Durable Research Articles

Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Sequential Samples before and after BCMA-Directed CAR-T Reveal Features Associated with Non-Durable Response, Exhausted T-Cells and Decreased Expression of Genes Encoding Key Surface Targets in Particular in Patients with Extramedullary Disease

Introduction Single cell sequencing confers a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay between the malignant plasma cells (PCs) and the host tumor microenvironment (TME) within the bone marrow niche. Pre-treatment factors associated with the achievement of durable responses from anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) directed CART cell therapy remain poorly understood. Herein, we performed a longitudinal single cell analysis to identify factors associated with response, or therapeutic failure, to FDA approved BCMA-directed CART cell therapy. Methods We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to comprehensively characterize both the cellular and molecular properties of malignant plasma cells and TME. Separated CD138+ and CD138- components were universally encapsulated within hours of pre-CART baseline (BL) and day 90 post treatment with commercial CAR-T using 10x Genomics. Libraries were sequenced separately on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 instrument. Cell Ranger pipelines with default parameters were used to trim reads, align, count unique molecular identifiers, and call cells. Downstream processing was carried out using Seurat. Batch effects were corrected using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) integration. After quality control for feature counts and mitochondrial gene expression, there were a total of 110,923 single cells, including 48,150 plasma cells (PC) and 62,773 TME cells. In addition, we integrated these data with an internal repository of bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) (N=844 CD138+ MM cells) to evaluate co-regulation of genes (Renatino-Canevarolo et al, ASH 2022). Patients were split into two broad groups, durable (DR) vs non-durable response (NDR) based on PFS cutoff of 9 months. Given its negative impact on outcomes, we also examined differences between those with or without extra-medullary disease (EMD). Results Median PFS for the total cohort of N=13 at the time of data cutoff was 332 days (range 279-569) for DR and 28 days (12-197) for NDR. Malignant cells were identified based on inferred copy number alterations and comparison to benign plasma cell controls from sequenced healthy donors. Single-cell expression profiles of plasma cells are primarily clustered by patient, whereas expression of non-plasma cells largely clustered by cell types. In DR, expression of BL malignant PCs revealed enriched expression of genes encoding several known surface markers, including FCRL5, CD38, TACI and BCMA, and genes associated with a more plasma-cell-like phenotype, such as XBP1, whereas EEF2 and CD48/SLAMF2 were increased in BL PCs from NDR.Pathway analysis of DR vs NDR revealed upregulated activity genes involved in the interleukin-6 pathway, interferon γ and oxidative phosphorylation (padj <0.1). In contrast, MYC pathways and unfolded protein response genes (padj < 0.1) were significantly upregulated in NDR ( Figure 1). Analysis of the BL TME illustrated fewer CD4 naïve, CD4 effector memory (EM), T effector memory RA-positive (TEMRA) cells and higher CD8 central memory (CM) cells in NDR vs DR patients. Exhaustion signatures were higher among BL CD4 and CD8 cells pre-CART in NDR relative to DR, and in D90 samples this was also more pronounced among CD4 cells in NDR vs DR samples. Comparing D90 to BL, DR patients had fewer Tregs, increased numbers of trafficking monocytes and more proliferating CD8 T-cells. Finally, looking at patients with EMD, differences in surface target gene expression were noted with decreased expression of BCMA, TACI, FCRL5, and CD38 observed, although CD44 and Ly9 expression appeared equivalent or enriched in those with known EMD (Figure 2). Interrogation of bulk RNAseq revealed that several of these genes, including BCMA, PRDM1/Blimp-1, XBP1, CD138 are co-regulated in a common geneset. This geneset was significantly downregulated in patients with NDR vs DR. Conclusion These data highlight the pre-treatment features of both tumor and T-cell that can pre-dispose real-world patients with RRMM to early relapse after anti-BCMA CAR-T, notably pre-existing T-cell exhaustion, and the presence of highly proliferative plasma cells with underlying resistance mechanisms, including downregulation of several known immunotherapy targets, especially in those with co-existing EMD. Ciara L Freeman, Xiaohong Zhao & Mark B Meads contributed equally

Refining CAR-T Cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) generated from autologous T-cells of patients with B-cell malignancies can induce durable remission, but this

A Geography of Marine Plastics

Marine plastics have gained infamy as one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. Their lightweight and durable properties, and low cost of production have made them an attractive material for packaging and shipping. This production-side preference for cheap plastic products and packaging, coupled with consumption preferences for pre-packaged, single-use goods that ultimately overwhelm increasingly costly waste management efforts, has resulted in a persistent, ubiquitous presence of plastic materials globally. Grounded in an extensive review of the literature, this paper reviews the geography of marine plastics research, and the pervasive and persistent effects of plastic on the marine system to aid the discussions of comprehensive mitigation measures. The discussion points raised in this paper highlight the need for a global systems perspective that considers geography, environmental impacts, and sources in order to develop effective mitigation responses to marine litter.

