Duration Of Phenological Stages Research Articles

Impact of different water regimes on maize grown at two distinctive pedo-climatic locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Aim of study: A two-year experiment (2021-2022) was conducted to assess the response of a local maize hybrid BL-43 to different water regimes (full irrigation, deficit irrigation and rainfed) at two distinguished pedo-climatic locations (Aleksandrovac and Butmir) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH).
 Area of study: The field experiment was located in Aleksandrovac (near Banja Luka) and Butmir (near Sarajevo) in BiH.
 Material and methods: A randomized block design was adopted at both experimental locations with three replicates. An Excel-based irrigation tool was used to manage crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling.
 Main results: Crop response to water was affected by site-specific agronomic management, the duration of phenological stages and their interconnection with precipitation events. At both locations, the effect of the water inputs on grain yield was statistically significant confirming the beneficial impact of irrigation. The effect of water stress on yield was particularly pronounced at Aleksandrovac, which was under water and temperature stresses during flowering time. During both seasons and for all water regimes, the total average grain yield was greater at Butmir than at Aleksandrovac for 38% and 27%, respectively.
 Research highlights: This is the first experimental study conducted in BiH on the effect of irrigation on maize grain production under different pedoclimatic conditions. The study emphasizes the need for knowledge regarding the impacts that climate change is having on the productivity of one of the region's most important crops.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Ascophyllum nodosum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Their Combinations Influence the Phyllochron, Phenology, and Fruit Quality of Strawberry Plants

One biostrategy to boost the sustainability of strawberry cultivation is the application of biostimulants to the growing substrate. Here, we investigated whether the use of biostimulants and their combinations affects the strawberry plants’ phyllochron, phenology, and fruit quality. We tested the absence (control) and presence of biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Trichoderma harzianum (TH), AMF + AN, AMF + TH, AN + TH, and AMF + AN + TH). The experimental design used was in completely randomized blocks (four replications). AMF was represented by a multi-species on-farm inoculant; A. nodosum was represented by the commercial product Acadian®; and T. harzianum was represented by the commercial product Trichodermil®. The leaf emission rate, the occurrence and duration of phenological stages, and fruit quality were assessed. The greatest precocity in terms of harvesting the first fruit was observed in plants grown with AMF + TH, which also had the lowest phyllochron (77.52 °C day·leaf−1). Those treated only with AMF were the latest (144.93 °C day·leaf−1). More flavorful fruits were produced by plants grown with AMF + TH. Plants inoculated with the AMF community, whether or not associated with A. nodosum and T. harzianum, had more than 94% mycorrhizal colonization. We conclude that AMF, A. nodosum, T. harzianum, and their combinations influence the phenology, phyllochron, and fruit quality of strawberry plants. In the growing conditions of the Brazilian subtropics, the AMF and T. harzianum combination shortens the strawberry cycle, from transplanting the daughter plants to harvesting the first fruit, and improves the fruit flavor.

Phenology and phyllochron of seven strawberry cultivars grown in substrate and greenhouse in the Brazilian subtropics

Knowing the phenology and phyllochron of strawberry cultivars allows the establishment of phytotechnical managements aimed at enhancing the productive chain of this horticultural crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate whether phenology and phyllochron differ among strawberry cultivars grown in substrate and greenhouse. The treatments were seven strawberry cultivars arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. Leaf emission rate, occurrence and duration of phenological stages were evaluated. ‘Fronteras’ was considered the earliest to start fruiting, as it had the lowest phyllochron value, while ‘Albion’ was the latest. Through multivariate analysis, the formation of two groups among strawberry cultivars was observed according to their phenological characteristics. Group 1 gathered the five strawberry cultivars classified as having neutral-days in terms of flowering and group 2 was composed of the two short-day cultivars. It is concluded that, under the cultivation conditions of southern Brazil, ‘Fronteras’ is the earliest to start the fruit harvest, provided it is transplanted in May, and ‘Albion’ is the latest. Neutral-day cultivars have a shorter transplant cycle until the beginning of harvest, while short-day cultivars require a longer interval for this transition, with a prolonged vegetative period.

