Duration Of Menstrual Bleeding Research Articles

Menstrual Patterns and Age of Menarche in Young Women from the United States

Background Menarche is a salient event for adolescents that marks the beginning of reproductive life and the commencement of menstrual cycles. Despite this, much less is known about how the timing of menarche is related to menstrual patterns. Methods To that end, a cross-sectional sample of 523 young women in college from the United States provided data on menarcheal age, menses and cycle length, blood loss during menses, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual cycle regularity. Sociodemographic data such as age of first sexual intercourse, presence of biological father while growing up, self-reported body weight, and urban versus rural place of residence were also obtained. Results Mean menarcheal age was 12.89±1.31-years. Regarding cycle length, 42 (8.2%) of the women had cycles shorter than 21-days, 402 (78.2%) between 21 and 35-days, and 70 (13.6%) had cycles longer than 35-days. Concerning menorrhagia, 61 (11.8%) reported a small quantity of blood loss, 363 (70.1%) a medium quantity, and 94 (18.1%) reported a large loss of blood (menorrhagia). Duration of menstrual bleeding also showed variability with 33 (6.4%), 280 (54.2%), and 204 (39.5%) reporting menstrual bleeding lasting less than 3-days, 2 to 5-days, and greater than 5-days, respectively. The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 61.7% (n=319) of the sample, while 36.3% (n=187) reported irregular menstrual cycles. Logistic regression indicated that early menarche, long menses duration, large self-reported amount of blood loss, and early age of first sexual intercourse were significant predictors of dysmenorrhea, while women with small self-reported amount of blood loss, a short menses duration, and long cycles were less likely to have dysmenorrhea. Concerning the timing of menarche, participants who were over-weight, grew up in urban environments, had dysmenorrhea, had early first consensual sexual intercourse, and grew up without a biological father, were more likely to have early menarche. Conclusion These findings suggest that menstrual disorders are common among a sample of young women from the United States and also identify sociodemographic variables that are related to menarcheal age.

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on menstrual blood loss in reproductive-aged women: a systematic review

BackgroundThe effects of antiplatelet therapy on menstrual bleeding have not been well characterized. ObjectivesTo systematically review the effects of antiplatelet therapy on menstrual bleeding. MethodsA literature search was performed for studies of reproductive-aged women who received antiplatelet therapy. Characteristics of menstrual bleeding both before and after initiation of antiplatelet therapy and from comparison groups were collected. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias in individual studies. ResultsThirteen studies with a total of 611 women who received antiplatelet therapy were included. Types of antiplatelet drugs used were aspirin (n = 8), aspirin and/or clopidogrel (n = 2), prasugrel (n = 1), and not specified (n = 2). Risk of bias was assessed at moderate (n = 1), serious (n = 8), critical (n = 2), and no information (n = 2). Three studies reported changes in menstrual blood loss volume. One of these showed no increase during antiplatelet therapy; the other 2 studies suggested that aspirin may increase menstrual blood loss volume. In 3 studies that assessed the duration of menstrual bleeding, up to 13% of women reported an increased duration of menstruation. In 5 studies that reported the intensity of menstrual flow, 13% to 38% of women experienced an increase in the intensity of flow. Five studies reported the prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding in women who received antiplatelet therapy, with estimates ranging from 7% to 38%. ConclusionThere is lack of high-quality data on the effects of antiplatelet therapy on menstrual bleeding. Aspirin may increase menstrual blood loss, at least in a minority of women, whereas the effects of P2Y12 inhibitors are unknown.

Phthalate metabolites in urine and follicular fluid in relation to menstrual cycle characteristics in women seeking fertility assistance