Durable Ethnicity

Durable Ethnicity

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETENCIES OF PRINCIPALS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HARDINESS LEVELS OF TEACHERS ACCORDING TO THE PERCEPTIONS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Bu araştırmada Samsun il merkezindeki Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı resmi ortaokullarda görev yapan öğretmenlere göre okul müdürlerinin yönetici yeterlikleri ile öğretmenlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki belirlenmiştir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelindedir. Araştırmanın hedef evrenini Samsun il merkezinde yer alan Atakum, Canik ve İlkadım ilçelerinde 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında görev yapan 2168 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini bu ilçelerdeki 401 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Okul Müdürlerinin Yeterlikleri Ölçeği” ve “Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Okul müdürlerinin yönetici yeterlikleri ile öğretmenlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi bulmak için Pearson korelasyon analizi; cinsiyet, medeni durum, yöneticilik yapma, yaş değişkenleri için t-testi; kıdem ve alan değişkenlerinde ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına bakıldığında, okul müdürleri yönetici olarak yeterli ve öğretmenler psikolojik olarak dayanıklıdır. Yönetici yeterliklerinde öğretmenler en az kavramsal yeterlik, en fazla teknik yeterlik alt boyutlarına katılmışlardır. Psikolojik dayanıklılıkta öğretmenler en az kontrol, en fazla meydan okuma alt boyutlarına katılmışlardır. Cinsiyet, kıdem, alan, medeni durum ve yöneticilik yapıp yapmama değişkenlerinde, yönetici yeterlikleri ve psikolojik dayanıklılığa ilişkin öğretmenlerin algıları anlamlı farklılık göstermemektedir. 41 yaş ve üstü öğretmenler, 40 yaş ve altı öğretmenlere göre psikolojik olarak daha kontrollü ve daha dayanıklıdır. Okul müdürlerinin yönetici yeterlikleri ile öğretmenlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı, pozitif ve düşük düzeyde bir ilişki vardır. En yüksek ilişki kendini adama ile yönetici yeterlikleri toplam ve alt boyutları arasında çıkmıştır. En yüksek ilişki kendini adama ile insancıl yeterlikler arasında çıkmıştır. En düşük ilişki meydan okuma, kontrol ile yönetici yeterlikleri toplam ve alt boyutları arasında çıkmıştır.

Durable Efficacy of Certolizumab Pegol Dosed at 400 mg Every Two Weeks Over 128 Weeks in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis Enrolled in Three Phase 3 Trials (CIMPASI-1, CIMPASI-2, and CIMPACT)

Abstract not available.

Flood Management in Saint-louis City of Senegal by Stabilizing the Breach

In October 2003, the city of Saint-Louis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was to be swallowed by the rising waters of the Senegal River. That is why, the public authorities and the communal authorities wanting to find an immediate solution to save the city and human lives, took the decision to create a channel of load shedding on the Barbary language called breach. This urgent political decision seems to have profoundly modified the hydrological behavior of the Senegal River in Saint-Louis. The breach opened in Saint-Louis to counter the flood phenomenon, has since the night of October 3 to 4, 2003, the date of its opening, caused many environmental problems resulting from profound changes in the biophysical characteristics of the area (floods, loss of biodiversity). However, many specialists are still thinking about the issue but still do not find sustainable solutions to restore the balance. The aim of this study is to propose technics for stabilizing the area with two specific objectives such as understanding its evolution and evaluating the threats to the neighbouring villages. This study on the evolution of the breach from 2003 to 2013 is based is conducted by analysis of samples taken from the Langue de Barbarie and the breach to determine their type. The main results show that the soil is sandy, which has made it possible to propose structural and non-structural stabilization methods. The compilation of the different results shows two types of stabilization (structural methods and non-structural methods). The two methods constitute for each of them, a durable alternative solution for the stabilization of the breach in order to limit the environmental damages. Meanwhile, it would be important to monitor the structure by annual analyzes of the structure.