Performance of Hop Cultivars Grown with Artificial Lighting under Subtropical Conditions.

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of the main phenological stages, plant growth development, yield, and cone quality of hop cultivars grown under artificial light (17 h per day) during vegetative development (early season) in a subtropical climate region. The study was conducted in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil (24° S), during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The plants were cultivated in a 5.5 m high trellis system with artificial light supplementation during vegetative development. The hop cultivars Hallertau Mittelfrüher, Mapuche, Northern Brewer, Spalter, and Yakima Gold were used in the treatments. The duration of the phenological stages, vegetative growth (plant height, fresh mass of the plants, number of lateral branches per plant), components of productive yield (number of cones per side branch, number of cones per plant, fresh mass, length, and width of the cone, production of fresh cones per plant, and yield), and chemical components of the cones (alpha- and beta-acid contents, and essential oil concentrations) were recorded. The duration of the phenological stages was visually evaluated, and plant growth was analyzed using non-linear log-logistic regression. The remaining data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using Tukey's test. The data were also subjected to multivariate analysis using the principal components test, correlation analysis, and hierarchical grouping. The cultivar Mapuche was considered an early hop in both seasons, and the cultivars Spalter and Yakima Gold were considered early cultivars in the second season. In both seasons, the productive yield components were positively correlated with the precocity of the cultivars, in which Mapuche in the 2021 season and Mapuche, Spalter, and Yakima Gold in the 2022 season had the highest mean of the number of cones per side branch and per plant, production per plant, and productivity. The cultivar Yakima Gold had a positive correlation with the chemical quality of cones, alpha and beta acid contents, and essential oil concentrations, for both seasons.

Equitable transform applied to phenology and temperature in a changing climate: Scaling to maintain individuality

AbstractWe describe an equitable transform that can be used to estimate missing data points, determine systematic patterns in data, observe baseline changes, and detect different amplitudes in replicated sequences. It is applicable to short discrete two‐ or three‐dimensional data sets such as biological life cycles or water content in similar media. The technique is independent of the continuity or ordering of sequences but is distinct from methods such as principal component analysis. It is ideally used to preprocess noisy or incomplete data sets prior to analysis with other well‐established techniques. This transformation maintains systematic differences between individual sequences when the underlying pattern is a separable function in two variables added to another function in one of these variables. The equitable transform partitions the original noisy data into the underlying signal determined from the data and its residuals. Points from one sequence can be transformed to any other sequence without losing any information. Information about one or more sequences can be used to infer others with missing data. A link to a github R package is provided so the transform can easily be run on any two‐dimensional data set. Simulated two‐dimensional data sets are used to demonstrate its utility in recovering missing data and scaling/offsetting in one of the dimensions. We used the transform to determine that winter temperatures at a High Arctic site have warmed by 1.8° ± 0.4°C/decade and summer temperatures by 1.1° ± 0.2°C/decade from 1986 to 2007. Applied to 18 yr of phenology data for the tundra plant Dryas integrifolia at the same site, we determined that the annual cycles of phenology events could be modeled accurately. Phenology, in some circumstances, can be described as offsetting and scaling the rate at which life cycle events occur. We introduce the idea of scaling and shifting the seasonal cycle of a reference plant via the equitable transform in order to approximate the behavior of multiple phenological cycles. Relative phenology rates of Dryas integrifolia were found to have increased over time indicating duration of phenological stages have become shorter in recent years, likely in response to the warming climate.