BackgroundPhthalates have been shown to disrupt the estrous cycle in animal studies. However, epidemiological research investigating their associations with menstrual cycle characteristics is limited. ObjectiveTo explore the relationships between phthalate exposure and menstrual cycle characteristics among women seeking fertility assistance. MethodsWe determined the levels of eight phthalate metabolites in both follicular fluid (FF) and urine specimens collected from 441 women in the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort, using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Information about menstrual cycle parameters was obtained through a questionnaire. The impacts of individual and joint exposure to phthalates on menstrual cycle characteristics were assessed using multivariable linear regression, Poisson regression, and quantile g-computation approaches. ResultsAfter adjusting for relevant covariates, we found that per log10-unit increase in mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) level in urine specimens was associated with a decrease of 0.20 days (95 % CI: −0.37, −0.03) in bleeding duration. We also observed that mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP) and the sum of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (∑DEHP) concentrations in FF samples were inversely related to cycle length [β = −1.92 (95 % CI: −3.10, −0.75) and −1.87 (95 % CI: −3.56, −0.19), respectively]. However, we generally observed null associations between phthalate metabolites and irregular cycle, dysmenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, or cycle length variation. Furthermore, we also found that phthalate metabolite mixtures in FF and urine were generally unrelated to menstrual cycle characteristics. ConclusionOur findings suggest that some DEHP metabolites in FF and urine are inversely associated with menstrual cycle length and menstrual bleeding duration in women attending a fertility center.

Sugary Food and Beverages Consumption, Family History, and Primary Dysmenorrhea in Undergraduate Students, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia

Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological problem experienced by women of reproductive age and can interfere with daily activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and differences in the proportion of primary dysmenorrhea based on individual factors (duration of menstrual bleeding, family history, physical activity, stress) and diet (breakfast habits, frequency of saturated fat consumption, omega-3 consumption, iron consumption, frequency of consumption of dairy products, caffeine consumption, and frequency of consumption of sugary foods and beverages). This study used a cross-sectional design and involved 150 regular undergraduate students in the 2019-2022 batch of Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia who were selected with a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by filling out an online questionnaire and analyzed with chi square test and multiple logistic regression. Results showed that 61.3% of female students experienced primary dysmenorrhea. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p value < 0.05) in the proportion of primary dysmenorrhea based on family history, caffeine consumption, and frequency of consumption of sugary foods and beverages. Multivariate analysis showed that the frequency of consumption of sugary foods and drinks (OR = 4.8) and family history (OR = 4.7) were the two most influencing factors associated with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea. This study shows that the frequency of consumption of sugary foods and beverages and family history increase the risk of primary dysmenorrhea.

A study of prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea in relation to reproductive characteristics of IX to X grade school girls

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain and discomfort during menstrual period in reproductive years of women without any pelvic pathology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its reproductive risk factors among 9th to 10th grade school girls.This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among 931 school girls having age limit 14-16 years. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. It used validated and reliable questionnaire such as VAS for pain rating scale. The descriptive data analysis were used to explore the relationship between reproductive factors and dysmenorrhea. P<0.05 was considered as significant. 36.6% females coming from a family having previous history of dysmenorrhea.85.28% study population were dysmenorrheic. Risk of dysmenorrhea was more among adolescent with early menarche (below 11 years), frequent menstrual cycle (below 28 days), menstrual bleeding duration above 5 days, irregular menstrual pattern and release of clot blood in menstrual flaw. Participants whose family members had a history of dysmenorrhea had 1.67 times greater chance of having same problem in compared to participants without family history of dysmenorrhea.Thus, earlier age at menarche, family history of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, and presence of clot blood in menstrual flow, longer bleeding duration and frequent menstrual cycle were risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea among secondary female students.

Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Dismenore Primer pada Remaja Putri: Systematic Review

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents worldwide ranges from 41.7% -94%. This is caused by age at menarche, genetic, BMI, diet, duration of menstrual bleeding, smoking, coffee consumption and physical activity. Physical activity produces short-term non-specific analgesics thereby reducing pain. To determine the relationship between physical activity and primary dysmenorrhea in young women. This study used a systematic review by searching the literature from four e-databases namely Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, and Web of science. The inclusion criteria in this study were articles in the last 5 years (2018-2022), English literature, full text, open access literature, originalresearch and described physical activity with the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents, while the exclusion criteria for this study were literature originating from non-research study, adolescents with secondary dysmenorrhea. Literature quality assessment uses a quality assessment tool from EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project). From the 9 (nine) articles reviewed, it was found that all articles had a relationship between physical activity and primary dysmenorrhea. Physical activity is associated with primary dysmenorrhea in female adolescents.

PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Primary dysmenorrhea is a gynecological problem of women in their reproductive age which adversely affect quality of life. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated risk factors for incidence of primary dysmenorrhea among adolescent females. Further this study attempted to determine the factors associated with degree of primary dysmenorrhea. This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among 1646 adolescent female having age limit 14-19 years. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. We used Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain rating. Socio-demographic, life style and behavior and menstrual characteristics were obtained through interviews with the help of pretested questionnaire. The descriptive data analysis, chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done. The signicance level of the tests were considered at a signicance level of 0.05. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 88.94%. Among dysmenorrhea 22.40% was under severe category. There was no signicant difference of prevalence of dysmenorrhea between Hindu and Muslim. Family history of dysmenorrhea strongly increase the risk of dysmenorrhea and its pain intensity. Among lifestyle characteristics skipping breakfast and frequency of junk food intake signicantly increase the risk of dysmenorrhea and degree of menstrual pain. Among reproductive characteristics irregularity of menstrual cycle, bleeding duration and release of clot blood during menstruation are signicantly associated with primary dysmenorrhea. In conclusion the results of our study suggested that primary dysmenorrhea is a signicant for a large proportion of adolescent females. Positive family history of dysmenorrhea, Junk food intake, Skipping breakfast, irregular menstruation, release of clot blood during menstruation and duration of menstrual bleeding are signicantly associated with risk of primary dysmenorrhea and its pain intensity.

Comparative study between Asokarista and Pradarantak Lauha in the treatment of Asrigdara

Asrigdara is a disease of excessive and prolonged blood loss per vagina during menstrual and inter menstrual period. In modern era, Asrigdara is similar just like a Menorrhagia. In my comparative study I had chosen to evaluate the role of both drugs that was “Asokarista” and “Pradarantak Lauha”which was the best in the treatment of Asrigdara. I had taken sixty (60) patients which were divided into two equal group’s i.e., Group-A and Group- B with clinical features of excessive menstrual bleeding in amount, long duration of menstrual bleeding in day, bodyache, pain in the uterus. Gr-A was treated with Asokarista for 3 menstrual cycles and Gr-B was treated with Pradarantak Lauha for 3 menstrual cycles. This comparative study was conducted to evaluation of efficacy of the drugs in both groups. This study was a prospective, comparative and observative. This study observes good reduction in mean scores of clinical feature and overall compliance to the treatment was good in the both groups and p value of < 0.001 was considered highly significant.

КОНТРАЦЕПЦИЯ ПОСЛЕ АБОРТА: ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

It is important to choose a combined oral contraceptive (COC) after an abortion operation, since the requirements for a contraceptive prescribed during this period have their own specifics. It is necessary to stop as many negative consequences for the woman's body caused by the termination of pregnancy and, in addition, to ensure maximum safety of the prescribed drug. The relevance of this topic is due to the need to choose the safest and most effective contraceptive. A study was conducted of the effect of monophasic low-dose COCs, which is a combination of 0.15 mg levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg eeinylestradiol 0.03 mg in each tablet (PlaniGenslevo) on the state of the body and endothelial function in 22 women of reproductive age using the drug for 3 months after an artificial abortion and belonging to the first category of acceptability of COCs. As a control, the results of a test with reactive hyperemia were evaluated in 22 healthy women aged 19 to 35 years. As a result of the study, there was no increase in body mass index, blood pressure, changes in metabolic parameters in the biochemical analysis of blood, as well as an increase in the duration of menstrual bleeding, the absence of intermenstrual bleeding, as well as breast swelling, headaches, dyspeptic phenomena and other adverse events that may be caused by taking COCs in women using Women's Left within 3 months. The conducted study demonstrated the absence of adverse events on the part of the body of women taking after abortion Plani Women left. In addition, there were no statistically significant changes compared to the control group in the results of the test with reactive hyperemia, reflecting the absence of endothelial dysfunction in women using the contraceptive Plani Women left, which can serve as confirmation of the absence of a negative effect of the drug on the cardiovascular system.