El enfoque de género en el acuerdo de paz colombiano y su aporte a la construcción de una cultura de paz

El Acuerdo Final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera firmado en noviembre de 2016, entre el Estado colombiano y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Colombianas —Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), representa para la sociedad colombiana la posibilidad de construir un país incluyente, democrático y, sobre todo, en donde las acciones violentas producto de la guerra, no sean más las protagonistas. Uno de los elementos que se destacan del Acuerdo Paz (AP), es la transversalización de la perspectiva de género en los seis puntos pactados, hecho que se configura como un aporte al trabajo para la erradicación de las violencias simbólicas, culturales y estructurales que sufren las mujeres por su condición. Este hecho es uno de los desafíos de la implementación del acuerdo, ya que supone superar elementos de la violencia directa producto del conflicto, como también propone la superación o al menos trabajar en la reducción de las violencias culturales y estructurales.

Types d’innovation et intensité de l’engagement de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) : Aspects analytiques et empiriques

En considérant ensemble le type de RSE qu’une entreprise construit et le type d’innovation qu’elle met en œuvre, cet article propose un regard nouveau sur la relation entre la RSE et l’Innovation. Trois types de RSE (stratégique, défensive, éthique) sont décrits. En ce qui concerne le comportement en matière d’innovation en plus de l’innovation technologique dans les produits et les procédés, nous retenons des aspects de l’innovation non technologique. Nous mettons l’accent sur la complexité de la conduite de l’innovation en définissant deux types d’innovateurs : simple et complexe. À l’aide des données de deux enquêtes françaises ( Enquête nationale sur le développement durable de 2011 , CIS 2012), nous estimons des modèles Probit avec correction de Heckman. Nos principales conclusions montrent que la RSE stratégique est un déterminant fort de comportement d’innovation complexe. En revanche, la RSE défensive est un faible vecteur d’innovation. Codes JEL : O30, O00, M2

Features of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

The disease burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains large both in China and globally. In particular, advanced HCC lacks of effective systemic therapeutic drugs. Recently immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for second-line treatment in patients with advanced HCC by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Compare with traditional chemotherapy or targeted therapy, these novel pharmacological approaches have unique therapeutic features, such as durable response, delayed response and manageable safety profile with specific immune-related adverse events that require monitoring. We aim to summarize the characteristics of immuno-oncology therapies on aspects of long-term outcome, response mechanisms and assessment, safety, and special populations, based on clinical trials and real-world data on patients with HCC. Key words: Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Immunotherapy; Immune checkpoint inhibitors

Left Ventricle Can't Stay Alone – A Review of Right Ventricular Failure Post-Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Background: Increasing incidence of heart failure with end-stage heart disease and limited availability of donor heart for transplantation made mechanical assist devices a lucrative option. Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is used increasingly in recent years as a bridge to transplant and also as destination therapy with significantly improved outcomes. Implantation of LVAD improves the left heart systolic dysfunction, but its reliance on adequate right ventricular (RV) function with proposed risk of aggravating RV dysfunction may result in dismal outcomes if not intervened timely. Methodology: MeSH database was searched for LVAD, RV failure (RVF), RV anatomy and physiology, assessment for RV functions from 1990 till current year and was included in the narrative review. Results: The above searched English Medical Literature revealed that RVF contributed to dismal outcomes post-LVAD implantation. The absence of consistent defining criteria makes it hard to determine RVF. RVF leads to impaired LVAD flows, difficulty in weaning from cardio-pulmonary bypass, decreased tissue perfusion, and multi-organ failure, increasing the morbidity and mortality. Ideal durable mechanical assist devices to support the RV are still not available. Conclusion: This review highlights the details about perioperative assessment for RV dysfunction, criteria for RVF, investigational modalities to assess RV function, and management of RVF following LVAD implantation. Early identification, treatment, and prevention of RVF are of paramount importance and understanding this is a pivotal first step in successfully managing RVF post-LVAD implantation. The development of durable right-sided mechanical support would improve the scope of care of LVAD patients developing persistent RVF.