Estimativa das datas de brotação, plena floração e colheita da videira variedade Goethe em Urussanga-SC, Brasil

The objective of this work was to develop models to predict the different phenological stages of the Goethe grapevine variety, such as bud break, full bloom and harvest date, using air temperature data, for Urussanga-SC region, Brasil. In seven years of phenological records, the stages occurred in September, October and January, respectively. Average temperatures in the June-August quarter and in the period from 11/06 to 10/08 were the ones that had the highest correlations coefficient with the budburst date (R = -0.94 and -0.93, respectively; p <0.01). The daily average temperatures accumulated in the phases budburst-flowering and flowering-harvest did not show significant correlation (p> 0.05) with the duration of these stages. However, the total number of hours with temperatures between 19.0 and 25.0 °C in the first 14 days of the budburst-flowering stage, and the first 30 days of the flowering-harvest stage explained 83% and 64%, respectively, of the variability in the duration of these stages. Temperatures below 16.0 °C were positively correlated with the duration of phenological stages, indicating a slower plant development under this thermal limit. The results show that the duration of the phases budburst-flowering and flowering-harvest is mainly influenced by the temperatures that occur in the initial period of the stages.

Thermal requirements, heat use efficiency and plant responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under different environment

A field experiment was conducted to study the thermal requirement of chickpea cultivars during rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications consisted three sowing dates viz., October 25, November 14 and December 4 and three varieties viz., JG 322, JG 11 and JG 16 as main plot and sub-plot treatments, respectively. Results revealed that duration of phenological stages and thermal unit during sowing to maturity decreased with successive delay in sowing. October 25 sowing produced significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, more number of pods higher seed yield and biological yield as compared to November 14 and December 4. Among cultivars, JG 16 exhibited significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, HUE, more number of pods higher 100-seed weight higher seed yield and biological yield followed by JG 11 and JG 322.

Fenologia da aceroleira cv. Olivier em Junqueirópolis-SP

A aceroleira é uma planta de clima tropical que produz frutos muito ricos em vitamina C. Apesar de ser amplamente difundida, são poucos os trabalhos realizados com essa cultura no País. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a fenologia e o crescimento dos frutos da aceroleira cv. Olivier em duas épocas. Para tanto, foi implantado um experimento em pomar comercial no município de Junqueirópolis-SP. Foram avaliados dois ciclos reprodutivos: setembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010, sendo que, em cada época, foram marcados 400 botões florais distribuídos em 10 plantas. Para avaliação fenológica, o ciclo foi dividido em estádios, sendo avaliados a duração destes, do ciclo reprodutivo, a taxa de frutificação efetiva e o crescimento dos frutos. A duração dos estádios e do ciclo reprodutivo, a taxa de frutificação efetiva e o crescimento dos frutos foram influenciados pelo fator época, sendo que, no mês de janeiro, a duração dos estádios fenológicos foi menor, resultando no desenvolvimento mais rápido dos frutos, que também apresentaram maior diâmetro. Porém, no que se refere à taxa de frutificação, a época de setembro apresentou maior fixação dos frutos. Também foi verificado que o maior índice de abortamento se deu no estádio de perda de pétala em ambas as avaliações. Apesar da diferença na velocidade de crescimento e tamanho dos frutos, ambas as épocas apresentaram crescimento mais acentuado nos primeiros oito dias, mostrando-se linear no restante do ciclo.

Modelagem agrometeorológica para estimação do desenvolvimento e da produção de jiló

O jiloeiro é uma hortaliça tipicamente tropical, com grande exigência térmica e hídrica, representando importância econômica em diversas regiões no Brasil. Objetiva-se com esse trabalho desenvolver e testar modelos para previsão de características fenométricas vegetativas, como altura da planta, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea, número de folhas e área foliar por planta, além das relacionadas diretamente à produção, como o número acumulado de frutos (NFRUTOS) e produção acumulada por planta (PAP), em função de graus-dia, para quatro cultivares de jiló, sendo duas comerciais (Esmeralda e Verde Claro) e duas introduzidas pelo IAC (Cardoso e Bernacci). O índice térmico permitiu bons ajustes das regressões lineares apresentando elevados valores de coeficientes de determinação (R2) para a maioria das características estudadas. O teste das equações foi feito com dados do segundo ano produtivo, para as cultivares Cardoso e Bernacci visando às características NFRUTOS e PAP, apresentando bom desempenho devido aos elevados valores de R2 e todas dentro do intervalo de confiança de 95% de probabilidade. Desta forma, o método proposto, ajustado para as cultivares de interesse, torna-se ferramenta relevante para estimações de início e duração de estádios fenológicos, tal como a produtividade final em jiloeiros.

