Duration Of Post-embryonic Development Research Articles

The microbiota of Idaea inquinata developing on dry herbs

AbstractIdaea inquinata (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Idaeini) is a potential pest of stored food, mainly dry herbs. In this study, the role of diet in the shaping of the I. inquinata‐associated bacterial community was investigated and its impact on insect performance (i.e., proportion of adult emergence and duration of postembryonic development). Larvae were reared on three diets with different nutritional compositions: (1) Matricaria chamomilla L. flowers, (2) Angelica archangelica L. roots, and (3) artificial diet. A DNA metabarcoding approach targeting V1‐V2 and V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA was adopted to characterize the bacterial communities associated with adults and larvae reared on different diets, and estimate their composition and diversity. The core microbiota of this species was found to include some bacterial genera commonly associated with Lepidoptera. When a coverage‐based integration of rarefaction and extrapolation of Hill numbers was used to compare groups of samples, the microbial diversity (estimated as phylogenetic diversity) differed among individuals reared on different diets, and also between larvae vs. adults. The lowest taxon diversity was found associated with individuals reared on M. chamomilla. Larvae fed with this fiber‐rich diet had also a significantly slower development. The composition of the microbial community varied among individuals with different diets, but not between adults vs. larvae. This study highlights the important role of diet in shaping I. inquinata microbiota, but also suggests that the microbiota of non‐feeding adult moths could be partially inherited from larvae.

Developmental biology of Platygaster diplosisae Risbec and Aprostocetus procerae Risbec

Platygaster diplosisae (Risbec, 1956) and Aprostocetus procerae (Risbec, 1956) are ovo-larval and pupal parasitoids, respectively of Orseolia oryzivora (H & G). The reproductive biology of the two parasitoids was studied by authors, but their developmental biology was not yet explored. Mature rice galls due to O. oryzivora were collected from irrigated rice fields of Karfiguela and Boulbi, located in Western and Central Burkina Faso respectively. They were kept in wooden cages (45.5 cm × 44.7 cm × 59.5 cm) or plastic buckets (32 cm × 29 cm) covered with a fine mesh mosquito net to prevent insects from escaping after emergence. Fourteen-day rice plants of the variety FKR 28 were infested by adults of O. oryzivora in two metal cages (1.52 m × 1.26 m 1.65 m) (10 pairs of adults for each cage). In this way, it was possible to maintain a continuous culture of O. oryzivora that allowed the mass rearing of the parasitoids. The studied biological parameters of the parasitoids included, duration of post-embryonic development, lifespan, fecundity and fertility. The results revealed that the development time of A. procerae from egg to adult was 28 ± 6.18 days and that of P. diplosisae 33 ± 6.94 days. The mean incubation time of P. diplosisae eggs was 16 ± 1.98 days and that of A. procerae was 3.2 ± 1.78 days. Each of the two parasitoids exhibited three stages of larval development. The mean durations of the three larval stages of A. procerae were 5 ± 2.78, 3 ± 1.14 and 3 ± 0.55 days, respectively. For P. diplosisae, these figures were 2.2 ± 0.54 and 3 ± 0,71 days respectively. The pupal development time of P. diplosisae was 10 ± 2.26 days while that of A. procerae was 15 ± 3.92 days. The average number of ovarian eggs of the female of P. diplosisae was 213 ± 32.34 while the average number of parasitoid eggs inside the larva of O. oryzivora was 106 ± 18.43. The average number of ovarian eggs of A. procerae was 11 ± 2.93. The lifespan of adult females of A. procerae (15 ± 3.64 days) fed with honey was longer than that of males (7 ± 4.77 days) fed under the same conditions. Male’s longevity was significantly different from that of the female depending on food and temperature. Longevity of honey-fed adult females of P. diplosisae (6 ± 3.31 days) was longer than that of honey-fed adult males (3 ± 0.55 days). The life span of unfed adult females (3 ± 0.71 days) as well as that of unfed adult males (1 ± 0.15 day) were shorter. The results obtained from the two parasitoids associated with Orseolia oryzivora could be used for the development of a biological control of Orseolia oryzivora.