Clinical efficacy of dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture after TURP

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture after TURP. Methods We analyzed the clinical data of the patients with anterior urethral stricture after TURP from January 2010 to December 2017 in Yan′an hospital affiliated to Kunming medical university retrospectively. The patients' age ranged from 58 to 75 years, with an average of 64.3 years. The time from TURP to the diagnosis of anterior urethral stricture was 1-12 month, with an average of 3.5 months. 5 cases were urethral stricture at penis segment, 11 cases were urethral stricture at the junction of penis and scrotum, and the length of the narrow urethra was 2-5 cm, with an average of 3.4cm. The average maximum uroflowmetry in preoperative was (5.3±2.7) ml/s.11 cases were treated with regular urethral dilatation and the treatment durable time was more than 6 months, 5 cases were treated with intraurethral incision combined with urethral dilatation(1 or 2 times). 16 cases were not effective after receiving the above treatment, so that all cases were treated with dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap. Subarachnoid anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia, the patient took the supine position.The distal end of urethral stricture was defined by urethral dilator. Incision from the ventral side of the urethra. The length of the incision was extended 0.5 cm based on the length of urethral stricture in urethral angiography.Anatomize the left and right sides of the urethral stricture and longitudinally incision the ventral side of the urethral cavernous body. The length of the incision was extended 0.5 cm to the normal urethral mucosa. The traction line retracts the ventral urethral edge along both sides.The corresponding medial line of the dorsal urethra was incised to the tunica albuginea, and the urethral edge of the dorsal side was separated from the tunica albuginea to form an elliptical region on the tunica albuginea.According to the size of the ellipse, the full thickness of the penis flap was taken, and the size of the flap was beyond the edge of the elliptical area about 0.3 cm.The free flap was covered with the 6-0 absorbable suture on the elliptical area (the skin surface was on the inner side of the urethra), the edge of the free flap was intermittently sutured with the urethral edge of the dorsal side, Multi-needle intermittent sutured flap surface on the corpus cavernosum bed.Using a silicone catheter as the stent tube of the new urethra, the 6-0 absorbable suture closes the ventral side of the incisional urethral sponge.The multi-layered meat film was sutured to prevent leakage of urine, and the fascia and skin were sutured layer by layer. The 5-0 absorbable thread sutures the wound after the foreskin was taken. Results The operations were successfully completed. The operation time was 90-120 min, with an average of 102.3 min. The intraoperative blood loss was 10-30 ml. The symptoms of dysuria were relieved in all patients after removal of the catheter at 3 weeks postoperative. 4 weeks after surgery, no signs of urethral stricture were observed in urethrography. And the maximum flow rate was >15 ml/s in 13 cases, while 3 cases was 10-15 ml/s. The mean maximum flow rate in postoperative was [(20.4±7.3) ml/s], which was significantly higher than that in preoperative (t=7.7602, P<0.05). B-ultrasound showed 13 cases without residual urine and 3 cases of residual urine volume <30 ml. All patients had no serious complications such as urinary fistula, urethral diverticulum and extravasation of urine. After 1 year of follow-up, 1 patient was lost to follow up, and none of the remaining15 cases had urethral obstruction due to re-stricture. Conclusion Dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap could be an effective method and had no obvious complications for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture after TURP. Key words: Urethral stricture; Free flap; Dorsal mosaic; Transurethral resection of the prostate

Paving a Road Home: Developing Education for a Pediatric Home-Going VAD Program.

The objective was to create a multidisciplinary education plan for discharge home following implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) in pediatrics. Educational program was developed for the local community: emergency department, emergency medical services, medical transport team, as well as, the pediatric patient and their caregivers. Education geared to the individual learner included both lecture and hands-on training. A direct line for family and local providers to speak directly with a VAD-trained physician 24/7 was also created. Patient and caregivers required to 1) perform 10 supervised power exchanges; 2) qualify written quizzes on the controller, battery charger, alarms, and troubleshooting; 3) perform 10 supervised dressing changes; 4) pass simulation session responding correctly to alarm scenarios; and 5) take both an on-campus and off-campus field trip unaccompanied by support staff. Once the education plan is complete and the patient is medically stable, they are considered ready for discharge. From a mechanical support perspective, discharge home of a medically complex pediatric patient on a durable VAD can be accomplished safely, even in a low volume center, with attention to detail, creation of a robust education plan, and close partnership between the VAD team, the family, and the community.

