Duration Of Dry Matter Accumulation Research Articles

Ridge cropping and furrow irrigation pattern improved spring maize (Zea mays L.) yield and water productivity in Hetao irrigation area of north-western China.

Improving irrigation water productivity is vital for sustaining high maize yield in Hetao irrigated area of northwest China. Whether ridge cropping and furrow irrigation systems (planting both on ridges and in furrows) fulfill water-saving and maize yield-increasing is unclear. A 2-year trial was conducted to reveal the influence of irrigation with three levels (270, 225, 180 mm, represented as I270 , I225 , I180 , respectively) under two planting systems [traditional flat planting system (TFI) and ridge cropping and furrow irrigation system (RFI)] on maize growth, grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IUE). RFI system increased soil water storage in 0-100 cm layer (P < 0.05), but did not cause excess water consumption, compared to TFI system. Logistic equation simulation showed that RFI system advanced the time of maximum dry matter growth rate (Tmax , 2.6-4.9 days) and prolonged the duration of dry matter accumulation (Td , 3.2-4.7 days), ultimately obtained a 4.2-9.5% improvement of dry matter. Compared with TFI system, RFI system increased WUE by 8.0-21.2%, IUE by 8.3-20.5% and grain yield increased by 9.4-21.4%. RFI225 satisfied water-saving by 16.6% and yield-increasing by 3.6-14.7%. Ridge cropping and furrow irrigation systems brought an improvement of soil water storage and dry matter accumulation and kernel per spike, and ultimately obtained an increase of grain yield and water productivity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Appropriate ridge-furrow ratio can enhance crop production and resource use efficiency by improving soil moisture and thermal condition in a semi-arid region

The plastic-mulched ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting (PRFRH) system improves precipitation utilization and yield in semi-arid regions. For densely planted crops such as winter wheat, however, the ridges reduce planting area. Thus, optimal ridge and furrow configurations for winter wheat cultivation remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of various ridge-furrow ratios on soil hydrothermal properties, winter wheat growth, yield, resource use efficiency, and profitability under different precipitation years (dry, normal, or wet years) in 2014–2017. A control (CK, conventional flat planting without mulching) and three different ridge-furrow ratios [40:60 (R40), 60:60 (R60), and 80:60 (R80)] were tested. Firstly, PRFRH increased soil water storage and temperature. The soil moisture content assumed a “bell-shaped” distribution which was centered on the planting furrow in the 0−80 cm range. The soil water storage increased with mulched-ridge width, but it will not significantly increase while the mulched-ridge width was too wide. The soil temperature of ridge also increased with mulched-ridge width, whereas the soil temperature decreased in furrow. Moreover, precipitation years had no obvious effect on soil water storage or temperature. Secondly, the dry matter accumulation was captured quite well by the Logistic (R2 > 0.99). PPRFRH promoted the accumulation of dry matter and increased the winter wheat yield (17.7%), especially in dry year, which mitigated the impact of drought and maintained the yield. Similarly, dry matter accumulation and yield also increased with mulched-ridge width. In contrast, when the ridge was too wide, the effective duration of dry matter accumulation and the yield were reduced. Finally, PRFRH improved the utilization efficiency of water, precipitation and thermal. Nevertheless, the mulched-ridge width required for optimal water-related resource utilization was higher than that needed for optimal thermal utilization. Overall, our results suggest that a 60:60 cm ridge and furrow system can improve dry matter accumulation, crop yield, profitability, and hydrothermal use efficiency in winter wheat grown in the semi-arid regions.

Characterization of vegetative and grain filling periods of winter wheat by stepwise regression procedure. II. Grain filling period

In wheat, rate and duration of dry matter accumulation and remobilization depend on genotype and growing conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate polynomial regression of stepwise regression procedure for describing grain filling period in three winter wheat cultivars. The stepwise regression procedure showed that grain filling is a complex biological process and that it is difficult to offer a simple and appropriate polynomial equation that fits the pattern of changes in dry matter accumulation during the grain filling period, i.e., from anthesis to maximum grain weight, in winter wheat. If grain filling is to be represented with a high power polynomial, quartic and quintic equations showed to be most appropriate. In spite of certain disadvantages, a cubic equation of stepwise regression could be used for describing the pattern of winter wheat grain filling.