English

Cymbopogon citratus oil is used in folk medicine asrepellent and insecticide against insects. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of C. citrates oil extracted from Brazil and Cuba and its main component citral as insecticides against Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Lucilia cuprina. Variables monitored were:duration of post embryonic development, larval weight (mg), sex ratio, mortality index and percentage of morphological deformities. The essential oils were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, andcitral was diluted in DMSO yielding a concentration of 17.5 µg/µL.Substances were applied (1µL on the newly-hatched larvae. Results showed that both oils and citral had toxic effects on post-embryonic development of all tested blowflies. While the mortality for C. megacephala reaches 80% of the flies treated with essential oil, and values under 50% for the LC50; C. putoria has the highest ratio of deformities, once it becomes adult with values over 85%. The behavior for C. citrates essential oils and citral, changes from one variable to another, but in general sense, all are toxic to flies. Previous observations point out this essential oil as a potential alternative in those blowflies control. Key words: Arthropod, Calliphoridae, biopesticides, lemongrass, essential oil.

Influence of temperature on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vector of grapevine Flavescence dorée

The embryonic and post-embryonic development of Scaphoideus titanus, the main vector of grapevine Flavescence dorée, was studied under laboratory conditions, at constant temperatures (T = 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, and 29 °C). The data obtained were fitted to the equation of Brière, and the model was validated against independent field data. The minimum cardinal temperature for eggs ranged from 18 to 20 °C, the duration of egg hatching was minimum at T = 24 °C, egg hatchability was optimum at 22 °C, and very few eggs hatched at T ≥ 27 °C. The duration of post-embryonic development clearly shortened as the temperature increased, both overall and within the same life stage, almost half-reducing itself from 18 to 29 °C. Within the same temperature tested, the early instars took less time to moult compared to the late ones. The data obtained provided a significant fit with the equation of Brière. Validation was satisfactory, particularly concerning third instar nymphs and adults, which are the key life instars for targeting integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The model proposed could be used to predict the development of S. titanus in north-western Italy for IPM purposes.

The biology of the development of the Oribatid Mite Carabodes subarcticus (Acari, Carabodidae)

The development of the oribatid mite Carabodes subarcticus (Oribatida, Carabodidae) was studied in the laboratory. The morphology of all the juvenile stages is described; the duration of post-embryonic development is given. The structure of the gnathosoma, ovipositor and legs of adult mites is described. The life history of C. subarcticus, C. labyrinthicus, and C. willmanni is briefly compared.

Effect of population density on the development of Mesovelia furcata (Mesoveliidae), Microvelia reticulata and Velia caprai (Veliidae) (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha)

Population density during nymphal development affects body size, developmental rate and wing polymorphism in semiaquatic bugs. Nymphs from crowded habitats grow faster and thus gain an advantage in the later stadia. Rapid development results in smaller body size in several gerrids. Macropterous adults develop more frequently at high population densities in most species, which enables the bugs to leave crowded habitats. Three European widespread species Mesovelia furcata Mulsant & Rey, 1852 (Mesoveliidae), Microvelia reticulata Burmeister, 1835 and Velia caprai Tamanini, 1947 (Veliidae) were reared individually and simultaneously either at a low or high population density. Duration of postembryonic development, wing morph, body size and length of distal oocyte in females were recorded. High population density accelerates development in Mesovelia furcata and Microvelia reticulata. However, there was no trade-off between developmental rate and body size. Accelerated development without a decrease in body size was probably because maturation was delayed. Individually reared nymphs developed faster than nymphs from communal cohorts. No long-winged Microvelia reticulata specimen developed in any treatment. However, more macropterous individuals developed in high-density treatments in Mesovelia furcata (significant) and Velia caprai (not significant). All the nymphs of the species that were reared individually developed into apterous adults. The results suggest that population density strongly influences the life history of semiaquatic bugs. However, the only commonly shared response seems to be an increase in developmental rate when reared at high population densities. Other traits such as wing dimorphism, body size and rate of oogenesis differ at the species level.

영동지역 갈색여치의 발생시기별 서식지의 변화 및 발육생태 특성

Characteristics of habitat alteration and post-embryonic development of Paratlanticus ussuriensis were investigated in the mountain region of Bitanri, Yeongdong county, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2007 to 2009. Overwintered eggs under the ground in the hillside were hatched from late March to early April. The soil temperature during this season was . Young nymphs lived mainly at the hillside by eating oak tree leaves but the 3rd or 4th instars switched their habitat to orchards near the hillside in early May, which is the time for sprouting of peach leaves. Old nymphs developed into the adult stage at the orchards in late May and moved back to the hillside in late June. Duration of post-embryonic development from the first instar nymph to adult was 49.2 days after 7 moltings at . Female adults collected from the field had long ovipositor (26.2 mm) and were slightly longer in the body length, hind femur, tegmen and pronotum than those of males.