A critical review of slag and fly-ash based geopolymer concrete

Today, concrete remains the most important, durable, and reliable material that has been used in the construction sector, making it the most commonly used material after water. However, cement continues to exert many negative effects on the environment, including the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), which pollutes the atmosphere. Cement production is costly, and it also consumes energy and natural non- renewable resources, which are critical for sustainability. These factors represent the motivation for researchers to examine the various alternatives that can reduce the effects on the environment, natural resources, and energy consumption and enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. Geopolymer is one alternative that has been investigated; this can be produced using aluminosilicate materials such as low calcium (class F) FA, Ultra-Fine GGBS, and high calcium FA (class C, which are available worldwide as industrial, agricultural byproducts.). It has a high percentage of silica and alumina, which react with alkaline solution (activators). Aluminosilicate gel, which forms as a result of this reaction, is an effective binding material for the concrete. This paper presents an up-to-date review regarding the important engineering properties of geopolymer formed by FA and slag binders; the findings demonstrate that this type of geopolymer could be an adequate alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Due to the significant positive mechanical properties of slag-FA geopolymer cements and their positive effects on the environment, it represents a material that could potentially be used in the construction industry.

Outsourcing obligations to developing nations: Australia's refugee resettlement agreement with Cambodia

Despite a proclaimed commitment of the ‘developed West’ to international cooperation in the formation of durable solutions for refugees, a pattern of defensive policy designed to outsource obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention has emerged. In this context, on 26 September 2014, Australia and Cambodia signed a ‘responsibility sharing’ agreement for the relocation to Cambodia of recognised refugees who originally sought protection in Australia and were removed to Nauru for processing. Whilst the Cambodia Agreement is of particular relevance in the Australasian region, this paper will analyse its nature and effect against the backdrop of the global trend of burden shifting and the implications of such an agreement for international law. This paper will examine whether the Cambodia Agreementt complies with the 1951 Refugee Convention through an analysis of the potential issues with fulfilment of the rights found therein. This requires the establishment of a continuum of jurisdiction pursuant to which it is concluded that transferees under the Cambodia Agreementt remain under the effective jurisdiction of Australia. This paper concludes that while a developing country may have the capacity to provide the requisite standard of protection to refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention, in practice Cambodia fails to do so.

I Think It’s Okay … But It’s Racist, It’s Bad Racism' — Aboriginal Children and Young People’s Views about the Intervention

Field research conducted in the Northern Territory sought Aboriginal children and young people’s views about the ‘Intervention’ and revealed the impact of these measures on their lives, on Aboriginal peoples and in Aboriginal communities. Research participants articulated detailed knowledge about the Intervention and expressed their nuanced views about two key measures: income management through the BasicsCard, and alcohol regulation through the ‘blue and white warning signs’ that were placed at the entrance to all prescribed communities. Most participants said the BasicsCard positively impacted aspects of their lives, yet nearly all participants were unaware that the BasicsCard targeted Aboriginal peoples and upon learning this children and young people assessed the measure as ‘bad racism’. Participants unanimously agreed that the blue and white warning signs were an ineffective regulatory measure that negatively impacted their lives by ‘shaming’ communities and making them ‘look bad’.This research is significant because it (a) presents the first academic accounts from Aboriginal children and young people detailing their views about the Intervention; (b) demonstrates Aboriginal children and young people’s agency and capacity to express informed views about complex matters such as legislation and policy; and (c) shows that the involvement of Aboriginal children and young people in the design of laws and policies likely to affect them is not only the Australian government’s responsibility under art 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Australia’s obligation under art 19 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, but is an effective and necessary precondition for the development of relevant, culturally appropriate and durable laws and policies that advance Aboriginal children and young people’s human rights.