Prevalence and predictors of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Bolosso Bomibe district, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia Community-based cross-sectional study

: Iron-deficiency anemia is defined as anemia, a condition in which there less than the normal hemoglobin (Hb) accompanied by an indication of iron deficiency. Nearly half of all pregnant women worldwide suffer from anemia, and iron deficiency accounts for about half the world’s anemia burden. Most of the studies conducted on iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy were conducted at the institution level and associated factors are not well studied and documented. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in Bolosso Bomibe District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019. Community-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from April to June 2019. Multistage sampling was used to include 270 study participants in 6 kebeles. The structured and pretested questionnaire, middle upper arm circumference (MUAC), Hb, serum ferritin, and C-reactive protein were used as a tool to collect data. The data was compiled and entered to EpiData version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.00 packages for analysis. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression with odds ratio along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI) was computed and interpreted. p value < 0.05 was declared as statistically significant. The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia was 11.3% (95% CI: 8.9–15.7). Factors associated with iron-deficiency anemia were ANC follow-up for the recent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3, 95% CI: 1.15−8.9, and years b/n successive pregnancy (AOR = 4,95% CI: 1.2–12.4). Prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia was low, which is a mild public health concern among pregnant women in Bolosso Bombe District. The factors associated with iron-deficiency anemia in this study population were MUAC, ANC follow-up, birth spacing among successive pregnancy, and duration of menstrual bleeding. Thus, there should be the integration of concerned stakeholders for implementation of different interventions to solve these problems.

Comparison of the effectiveness of connective tissue massage and myofascial release technique in young adult women with primary dysmenorrhea

Background/Aim: Dysmenorrhea can restrict daily living activities and the overall productivity of women, thereby negatively affecting quality of life and causing absenteeism in students and loss of workdays in working women. Medical treatment is frequently used in clinics, but alternative approaches are needed when currently available treatment options are not effective. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the acute effects of two manipulative methods, connective tissue massage (CTM) and myofascial release technique (MRT), on menstrual pain, fatigue, pain threshold, and menstrual symptoms in young adult women with primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Methods: Forty young adults diagnosed with PD and scoring ≥4 in menstrual pain intensity according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were included in the study. Menstrual pain and fatigue severity was evaluated by using VAS, pain threshold by algometer device from six unique points, and menstrual symptom severity using the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire. Participants were randomly divided into two groups and evaluated in their first menstrual cycles. In Group 1, 10 sessions of CTM were applied between the first and second menstrual cycles, and in Group 2, a single session of MRT was applied on the most painful day of the second menstrual cycle. After the application, all participants were re-evaluated on the most painful day of their second menstrual cycles. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of age, BMI, menarche age, menstrual cycle, and menstrual bleeding duration. In both groups, a significant decrease was found in pain, fatigue, and menstrual symptom severity, and a significant increase was found in pain threshold (P=0.001). MRT was found to be more effective at improving the pain threshold at all points except the first point (1st point P=0.098, 2nd point P=0.034, 3rd point P=0.037, 4th point P=0.041, 5th point P=0.009, 6th point P=0.001). Conclusion: It was found that CTM and MRT were effective at improving pain, fatigue, pain threshold, and menstrual symptoms in PD, and MRT was found to be more effective at increasing pain thresholds compared to CTM.

Weight gain during the menopause transition: Evidence for a mechanism dependent on protein leverage.

Weight gain during the menopause transition: Evidence for a mechanism dependent on protein leverage.

Prevalence of Primary Dysmenorrhea and it’s Influence on the Daily Activities of Undergraduate Female Students in Colombo District, Sri Lanka

