholinguistics in particular and psychological science in general leads us to believe that just replicating experiments will not easily solve the current crisis in psychology. We believe this crisis to be one of theory evaluation, allowing the scientific description of cognitive behavior as a linearly decomposable system to prevail in the face of anomalies and empirical falsification.

Exceptions to rules: a qualitative analysis of backward causal connectives in Dutch naturalistic discourse

AbstractLanguage users systematically prefer one lexical item (

Transnational Connections: Special Issue Introduction

Transnational ConnectionsSpecial Issue Introduction Nathan Perl-Rosenthal and Evan Haefeli Every century, on the anniversary of Henry Hudson’s 1609 voyage to the New World, New York remembers its Dutch connection. In 1809 the members of the newly incorporated New-York Historical Society enjoyed a commemorative speech followed by a banquet; the first number of the society’s Collections, issued two years later, reprinted Hudson’s journals of his voyages.1 For the 1909 tercentenary, New York State established a special commission to organize the festivities. Its final report, which ran to an astounding two thousand pages, detailed events ranging from an exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art to a program of “aquatic sports.” Most of the events hewed closely to the commemoration’s overall narrative, which depicted the active Dutch role in American history as ending in the mid-seventeenth century.2 [End Page 227] Led by New York City’s annual Five Dutch Days program, the state again celebrated its links to the Low Countries in 2009. Yet the quadricentennial differed markedly from the earlier anniversaries. Instead of focusing on the Dutch presence in early New York, the 2009 celebration looked more broadly at the Netherlands and its links with the United States—ranging from tastings of modern Asian-inflected Dutch cuisine to performances by avant-garde Dutch theater and dance companies.3 This shift from commemorating the local to invoking the global corresponded to the fading influence of old-line Dutch families in New York society as well as to the growing cachet that Dutch companies and cities (especially Amsterdam) have in the United States.4 But the shift also reflects the way in which the globalization of the 1990s and early 2000s drew the attention of scholars and the general public to the United States’ deep ties with the wider world. The 2009 conference at Columbia University at which versions of the papers in this special issue were first presented, entitled Cities in Revolt: The Dutch-American Atlantic, ca. 1650–1815, reflected the distinctively international and global spirit of the Hudson quadricentennial. For early Americanists, work on the Dutch has long been associated primarily with the regional history of the mid-Atlantic, where several thousand Dutch colonists remained after the United Provinces ceded its territorial claims to England in 1674.5 Rather than look again at this well-known group and its legacy, Cities [End Page 228] in Revolt explored an equally important and comparatively little-studied aspect of the Dutch role in early American history: the extensive, fruitful links that colonial North America and the early United States developed with the Dutch Republic and its Atlantic colonies from roughly 1680 to 1815. To tackle this topic, the conference moved outside the disciplinary bounds of early American history: roughly half of the participants were scholars specializing in the history of the Netherlands and its Atlantic empire. One goal of this special issue, “Anglo-Dutch Revolutions,” is to share with early Americanists some of the new research on Dutch-American connections that came out of the 2009 conference. The papers we have chosen to present here focus on the first age of revolutions, circa 1760–1815, a period during which the web of exchanges between North America and the Dutch Atlantic played an especially important role in transforming the political and economic life of each region. We also selected the papers with the aim of introducing early Americanists to particularly relevant work by Europeanists working on related topics. The majority of the essays in this issue are the work of historians of the Dutch Republic and empire based in Europe. They include the first English-language publications by two authors and a first publication in an early Americanist venue for a third. To introduce these papers, which necessarily engage with the complex and relatively unfamiliar terrain of Dutch history, we offer an orientation to the history and historiography of the Dutch Atlantic empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The second and broader aim of this special issue is to help develop approaches to writing the transnational history of eighteenth-century America in the Atlantic world. In the second part of the introduction, we propose...

Working for a successful IFLA Presidential Meeting 2011: IFLA and FOBID, the international Dutch connection

Working for a successful IFLA Presidential Meeting 2011: IFLA and FOBID, the international Dutch connection

The Dutch Connection: New Netherland, the Pequots, and the Puritans in Southern New England, 1620–1638

Although most historical studies of the Pequot War acknowledge the existence of a trade alliance between the Pequots and the Dutch preceding the outbreak of the English-Pequot conflict, scholars have neglected to examine Dutch-Pequot relations in detail. Following a decade of material exchange between private traders and the Pequots, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) established a mutually beneficial trade alliance with the Pequots in 1626. When the relationship broke down in the early 1630s, WIC officials in New Netherland, distracted by personal and political feuds in the Dutch colony, were remarkably slow to repair the alliance. The inability of the WIC to restore stable relations with the Pequots drew the attention of the neighboring Puritan colonies, who coveted the fertile lands of the Connecticut Valley. By highlighting the complex role of the Dutch, this essay complicates our view of the Pequot War as an inevitable conflict between Puritans and Pequots.