Protein accumulation and composition in wheat grains: Effects of mineral nutrients and high temperature

Effects of mineral nutrition and temperature on accumulation and composition of protein in wheat grains and on baking quality were studied under controlled environments. Under a moderate temperature regimen of 24 °C days and 17 °C nights (24/17 °C), post-anthesis N:P:K 20:20:20 (NPK) supplied by continuous drip irrigation increased the rate of protein accumulation, doubled flour protein percentage and slightly increased final single kernel weight. In contrast, post-anthesis NPK had almost no effect on rate or duration of protein accumulation or flour protein percentage under a high temperature regimen of 37 °C days and 28 °C nights (37/28 °C). The 37/28 °C regimen shortened and compressed the stages of grain fill, reduced the duration of dry matter accumulation, and reduced single kernel weight by 50%. Rate and duration of protein accumulation in thermal time and total protein per grain at 37/28 °C with or without NPK were similar to that at 24/17 °C in the absence of post-anthesis NPK. Protein percentage was higher for flour from grain produced at 37/28 °C with or without NPK than at 24/17 °C in the presence of post-anthesis NPK. Transcript and protein profiling studies confirmed that the 37/28 °C regimen compressed development without disrupting coordinate synthesis of gliadins and glutenin subunits, although some specific effects of NPK and temperature on relative amounts of individual gliadins and glutenins were observed. Transcript levels for ω-gliadins, α-gliadins and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) declined at 24/17 °C in the absence of post-anthesis NPK, whereas transcript levels for low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) and γ-gliadins showed little change. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) demonstrated that relative spot volumes for several ω-gliadins, α-gliadins and HMW-GS were lower at 24/17 °C in the absence than in the presence of post-anthesis NPK, whereas the relative spot volume for a major LMW-GS was lower in the presence of NPK. Effects of temperature on relative spot volume were generally smaller than effects of NPK. Compared to the 24/17 °C regimen in the absence of post-anthesis NPK, relative spot volume for some α-gliadins and HMW-GS were higher at 37/28 °C, with or without NPK, and relative spot volume for a major LMW-GS decreased at 37/28 °C. Loaf volume was correlated with flour protein percentage regardless of temperature regimen but mixing tolerance was highest for flour from grain produced under the 24/17 °C regimens with NPK.

Simulating growth, development, and yield of tillering pearl millet. III. Biomass accumulation and partitioning

Pearl millet landraces from Rajasthan, India, yield significantly less than improved cultivars under optimum growing conditions, but not under stressed conditions. To successfully develop a simulation model for pearl millet, capable of capturing such genotype×environment (G×E) interactions for grain yield, we need to understand the causes of the observed yield interaction. The aim of this paper is to quantify the key parameters that determine the accumulation and partitioning of biomass: the light extinction coefficient, radiation use efficiency (RUE), pattern of dry matter allocation to the leaf blades, the determination of grain number, and the rate and duration of dry matter accumulation into individual grains. We used data on improved cultivars and landraces, obtained from both published and unpublished sources collected at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. Where possible, the effects of cultivar and axis (main shoot vs. tillers) on these parameters were analysed, as previous research suggested that G×E interactions for grain yield are associated with differences in tillering habit. Our results indicated there were no cultivar differences in extinction coefficient, RUE, and biomass partitioning before anthesis, and differences between axes in biomass partitioning were negligible. This indicates there was no basis for cultivar differences in the potential grain yield. Landraces, however, produced consistently less grain yield for a given rate of dry matter accumulation at anthesis than did improved cultivars. This was caused by a combination of low grain number and small grain size. The latter was predominantly due to a lower grain growth rate, as genotypic differences in the duration of grain filling were relatively small. Main shoot and tillers also had a similar duration of grain filling. The low grain yield of the landraces was associated with profuse nodal tillering, supporting the hypothesis that grain yield was below the potential yield that could be supported by assimilate availability. We hypothesise this is a survival strategy, which enhances the prospects to escape the effects of stress around anthesis.

Relationship between Water Content and Growth of Seed and Fibre of Three Cotton Genotypes

Three cotton genotypes (varying in their final seed size), viz. H‐6 and H‐4 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and V‐797 (Gossypium herbaceum L.) were studied for their growth kinetics of seed and fibre. Both biphasic linear and polynomial models were used to demark different phases of cotton seed growth. The polynomial model appeared to be appropriate to define the growth phases of cotton seed as compared to the linear model. The rate and the duration of dry matter accumulation were obtained by differentiating the best‐fit polynomial equations. Based on the data of dry weight and water content, cotton seed development is divided into four different phases, viz. (a) cell division, (b) cell elongation, (c) dry matter accumulation and (d) maturation. The rate of dry matter accumulation showed a close correlation with water content of seed as well as of the fibre, in all three genotypes studied. It is proposed that water content of seed or fibre plays an important role in determining dry weight of three genotypes.

The Pattern of Dry Matter Distribution During Podding and its Effect on Pod Yield in Medium Maturing Peanut Cultivars1

Abstract Data collected under field conditions from 12 medium maturing peanut cultivars were used to determine the average weekly changes in the dry weight of the roots, shoots, and pods. Root growth rate appeared to have diminished with the formation of pods. However, dry matter increased significantly in both the shoot and pods until the seeds began to mature. The incremental rate of the pod dry weight was linear with time during pod filling, but declined from 88 d after planting (DAP) when most pods were physiologically inactive due to maturation. Final pod yield was positively correlated to the rate of dry matter accumulation, duration of dry matter accumulation, and number of leaves, pegs, and pods/m2. Results suggest that significant improvements for higher pod yield can be achieved in medium maturing peanuts through selection for cultivars with high pegging and podding potentials.