Durations of immature stage development period of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) under laboratory conditions: implications for forensic entomology

Some microhymenopterans are parasitoids of flies of forensic importance. Their parasitic habit can alter the duration of post-embryonic development of these flies, altering the postmortem interval. In order to analyze possible alterations occurring during the immature development period of Nasonia vitripennis, this study tested different quantitative associations between female parasitoids and pupae of Chrysomya megacephala, which were defined by: (a) one pupa was exposed to different numbers of female parasitoids (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:11) and (b) different numbers of pupae were exposed to one female parasitoid (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1). Analysis of variance (5% significance level) and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests were used for statistical analysis. There was a tendency of prolongation of the duration of parasitoid development, both by increasing the number of female parasitoids and by increasing the number of hosts in the associations. By increasing the number of female parasitoids per host, there is a possibility of increasing the occurrence of superparasitism, leading to competition for food source, then prolonging the duration of the immature development period. Increasing the number of hosts in the associations, females may distribute their postures among the available pupae and can cause reduction of the number of eggs per host. Since these insects are gregarious, the reduction of the number of eggs may delay the offspring development.

The role of biotic relationships in biological invasions as exemplified by zooplanktonic communities

Zooplanktonic communities are known to be amongthe most vulnerable ones with respect to the invasionsof alien species [6]. The invasion of new species intoplanktonic communities often causes changes in thestructure and functions of the entire ecosystem of therecipient body of water. Prediction of such changes is,and has always been, one of the main goals of ecology[5, 13, 14].There are grounds to believe that exploitative com-petition is a potent barrier against the invasion of alienspecies into zooplankton. However, competition as afactor preventing the invasion of new species into com-munities may be expressed differently, depending onthe trophic conditions and predator pressure in thegiven body of water. In this study, we attempted to usesimulation modeling to predict the changes in the spe-cies structure of zooplankton after introduction of apredator under different conditions of food supply.EXPERIMENTALCladocera were the prototype of the model objects.To attain the objectives set in this study, we developeda model of the population dynamics of cladoceransunder the conditions of food depletion. The depen-dences of the species population parameters (fecundity,mortality, and the duration of postembryonic develop-ment) on the food concentration were specified on thebasis of our own observations in natural ecosystemsand laboratory experiments [4], as well as data pub-lished by other researchers [1, 2]. The food concentra-tion was determined as a result of its reproduction andconsumption. The numbers of species were calculatedfor each stage, taking into account the numbers of newindividuals entering the given stage and individualsleaving it by transiting to the next stage or dying. Themodel included a delay of the response of populationparameters to changes in food concentration, whichimitated the storage of nutrients in individuals. We tookinto account that the functions of the dependence ofpopulation parameters on food concentration changedwith the body size and age of individual animals. Theequations used in the model are published elsewhere[3, 4]. Preliminarily, we created a database on morethan 2000 species whose population parameters variedwithin their actual ranges.The effect of a predator (plankton-eating fish) wassimulated by varying the mortality function. Thetrophic states of waters (oligotrophic, mesotrophic,eutrophic, or hypertrophic) were determined by the rateof food resource reproduction in the body of water. Weperformed two series of simulation experiments: with-out predator pressure and a series where the minimumdeath rate varied depending on both the body size andthe numbers of cladocerans.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe simulated 2000 combinations of five crustaceanspecies randomly selected from the database. In mostof these random combinations or “invasions,” only onespecies (rarely, two species) were eventually left in thecommunity (Fig. 1). In other words, the principle ofcompetitive exclusion was complied with. Thus, thezooplanktonic community should be expected to havepoor species diversity in the absence of a predator.If we introduced a predator into the system, thenumber of coexisting species competing for the sameresource increased. In eutrophic and hypertrophic bod-ies of water, the number of coexisting competitorsincreased to four. Under oligotrophic conditions, apredator proved to be incapable of affecting the numberof coexisting species. Apparently, the competition lead-ing to the exclusion of weaker species is more impor-tant for the formation of the community species compo-sition if food is deficient. Under mesotrophic condi-tions, biodiversity also increased, but less than at higherrates of food reproduction.The average concentration of food in mesotrophicand, especially, eutrophic waters increased after theinvasion of a predator compared to this value in theabsence of a predator (Fig. 2). Apparently, the foodconcentration increased upon the invasion of a predator