Primary dysmenorrhea, refers to a prevalent menstrual disorder in women of the reproductive age which may interfere with the normal functioning of day-to-day activities. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in undergraduates and the associated influence on their usual activities. Ethical approval was obtained for the research from the Ethics Review Committee, CINEC campus. Following validation of the questionnaire, it was circulated on-line to 364 undergraduate female students, aged 18-25 years, across 5 selected non-state universities in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. According to the obtained results, the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 90% (n = 309). Around 42% of the participants reported mild pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea, whereas, 53% reported moderate pain. Furthermore, a small fraction of the participants reported severe pain which affected them to complete their day-to-day activities. Recurrent symptoms associated with primary dysmenorrhea were identified as lower abdominal pain 95%, thigh pain 57%, and back pain 46% from all participants. The Chi-square test showed a significant association between primary dysmenorrhea and family history (p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, frequency of occurrence of pain was significantly associated with duration of menstrual bleeding (no. of days &gt; 5) (p &lt; 0.001). Most of the respondents experience difficulty in sleeping 73% and difficulty in moving 48%. Associated methods of pain relief were consumption of analgesics 74% and bed rest 64%. Despite the significant prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and corresponding inconveniences, only 19% had visited a specialist for medical advice. It could be concluded that primary dysmenorrhea is a significant issue which impacts day-to-day activities.

Associations between polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in adipose tissues and female menstrual cycle and menstrual bleeding duration in Shantou, China

The endocrine-disrupting effects of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been studied, but their associations with menstrual status were not clearly clarified. This study was to evaluate the associations between PBDE levels in adipose tissues and the menstrual cycle and menstrual bleeding duration alteration. A total of 298 female cases undergoing surgery were recruited from two hospitals in Shantou, China. Demographic, clinical, and pathological information were collected, and adipose tissues were obtained during mammary or abdominal surgery. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to analyze 14 PBDE congeners in the adipose samples. The associations between PBDE levels and menstrual cycle (MC) and menstrual duration (MD) were analyzed by logistic regression models, estimating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). BDE-153 had the highest level in the adipose samples, followed by BDE-209, BDE-183 and BDE-47. Compared with referents, median levels of BDE-47, -71, −153, −183 were higher in women with MC > 30 days (all P < 0.05); BDE-47, -153, −183, −209 were also higher in women with MD > 5.5 days (all P < 0.05). After adjusted for age and parity, BDE-47, -71, −153, −183 were associated with prolonged MC (OR = 1.20, 1.15, 1.12, 1.11, respectively, all P < 0.05) in the logistic regression models; and BDE-47, -153, −183, −209 were associated with the prolonged MD (OR = 1.13, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, respectively, all P < 0.05). Several individual PBDE congeners in female adipose were found associated with prolonged menstrual cycle and menstrual duration. PBDEs may influence reproductive health of women by altering menstrual status.

Premenstrual and menstrual changes reported after COVID-19 vaccination: The EVA project.

Background:Menstrual disorders were not reported as a possible secondary effect in any of the clinical trials for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Aim:To describe the prevalence of perceived premenstrual and menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccine administration.Design:Cross-sectional study.Methods:A total of 14,153 women (mean age 31.5 ± 9.3 years old) who had received the full course of vaccination at least three months earlier were included in this cross-sectional study. Data including the type of vaccine administered, perceived changes in the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding, presence of clots, cycle length, and premenstrual symptoms were collected through a retrospective online survey from June to September 2021.Results:Of the women who participated in this study, 3136 reported no menstrual changes and 11,017 (78% of the study sample) reported experiencing menstrual cycle changes after vaccination. In summary, women who reported menstrual changes after vaccination were older (overall p < 0.001) and slightly more smokers (p = 0.05) than women who did not report any changes. The most prevalent changes in relation to premenstrual symptoms were increased fatigue (43%), abdominal bloating (37%), irritability (29%), sadness (28%), and headaches (28%). The most predominant menstrual changes were more menstrual bleeding (43%), more menstrual pain (41%), delayed menstruation (38%), fewer days of menstrual bleeding (34.5%), and shorter cycle length (32%).Conclusion:Women vaccinated against COVID-19 usually perceive mild menstrual and premenstrual changes. Future studies are warranted to clarify the physiological mechanisms behind these widely reported changes.