TAXA E DURAÇÃO DE ACÚMULO DE MATÉRIA SECA E ÓLEO NOS GRÃOS EM DUAS CULTIVARES DE GIRASSOL

O objetivo deste experimento foi determinar a taxa e a duração do período de enchimento de grãos e acúmulo de óleo de duas cultivares de girassol (Contisol 711 e DK 180), sob duas densidades de plantas (50 e 70 mil pl/ha). Este trabalho foi realizado na Estação Experimental Agronômica/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul em Eldorado do Sul, RS, no ano agrícola de 1989/90. Para a realização das determinações foram coletadas, a partir da antese, oito plantas por subparcela, a cada sete dias. A densidade de plantas afetou o rendimento de grãos, de maneira variável conforme a cultivar, mas não influenciou a taxa e a duração de acúmulo de matéria seca nos grãos. A cultivar Contisol 711 apresentou período de enchimento de grãos 7 dias mais curto que a DK 180. De outra parte, a DK 180 apresentou maior taxa de enchimento de grãos. No presente trabalho não foi possível detectar se a taxa ou a duração do enchimento de grãos esteve mais associada com o rendimento de grãos e o teor de óleo nos grãos.

Control of Seed Respiration and Growth in Vicia faba by Oxygen and Temperature: No Evidence for an Oxygen Diffusion Barrier

The rate of dry matter accumulation by seeds of Vicia faba L. cv. Minica increases with temperature in the range of 16 to 26 degrees C. The duration of dry matter accumulation decreases with temperature, resulting in a decrease of final seed dry weight. In this study we test the hypothesis that a diffusion barrier for O(2), located in the seed coat, inhibits seed respiration and growth. The rate of O(2) uptake of intact seeds and of excised embryos and seed coats (separated seeds) was measured in air and buffer at 16, 20, and/or 26 degrees C at various O(2) concentrations and developmental stages. Oxygen uptake rates of intact seeds in buffer were only 9 to 15% of those in air. In buffer, the respiration rate of intact seeds decreased at a pO(2) below air saturation (21 kilopascals), whereas separated seeds showed a decline of O(2) uptake only below 80% of air saturation. In air, embryo excision had no effect on the sensitivity of seed respiration to pO(2), at both 20 and 26 degrees C. In air at 20 degrees C, separated and intact seeds showed similar rates of O(2) uptake. Oxygen uptake by intact seeds, both halfway and beyond the linear growth phase, showed a temperature coefficient Q(10) of 2.3 and was insensitive to pO(2) in the range of 80 to 100% of ambient. These results indicate that V. faba seed respiration in air is not limited by the diffusion of O(2) into the seed.

Effects of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth in Wheat

The effects of two levels of temperature and of water supply on grain development of wheat (cv. Warigal) were studied by imposing treatments during the early or late period of cell division. High temperature (28°C day/20°C night) accelerated development of the grain. Dry matter accumulation and cell division proceeded at a higher rate but had a shorter duration in the high temperature treatments. Maximum cell number, final cell size and the number of large starch granules per cell were not significantly reduced by high temperature. Drought and drought × high temperature reduced the storage capacity of the grain, with a decrease in number of cells and starch granules in the endosperm. Cell size was also reduced when treatments were imposed late during cell division. Duration of dry matter accumulation and cell division was reduced in the drought and drought × high temperature treatments. The combined effects of drought and high temperature were much more severe than those of each separate treatment. The amount of sucrose per cell was similar in all treatments. It appears unlikely that the supply of sucrose to the endosperm cells is the main limiting factor of dry matter accumulation in both drought and high temperature treatments.

RATE AND DURATION OF DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION IN RELATION TO KERNEL SHRIVELLING IN TRITICALE

Several lines of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), varying in their degree of shrivelling, were grown in the field. The ratio of the final seed volume to the maximum volume attained during development was used as a measure of shrivelling. Shrivelling was correlated with total dry matter in the seed, but not with its maximum size. When rates of dry matter accumulation were normalized with respect to maximum seed volume, two families of curves were found. The shrivelled lines exhibited a lower rate and shorter duration of dry matter accumulation than the plump ones.

Calculation of the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Corn (Zea mays L.)1

Grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.) is a function of the rate and duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain. We developed a technique for calculating these two components, based upon a regression analysis of yield over time. At least 90% of the grain accumulated linearly beginning 2½ weeks after silking. The duration of the actual grain‐filling period can be calculated from the final yield plus two or three sampling dates between 3 and 6 weeks after silking.