Durability Of Glasses Research Articles

Surface treatments on commercial glasses: durable impact on the retention of lead, barium and boron

Glass durability is one of the properties that can be affected by surface treatments such as coatings or chemical attacks. These treatments can be used to reduce the quantities of potentially toxic elements contained in glass that may be released in solution. Five surface treatments were selected: three different coatings (SnO2, TiO2, SiO2) and two acidic attacks (SO2 dealkalization and acid polishing). These treatments were performed on five glass compositions (soda-lime, borosilicate, barium silicate, opal, and lead crystal). Their effects on alteration rates and mechanisms were investigated through a single protocol (acetic acid 4%, 70 °C) simulating accelerated aging conditions for containers of beverages or food. The data collected over 1.3 years showed significant reduction of lead leaching with all treatments except acid polishing. The best reduction factor was obtained with SO2 dealkalization, which also demonstrated beneficial effects towards the retention of Ba by reducing the diffusion of alkalis.

Advancing Thermochromic Glass Durability: Reinforcing Thermosensitive Hydrogels with Enhanced Adhesion Techniques

The growing use of glass in architecture has driven research into reducing its energy consumption. Thermochromic (TC) glass technology shows promise for enhancing building energy efficiency by regulating solar heat dynamically. Although TC glass helps reduce heat radiation, additional solutions like Low-E or vacuum glass are needed to control heat convection and conduction. Low-E glass, while effective in lowering heat transfer, may increase surface temperature. Thermo-sensitive hydrogels, known for their light-scattering properties at high temperatures, have been explored to complement TC glass. However, their stability at elevated temperatures remains a challenge, especially for applications requiring durability under varying weather conditions. This study proposes enhancing the adhesion between hydrogel and glass by introducing silica–oxygen bonds. As a result, TC glass demonstrates stable performance over 100 cycles within temperature ranges from 85 °C to 30 °C in summer and 40 °C to −20 °C in winter. Furthermore, by incorporating ethylene glycol, the freezing point of TC glass is reduced to −26 °C, rendering it suitable for use in colder regions. The implementation of TC glass effectively addresses the dual requirements of summer shading and winter heating in areas with both cold winters and hot summers, significantly reducing building energy consumption. This study contributes substantially to developing advanced intelligent building materials, paving the way for more sustainable architectural designs.

Structure, chemical durability, and melting properties of aluminosilicate glass

Structure, chemical durability, and melting properties of aluminosilicate glass

Comparative study of the structure and durability of commercial silicate glasses for food consumption and cosmetic packaging

Four commercial glass compositions were investigated to understand their mechanisms of alteration in light of the current and future regulations on food contact materials. Lead crystal (fine glassware), soda-lime (food and cosmetic containers), borosilicate (cookware) and barium glass (tableware) powders and slabs were altered for 3 years, in acetic acid (4% vol) at pH = 2.4 and 70 °C. The leaching solution was analyzed by ICP-AES while glass slabs were investigated by ToF-SIMS and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. As a result, in acidic medium, the polymerization of the silicate network as well as the glass composition impacted the alteration rates and depleted depths of alkalis and earth-alkalis elements. Yet the rate of hydrolysis measured from the release of Si, remained similar under identical alteration conditions, whatever the glass structure and composition. For lead crystal glass, repolymerization of the silicate network was observed in the course of alteration.

Comparative Assessment of the Durability of Glass and Polymer Mirrors for Concentrated Solar Thermal Technologies

This paper describes experimental work that has been carried out to assess the durability of glass and polymer mirrors against erosion and soiling phenomena. Both outdoor and indoor tests have been performed and the results show that polymer mirrors are quickly degraded in comparison to glass. Soiling deposition has been simulated using a soiling test rig developed for laboratory use. Results show that polymer mirrors, due to their high roughness and their surface energy properties, can accumulate more soiling on their surface generating a higher drop in specular reflectance compared to glass mirrors. Contact cleaning processes have also been simulated on polymer mirrors and the results show that using a hard brush, even at low speed with rotational motion, causes significantly more degradation than a soft brush.

Durability of glass FRP bar‐reinforced seawater–sea sand concrete beams under sustained loading in a subtropical coastal environment

AbstractThe replacement of conventional bars with fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars in seawater–sea sand concrete (SSC) structures is a promising method for sustainable construction. To promote the engineering application of the aforementioned structures, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the concerns regarding the durability of SSC beams reinforced with GFRP bars. For this purpose, three‐point bending tests were conducted on GFRP bar‐reinforced SSC beams to examine the coupled effects of sustained loading and exposure to a subtropical coastal environment on the flexural behavior of exposed SSC beams. The test results revealed that SSC beams reinforced with GFRP bars exhibited excellent durability in a subtropical coastal environment. The coupled effect of sustained loading and exposure to the subtropical coastal environment had an insignificant negative influence on the ultimate flexural capacity of GFRP bar‐reinforced SSC beams at 540 days of age. The failure mechanism of the exposed GFRP bar‐reinforced SSC beams was concrete crushing due to overreinforcement. Finally, the flexural capacity of the exposed beams was predicted by a function of the degradation in the tensile strength of the GFRP bars.Highlights The coupled effects of loading and environmental exposure on GFRP‐SSC beams were examined. The failure mechanisms of the exposed GFRP‐SSC beams was investigated. The long‐term flexural capacity of the GFRP‐SSC beams was predicted.