Association of COVID19-affected Mental Health with Menstrual Abnormalities among University Students: A cross sectional study from Pakistan

Introduction: Mental health is crucial for wellbeing. COVID-19 pandemic has caused mental health problems. In this study it was hypothesized that COVID19 related mental health disturbances may have impacted the menstrual health. Objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 affected mental health on the menstrual health of university students. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at University of Sindh, Jamshoro between July to August 2021 during fourth wave. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect the data. Healthy unmarried female students were included in the study. Mental health parameters were assessed using DAS Scale. Results: For a total 400 study participants the mean age was 20.82±1.69. The prevalence of mild to severe depression, mild to severe anxiety, and mild to moderate stress was 46.3%, 62% and 29.3% respectively. In moderately depressed females there was an increased prevalence of oligomenorrhea [ꭓ2=34.5 p&lt;0.0001], heavy menstrual blood flow [ꭓ2=21.8 p&lt;0.001], increased duration of menstrual bleeding [ꭓ2=21.56 p&lt;0.001], and heavy menstrual dysmenorrhea [ꭓ2=18.78 p&lt;0.002]. In moderately anxious females there was an increased prevalence of oligomenorrhea [ꭓ2=15.5 p&lt;0.07], heavy menstrual blood flow [ꭓ2=12.4 p&lt;0.03], and increased duration of menstrual bleeding [ꭓ2=21.56 p&lt;0.001]. In moderately stressed females there was increased prevalence of polymenorrhagia [ꭓ2=22.3 p&lt;0.001], increased duration of menstrual bleeding [ꭓ2=24.23 p&lt;0.0001], heavy menstrual dysmenorrhea [ꭓ2=21.28 p&lt;0.01] and secondary amenorrhea [ꭓ2=4.28 p&lt;0.01]. Conclusion: COVID19-affected Mental Health affected menstrual health. Healthcare system of Pakistan should address this issue while planning to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on human health.

Relationship between menstrual abnormalities, anemia and hematological parameters among university students

Objective: To determine the relationship between anemia, menstrual abnormalities and hematological parameters among students, who are studying at Sindh University and are the permanent residents of Hyderabad city. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at physiology department, university of Sindh Jamshoro. Study duration was one year from August 2018 to July 2019. All participants were the permanent resident of Hyderabad, aged from 18 to 25 years, and willing to contribute in the study. The questionnaire was designed to elicit comprehensive responses from participants regarding hematological parameters and menstrual abnormalities. Menstrual abnormalities such as poly-menorrhea, menorrhagia, oligo-menorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and amenorrhea were determined using the menstrual history. Participants with a hemoglobin level of &lt;12 gm/dl were deemed anemic. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 300 individuals were randomly selected for this study, and 283 of them agreed to have their blood drawn. The participants' average age was 20.99±1.87 years. Most of the participants had irregular cycle 44.52%, followed by oligomenorrhea 13.43%, Polymenorrhea 11.66% and remaining were normal. Hypomenorrhea was seen in 8.48% of the respondents while hypermenorrhea was seen in 7.42% of the respondents. 14.49% of females reported the duration of menstrual bleeding for fewer than three days, and 34.63% reported normal duration of menstrual bleeding. Longer menstrual bleeding days (&gt;7 days) was 26.85% Anemia in the participants was 45.94%, out of this mild, moderate and severe anemia was 32.51%, 7.42% and 6.01% respectively. RBCs, HCT and WBCs were statistically significant in terms of menstrual abnormalities (P&lt;0.05), whereas other hematological parameters remained statistically insignificant in terms of menstrual abnormalities (p-&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of menstrual abnormalities and anemia were observed to be frequently high among female students of Sindh University’s permanent residents of Hyderabad. Key words: Menstrual patterns, menstrual abnormalities, Anemia, University students

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF UTERINE FIBROID PATIENTS AT TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL

Background: Fibroids are the most common benign tumours of the uterus. They can be asymptomatic or might present with different symptoms varied from heavy menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, abdominal distension, or pressure-related bladder symptoms etc. Present study was done with the aim to assess the clinical features of uterine broids.Material &amp;methods:It was a retrospective Hospital based study conducted over a period of six months in which 131 women who attended Gynecology OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Rajasthan from January to June 2019 with complaints of menstrual disorders with anemia or abdomino-pelvic mass with pain and feeling heaviness in the abdomen were included.Results: Out of 131 women, 37 (28.2%) women presented to Gynecology OPD with abdomino-pelvic mass without any menstrual abnormality while 94 (71.8%) women were symptomatic. 53.4% women presented with Heavy menstrual bleeding while Dysmenorrhea (n=65; 49.6%), Fullness/heaviness in abdomen (n=61; 46.6%), Irregular period (n=57; 43.5%), Prolonged duration of menstrual bleeding (n=42; 32.0%), Constipation/bloating/diarrhoea (n=41; 31.3%) and non-menstrual pelvic pain/cramping (n=39; 29.8%) were other symptoms seen in women with broids. Conclusion : Uterine broids cause abnormal uterine bleeding and other symptoms which have negative impact on women's quality of life, affecting their sexual, social and professional life. Early diagnosis and treatment reduces morbidity and improves quality of life.