Combined rearing of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabr.), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae) under laboratory conditions

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine some aspects of the interspecific relationships of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabr.), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) and Chrysomya alhiceps (Wied.) larvae in the laboratory. The larvae received a diet consisting of decomposing horse flesh, and a ratio of 1 larva g−1 diet was established. A predictable variation in duration of postembryonic development was observed between specimens reared on pure or combined cultures, almost always corresponding to a reduction of duration in the combined cultures. The association with Ch. albiceps also significantly reduced the weight of mature Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala. This decrease in weight, taken together with predation on Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala larvae by Ch. albiceps larvae, caused a decrease in survival in all stages. Thus, we conclude that the association of Ch. albiceps, Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala larvae was differentially deleterious for the three species, with Ch. albiceps showing a high capacity for survival by virtue of its strong competitive ability.

Growth, Development and Body Size of Field and Laboratory Populations of Daphnia Ambigua

early instar were smaller than those maturing later. Duration of juvenile and adult instars decreased at higher temperatures. Juveniles molted more frequently and had a shorter instar duration than adults. The rates of embryonic and postembryonic development increased and the duration of development decreased at higher temperatures. The duration of development in the laboratory was shorter than that determined at comparable temperatures in the field. The duration of embryonic development was a function of temperature, whereas the duration of postembryonic development was a function of both temperature and nutrition. The mean longevity of laboratory animals at 10'C was 102 d (17 instars) for females and 78 d (13 instars) for males. The mean longevity of field D. ambigua tended to decrease with increase of temperature. At comparable temperatures, the much shorter life-span of field Daphnia compared to laboratory animals was attributed to lower nutrition in the field. Growth rate was comparatively rapid in young animals and progressively decreased as animals aged. Within the range of temperatures (5-30'C) studied, growth rates generally increased with increasing temperature. The growth rate of field D. ambigua was affected by both temperature and food. The lower growth rates of field animals compared to laboratory animals probably resulted from lower food availability in the field. For laboratory animals, the mean number of young produced per brood tended to increase progressively during the early stage of adult life and decreased toward the end of the life-span. High temperature increased the frequency of reproduction; high food concentration increased the number of young per brood and the total number of young produced during a life-span. Female Daphnia grown in the field lived a significantly shorter time, had smaller clutch sizes, and produced fewer broods and fewer total young than laboratory females. Although reproduction is affected by

Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) ingrami Newstead, 1914, Sergentomyia (Rondanomyia) dureni Parrot, 1934 and Sergentomyia hamoni Abonnenc, 1958 (Diptera Phlebotomidae). Morphology of immature stages and biocological accounts. (author's transl)

Immature stages of S. ingrami, S. dureni and S. hamoni have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development is specified. The chaetotaxy of fourth-instar larvae of S. hamoni is distinguishable from the other species described.

Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi firmatus Parrot et Malbrant, 1945 et Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) bedfordi medius Kirk et Lewis, 1950 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). Étude morphologique des stades pré-imaginaux et notes bio-écologiques

Immature stages of S. bedfordi firmatus and S. bedfordi medius have been obtained in laboratory culture. The morphological characters of egg, larva and pupa are studied, the duration of post-embryonic development and the conditions of colonization are specified.

The Development of the Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa (Acarina, Tetranychidae) in Relation to the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Nutrition of its Plant Host

Mites were isolated on leaves of bush lima beans that were supplied, respectively, with three different concentrations of nitrogen, and four of phosphorus and of potassium, in nutrient solutions otherwise complete for plant growth; also, on leaves of plants supplied, respectively, with three different concentrations of the macronutrients of a complete nutrient solution. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of the leaves was found to increase with increased supply of these elements. About six times as many mites developed on medium-nitrogen plants, and about 11 times as many on high-nitrogen plants, as on low-nitrogen plants. Larger mite populations developed with medium phosphorus or potassium supply than at lower or higher levels of these respective elements. Increase in nitrate-free nitrogen of the foliage was accompanied by increases in longevity of first-generation adults, duration of oviposition, number of eggs laid, and total number of adult second-generation mites (per parent mite) that reached maturity; and decreases occurred in duration of postembryonic development and total length of life cycle. Data are presented on various phases of the life cycle of 585 individuals observed under greenhouse conditions.