The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'Opening' of Japan (review)

Reviewed by: The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'Opening' of Japan Angela Schottenhammer The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the 'Opening' of Japan. By Ann Jannetta. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007. 264 pp. $45 (cloth). At first glance, the title of the book might sound a little bit astonishing. What, the reader might ask, does the history of a disease and its treatment have to do with the opening of Japan? But it is well chosen, because it raises curiosity and the reader will soon discover that it carries the central argument of the book: Physicians who adopted Dutch medical learning (Rangaku) and tried hard to introduce variolation and vaccination against smallpox into Japan—the ranpö physicians—at least after 1820 contributed decisively to intellectual, social, and political changes in the country. To use Jannetta's own words, Japan's ranpö physicians—the vaccinators—were "important agents of change" (p. 182). Faced with the extreme isolation of the Tokugawa government from the concerns of its society and the restrictively monopolized foreign policy resulting from the Tokugawa rulers' raison d'état, these physicians had to build up and expand their own networks to reach their goal—to bring cow vaccine to Japan and to convince both high and lower echelons of Japanese society not only of the advantages of vaccination against smallpox but often also of Western medical science in general. The reader is taken not only into different world regions and countries such as England, the Netherlands, Russia, China, and of course Japan, but also into different disciplines (history of medicine, social and political history). After briefly being informed about the migrant history of Variola major, the virus that causes smallpox, and of variolation in the eastern Mediterranean world and in China (pp. 8–24), the second chapter takes him to England. Pages 25–52 narrate the story and background of Edward Jenner's "discovery" that inoculation with cowpox lymph (that is, vaccination) would prevent smallpox. The next chapter (pp. 53–77) introduces the scenario at Nagasaki where the Dutch, besides the Chinese, were the only foreign merchants permitted [End Page 156] to conduct a strictly regulated trade, and the first attempts of physicians to introduce cow vaccine and Western medical knowledge to Japan. In this context, especially the writings of a young Japanese interpreter for Dutch, Baba Sajürö, were of particular significance for spreading the knowledge about vaccination in Japan. These first attempts and efforts were the beginning of the construction of a close network, for which the Dutch connection (chapter 4, pp. 78–101) was particularly important as the foreign link. In 1824, Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866) established a small medical school and clinic in the outskirts of Nagasaki called Narutaki, and students interested in learning about Western-style medicine came from all over Japan. Jannetta introduces Japanese physicians and physician families who would make Jennerian vaccination their cause célèbre and who decisively contributed to the transition from Chinese-style to Western-style medicine in the early nineteenth century. Because of their prominent role in the introduction of Jennerian vaccination to Japan, the contribution of some of these physicians is treated in detail in chapter 5 (pp. 102–131). Jannetta draws a lively picture of the various social and intellectual "strategies" the doctors used to strengthen their networks. Adoptions and marriages between families of doctors, for example, were frequent, and the reader may be surprised how often name changes occurred, sometimes repeatedly. By the mid nineteenth century the work of the vaccinators had become at least so successful that, confronted with a death rate of approximately 20 percent of all born children from smallpox, the first great political lords were convinced by the efficacy of Jennerian vaccination: In 1849 Nabeshima Naomasa (1814–1871) decided to vaccinate his eldest son (p. 136), an act with political significance that provided the vaccinators with valuable support. In 1858 a first clinic for the purpose of vaccination, the Otamagaike Vaccination Clinic, was opened in Edo. When with the opening of Japan in the 1850s the Japanese—so far protected by a kind of cordon sanitaire—were ad hoc confronted with other hitherto unknown diseases and...

The emergence of Dutch connectives; how cumulative cognitive complexity explains the order of acquisition

ABSTRACTBefore they are three years old, most children have started to build coherent discourse. This article focuses on one important linguistic device children have to learn: connectives. The main questions are: Do connectives emerge in a fixed order? And if so, how can this order be explained? In line with Bloom et al. (1980) we propose to explain similarities in the development in terms of cumulative cognitive complexity: complex relations are acquired later than simple ones. Following a cognitive approach to coherence relations, we expect positive relations to be acquired before negatives and additives before temporals and causals. We develop a multidimensional approach to the acquisition process in order to account for the variation among children. Hypotheses were tested by analyzing data from children aged 1 ; 5-5 ; 6 on the emergence of Dutch connectives. The multidimensional approach of cognitive complexity describes both the uniformity and the diversity in the developmental sequences of Dutch-speaking and English-speaking children.