Kuivatun viljan varastoinnin maa

Tuoreen ja kostean viljan varastoiminen on aina ollut haasteellista, sillä se pilaantuu helposti. Jos nykyäänkin viljaa halutaan varastoida pitkäaikaisesti, viljan kosteus pitää saada riittävän alhaiseksi. Kuivauksen tarve riippui siitä, kuinka kuivaa vilja on korjattaessa ja miten kuivaksi se voitiin saada pelkästään ulkokuivauksella. Pohjoisissa olosuhteissa ulkokuivaus on haasteellista, minkä vuoksi Suomessa, Baltiassa ja Venäjällä vilja on pyritty kuivaamaan keinotekoisesti riihien avulla jo vuosisatojen ajan. Riihet olivat rakenteeltaan yksinkertaisia hirsirakennuksia, joiden sisällä oli uuni ja parret. Riihen lämmittäminen vaati paljon polttopuuta ja käyttäjiltään taitoa, mitkä tekijät osaltaan rajoittivat tekniikan leviämistä. Vaikka riihikuivauksen tekniikka on ollut pitkään tunnettu, sen laajempaa merkitystä ei tästä huolimatta ole tutkimuksissa juuri käsitelty.&#x0D; Tässä artikkelissa riihikuivausta tarkastellaan kuivatun viljan ja sen varastoinnin näkökulmasta. Ruotsin valtakunnassa kuivattua viljaa hankittiin suuret määrät kruununmakasiineihin, joihin tarvittiin varmuusvarastoja sekä sotien että katojen varalle. Tutkimuksen on selvitetty, miksi varastoon hankittiin nimenomaan riihikuivattua viljaa ja miten paljon sitä määrällisesti oli makasiineissa. Tutkimusajanjaksona on hattujen sodan ja Pommerin sodan välinen rauhan aika (1743–1757). Maantieteellisesti tutkimus kattaa Pommeria lukuun ottamatta koko Ruotsin valtakunnan eli nykyiset Suomen ja Ruotsin alueet.&#x0D; Tutkimuksesta käy ilmi, että suurin osa Ruotsin valtakunnan kruununmakasiineissa olleesta viljasta oli tutkimusajanjaksolla riihikuivattua. Selvimmin tämä näkyi Suomen makasiineissa, joissa oli vain riihikuivattua ruista lukuun ottamatta Ruotsista vuonna 1750 tuotua viljaa. Vaikeudet tämän tuontiviljan varastoimisessa ja hyödyntämisessä osoittavat sen, miten tottumattomia Suomessa oltiin kuivaamattomaan viljan käyttöön. Myös Ruotsin puolella valtakuntaa keskeisimmissä varastoissa, Tukholmassa ja Karlskronassa, pääosa viljasta oli riihikuivattua. Koska Ruotsissa riihikuivausta ei juuri harjoitettu, vilja piti hankkia varastoihin muualta. Riihikuivattua viljaa saatiin Suomesta sekä veroina että ostoina. Erityisesti Pohjanmaalta tuotua laadukasta Vaasan ruista arvostettiin Ruotsissa. Suurin osa Tukholman makasiineihin tuodusta riihikuivatusta viljasta oli kuitenkin peräisin ilmeisesti Baltiasta. Kuivatun viljan varmuusvarastoinnille oli Ruotsin valtakunnassa 1700-luvulla tarvetta, sillä valtakunta oli riippuvainen viljan tuonnista. Usein toistuneet kadot ja sodankäynnin tarpeet edellyttivät, että varastoissa oli jatkuvasti viljaa pahimman varalle.

Impact of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control on poverty: A case of Pate Island of Lamu County, Kenya

The livestock rearing households of Pate Island in Lamu County of the Northern Coast of Kenya had been participating in the control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis. The objective of this study was to estimate the change in household wealth index resulting from tsetse and trypanosomiasis control. The study was conducted on 254 project households and 282 non-project households in the County. Using structured questionnaires, the study collected data on household characteristics, number of livestock in the household by type, household durable assets and living conditions. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to construct the household wealth index as an outcome to measure the well-being of households. The results indicated that the proportion of very wealthy households was higher (16%) in the project areas than in non-project areas (3.7%). Propensity Score Matching (PSM) results showed that the mean wealth index for a project participating household was 0.699 (Std. Err. = 0.048 while -0.745 (Std. Err. = 0.077 if the household had not participated in the project denoting an increase of 1.444 in the household wealth index. In conclusion, the study shows that the tsetse and trypanosomiasis control project had brought an improvement in the wealth index of the project participated households. Therefore, it is recommended that governments mobilize resources to control tsetse flies and the disease in infested areas of Africa to improve the well-being of rural households. Key words: Impact, tsetse, trypanosomiasis, wealth.

Application of metronomic chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Metronomic chemotherapy is a brand-new and multi-target chemotherapy strategy. Totally different from the traditional chemotherapy, metronomic chemotherapy can exert synergistic and durable anti-tumor effects via multiple mechanisms, including cytotoxic effect, anti-angiogenesis, immune regulation and so on. Single and combined therapy modes of metronomic oral vinorelbine have good curative effects and safeties for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. With the in-depth understanding of metronomic chemotherapy, it will certainly become an important treatment mode for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Key words: Carcinoma, non-small-cell lung; Chemoradiotherapy; Drug therapy, combination; Metronomic chemotherapy; Vinorelbine

A Durable Hydrophobic Surface Fabricated Through Stereocomplexation and Self-assembly

A Durable Hydrophobic Surface Fabricated Through Stereocomplexation and Self-assembly