Analysis of the relationships between climate variability and grapevine phenology in the Nobile di Montepulciano wine production area

SUMMARYClimate represents one of the main inputs necessary for plants to complete their vegetative–productive cycle, having a direct effect on the onset and duration of phenological stages and development of crops. Equally important are its indirect effects, affecting field operations such as the application of fertilizer, pruning and crop protection, finally determining the yield.In the present study, phenological stages of the Sangiovese grapevine for the production of Nobile di Montepulciano wine were analysed and related to historical series of meteorological information (since 1970 in Tuscany, Italy). Weather conditions were described through large-scale meteorological information; in particular geopotential height at the 500 hPa level (500 hPa GPH) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index were considered. All data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (NOAA-CIRES) Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA, available from the NOAA-CIRES website (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/) and processed by the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis Project. Conventional meteorological data, such as air temperature and cumulated rainfall, from ground weather stations were also used.The effects of meteorological parameters on crop phenology (bud-break, flowering and harvest time) were investigated by means of regression analysis, while teleconnections between phenological data and large-scale meteo-climatological data were analysed through correlation maps created using the interactive plotting and analysis link from the NOAA-CIRES website (http://www.cdc.noaa.gov). All correlations were calculated on a monthly to a multi-monthly basis, and also in relation to the different physiological stages of the crop, from 1970 to 2006.The climate change and variability impact on the crop was investigated by trend analysis of meteorological information and its effect on the onset of grapevine phenological stages.The results demonstrated that large-scale meteorological information has a significant effect on the onset of the phenological stages of grapevine. In particular, winter NAO was negatively correlated with bud-break and flowering dates, while GPH of February–March, March–May and May–September were negatively correlated with bud-break, flowering and harvest dates, respectively. The trend analysis demonstrated that the change and variability of climate, due to global warming, directly affects the development of grapevine leading to an anticipation of all considered phenophases.

Results of a phenological study of the tree layer of a mixed stand in the region of the Drahanská vrchovina Upland

The paper presents the results of phenological studies of Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I>[L.] Karst.), European beech (<I>Fagus sylvatica</I> L.) and European larch (<I>Larix decidua</I> Mill.) in a mixed stand in 2004 to 2007. The results show different onset and duration of phenological stages in the particular years. This broad range was important in spring phenological stages. High correlations were determined between the mean air temperature and the start of phenological stages in monitored species. The onset and duration of autumn phenological stages are affected not only by air temperature but also by air humidity. The annual variability in the onset and course of phenological stages in forest species showed that except genetic factors external conditions, particularly meteorological factors, affecting their onset and duration were also important. Relationships between the onset of phenological stages and changes in meteorological parameters were expressed by the sum of effective air temperatures exceeding 0 and 5°C. To evaluate the relationships by means of the sum of effective temperatures > 5°C, the stage of budbreak was most important in all studied species.

Phasic development of spring wheat and stability of yield and its components in hot environments

A study was conducted during two growing seasons in Sudan to test the effect of temperature during different phenological stages on yield, yield components, and yield stability of wheat cultivars. Five cultivars were sown in early November, late November and mid-December on heavy clay, Vertisols. Duration of phenological stages was affected by cultivars and sowing dates. Total thermal units for the full cycle of these wheats was 2390 (°C day). Grain weight was negatively correlated with mean air temperature during grain filling ( r = −0.83∗∗) with an increase of 1°C causing a decrease of 4 mg in grain weight. It seems that the best plan for such a hot environment is to sow late-maturing cultivars early in the season, and to sow early-maturing cultivars late, so that ear emergence coincides with the coolest period. The cultivar × environment interaction was significant for grains/ear, grain weight and yield. The cultivar El Neilein was consistently high yielding and more stable, by several indices, across environments.