Shaping the Stuart World 1603-1714: The Atlantic Connection

Acknowledgements List of Contributors Introduction: Connecting and Disconnecting with America, Allan I. Macinnes SECTION I. CIVILISING SOCIETY, RECONFIGURING POLITIES 1. Education, Culture and the Scottish Civic Tradition, Arthur Williamson 2. A Man for all Regions-Patrick Copland and Education in the Stuart World, Shona Vance 3. The European Catholic Context of the Revolution of 1688-89: Gallicanism, Innocent XI, and Catholic Opposition, Steve Pincus SECTION II. TRANSFERRING TEXTS AND TRADITIONS 4. Transplanting Revelation, Transferring Meaning: Reading the Apocalypse in Early Modern England, Scotland and New England, Kevin Sharpe 5. "Religion stands on tip-toe": George Herbert, the New England Poets, and the Transfer of Devotional Modes, Helen Wilcox 6. Authority and Interpretation: Cotton Mather's Response to the European Spinozists, Reiner Smolinski SECTION III. THE DUTCH CONNECTION 7. Idealism and Power: The Dutch West India Company in the Brazil Trade (1630-1654), Ernst Pijning 8. A Natural Partnership? Scotland and Zeeland in the Early Seventeenth Century, Esther Mijers 9. Anglo-Dutch Trade in the Seventeenth Century: An Atlantic Partnership?, Wim Klooster SECTION IV. POWER AND SETTLEMENT 10. Richard Ligon and the Theatre of Empire, Jane Stevenson 11. Boston Pays Tribute: Autonomy and Empire in the Atlantic World, 1630-1714, Mark Peterson 12. Foreign Penetration of the Spanish Empire 1660-1714: Sweden, Scotland and England, Chris Storrs Epilogue: Becoming Atlantic, Peter C. Mancall Index

The dutch connection: On the social origins of the Pickelhering

While scholars today are generally agreed that the stage figure of the Pickelhering or Clown has its genesis in the troupe of itinerant English Comedians led by John Green in the period 1605–1610, scant attention has been paid to this figure as a social type prior to his first appearance on the stage. This article argues that the pickelhering as a social type originated in Holland and made his way to England, perhaps mediated by the Earl of Leicester's Players who performed in Leyden in 1586 or perhaps through the Robert Browne troupe which appeared in Leyden in 1590 and which was later to count John Green as one of its more important members.

Classifying negative coherence relations on the basis of linguistic evidence

This article proposes to revise the Sanders et al. (1992, 1993) classification of negative coherence relations on the basis of a comparative, corpus-based analysis of seven Dutch connectives. First, some conceptual problems in the Sanders et al. classification are discussed, with special attention for the ‘polarity’ parameter that distinguishes between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ relations. Subsequently, a methodological section reviews different kinds of evidence for relation classifications. It is argued that the behavior of linguistic devices for the expression of coherence relations constitutes a crucial source of evidence and it is proposed to use a Discriminating Connective Principle when assessing this linguistic evidence. By means of a corpus study, it is shown that several refinements of the Sanders et al. classification are conceivable. In the revised framework, comparative relations take the place of additive relations, direct and indirect comparisons are distinguished and epistemic negative relations are further differentiated on the basis of the configuration of perspectives in the successive discourse segments. The linguistic support for the revised classification, as provided by the distribution of seven Dutch negative connectives over the relational classes, is shown to be satisfactory.

On the pragmatic nature of causal and contrastive connectives

This paper is concerned with the meaning and use of causal and contrastive connectives. Generally, the connectives are categorized as being either semantic or pragmatic (in use). Three Dutch connectives are analyzed with respect to these concepts. The main question is: What does it mean for a connective to be interpreted pragmatically? Starting from the assumption that there is a principal difference between the pragmatic nature of causal and contrastive connectives, it is argued that the crucial distinction should be made on an underlying level, the so‐called Basic Scheme, and its relation to the surface utterance. Subsequently, a relation is established between semantic and pragmatic use of a connective, and the ideational and interpersonal metafunction of the coherence relation expressed. This ties in with the view that connectives are the lexico‐grammatical realizations of coherence relations.