Prevalence, phenomenology and personality characteristics of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among female students at Zagazig University, Egypt.

BackgroundPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a female psychiatric disorder affecting the behaviour, cognitive abilities, mental health status and academic performance of female students. It includes: mood symptoms, behaviour symptoms and physical symptoms.AimTo assess phenomenology, measure the prevalence of PMDD among university students and assess the relationship between PMDD and socio-demographic and personality characteristics.SettingThis study was conducted at Zagazig University, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to December 2020. It included 755 university students. They filled several questionnaires covering Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (DSM-5) criteria to diagnose PMDD, socio-demographic, menstrual factors, physical activity and personality traits.ResultsPremenstrual dysphoric disorder was found in 159 out of 755 students (21.1%). Overall, the most frequently reported premenstrual symptoms were overeating/food cravings (84.2%), fatigue/lack of energy (83.6%), depressed mood/hopelessness (82.0%) and hypersomnia (78.9%). Binary logistic regression model revealed that significantly related PMDD risk factors include: being a medical student, having a duration of menstrual bleeding ≥ 7 days, the average length of one cycle ˂ 28 days, high menstrual blood loss, presence of dysmenorrhea and positive family history of premenstrual syndrome (sister/mother). Regarding personality traits, low extroversion and agreeableness, and high neuroticism were also significant PMDD risk factors.ConclusionPrevalence of PMDD was high among university students, especially medical students, and it can have a detrimental effect on both academic life and educational accomplishments, quality of life and daily living activities.

Do women with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy have a lower incidence of symptoms associated with menstrual dysfunction?

BackgroundSymptoms associated with menstruation and endometriosis are common amongst women of reproductive ages and the pathogenesis of these illnesses is postulated to be associated with aberrations in endometrial regeneration, immune response and in endometrial stem cell function. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to enhance events seen in biological aging of tissues, with HIV/AIDS patients enduring the premature appearance of illnesses associated with stem-cell aging. Considering the intricate relationship between dysregulation of stem cell function, in both HAART therapy and in menstrual disorders/endometriosis, we sought to examine the prevalence of menstrual related symptoms (MRS) associated with endometriosis in women on HIV/AIDS therapy. MethodsA menstrual related symptoms (MRS) questionnaire adapted from the British Society of Gynaecological Endoscopists (BSGE) pelvic pain questionnaire, which has been used in both clinical and research setting, was completed by 100 women living with HIV (WLWH) attending a specialist HIV clinic and by 100 women without a diagnosis of HIV attending the Sexual Health clinic (WWH). HIV related demographic details, including results from recent blood tests, were also recorded prospectively from the WLWH. ResultsWLWH were slightly older (37.7 vs. 34.8 years, P = 0.01); with higher BMI (28.9 vs. 24.8, P < 0.001); and were likely to be parous (85% vs. 54% P < 0.001) and non-Caucasian (79% vs 18%) compared with WWH. Most women in both groups had regular periods (77.9% vs. 74.7%), and WLWH were more likely to have a shorter duration of bleeding compared with WWH (81.4% vs 69.3% P = 0.05). However, WLWH were more likely to suffer with pre-menstrual tension compared with WWH (60.8% vs 50.6% P = 0.01). ConclusionOur data suggests that WLWH, despite being older and of higher BMI, have a shorter duration of menstrual bleeding, and we hypothesise that this may possibly be due to the (beneficial) side effects of some HAART components. Further research is needed to explore the effect of HAART on MRS to determine if these therapies could be used in the future as a fertility retaining treatment for MRSs/endometriosis.