Laboratory-based correlated X-ray imaging and scattering of inhomogeneous glass-ceramics

Nuclear waste glasses often contain complex microstructures, and understanding these are key to predicting and engineering glass durability, since heterogeneity may exist over multiple length scales. Here we use laboratory-based, spatially-resolved X-ray characterization methods that span length scales (10-10-10-2 m): Wide angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) provides atomic-scale crystallography; Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) provides nanoscale phase data; X-ray Computed Tomography and projection X-ray radiography map the materials structure over the micrometer and millimeter scales. The pairing of X-ray radiography with SAXS/WAXS in the same instrument enables specific regions on the sample to be characterized with precise spatial resolution. Two molybdenum- and lanthanum-containing simulated nuclear waste glasses were examined, enabling exploration of hierarchal glassy phase separation and spatial partitioning of crystals of powellite and zircon of different morphologies and sizes 10 nm to 1 mm. The tools described in this study offer means of broadly understanding multi-scale structural attributes of multi-phase materials.

Unveiling the effect of composition on nuclear waste immobilization glasses’ durability by nonparametric machine learning

Ensuring the long-term chemical durability of glasses is critical for nuclear waste immobilization operations. Durable glasses usually undergo qualification for disposal based on their response to standardized tests such as the product consistency test or the vapor hydration test (VHT). The VHT uses elevated temperature and water vapor to accelerate glass alteration and the formation of secondary phases. Understanding the relationship between glass composition and VHT response is of fundamental and practical interest. However, this relationship is complex, non-linear, and sometimes fairly variable, posing challenges in identifying the distinct effect of individual oxides on VHT response. Here, we leverage a dataset comprising 654 Hanford low-activity waste (LAW) glasses across a wide compositional envelope and employ various machine learning techniques to explore this relationship. We find that Gaussian process regression (GPR), a nonparametric regression method, yields the highest predictive accuracy. By utilizing the trained model, we discern the influence of each oxide on the glasses’ VHT response. Moreover, we discuss the trade-off between underfitting and overfitting for extrapolating the material performance in the context of sparse and heterogeneous datasets.

A contribution to the exploration of the chemical durability, thermal stability, and structural ability of glasses from the Fe\(_{2}\)O\(_{3}\)-K\(_{2}\)O-MoO\(_{3}\)-P\(_{2}\)O\(_{5}\) quaternary system

The relationships between the properties and structure of xFe2O3-(40-x)K2O-10MoO3-50P2O5 glasses have been reported in this paper. Homogeneous glasses are formed for different Fe2O3 contents. The density and molar volume evolution of these glasses shows that Fe2O3 acts as a glass former and strengthens the structural bonds of the glass. Experimental 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy graphs suggest the existence of divalent Iron (FeII) and trivalent Iron (FeIII). The boost in chemical durability agrees with the growth in glass transition temperature due to more powerful bonding in the structural network. P-O-Fe bonds replace P-O-P bonds when Fe2O3 is present in the phosphate network.

Structure and chemical durability improvement of alkali silicate glass by zirconium dioxide and erbium oxide addition

Glass structure tailoring of alkali silicate glasses by addition of ZrO2 and Er2O3 is found to enhance the chemical durability of glasses. ZrO2 (x ranged between 5 mol% to 15 mol%) and Er2O3 (y ranged between 0.5 mol% to 1.5 mol%) were used to replace SiO2 and Na2O, respectively, in the glasses with the nominal composition of 10Li2O-(15-y)Na2O-10CaO-(65-x)SiO2-xZrO2-y Er2O3. The samples were prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. The structures of produced glasses were examined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Raman spectroscopy. XAS spectra demonstrated that the oxidation numbers of Zr and Er ions were +4 and +3, respectively. The chemical environment around both cations was six-fold coordination. In addition, Raman spectra demonstrated that the Zr4+ ions formed the Q4(Zr) structure, which caused the reduction of non-bridging oxygen. In case of the Er3+ ions, the formation of the Si-O-Er bonds was explained from the Raman study. The chemical durability of glass was determined from Na+ ions leaching values. In pH 7 solution, the leached Na+ ions reduced from 25.67% to 21.43% and from 22.50% to 20.49% as a function of concentration of ZrO2 (x = 5 mol% to 15 mol%) and Er2O3 (y = 0.5 mol% to 1.5 mol%), respectively. As the results, the chemical durability of the ZrO2-containing and Er2O3-containing glasses were significantly improved due to charge compensated mechanism and enhancing network rigidity by increasing cation field strength. Moreover, the micro-hardness (580 HV to 837 HV) and density (2.54 g⸳cm-3 to 2.82 g⸳cm-3) also displayed an increased tendency with larger concentration of ZrO2 and Er2O3.

Effect of BaO addition on the durability of iron phosphate glasses that contain molybdenum oxide

Effect of BaO addition on the durability of iron phosphate glasses that contain molybdenum oxide

Experimental study on durability of glass modified concrete: resistance to acid and sulphate attack

Experimental study on durability of glass modified concrete: resistance to acid and sulphate attack

Survival Rates of Glass versus Hybrid Ceramics in Partial Prosthetic Restorations: A Scoping Review with Emphasis on Adhesive Protocols.

As dental practices and methodologies evolve, the emergence of novel materials adds complexity to clinical choices. While glass ceramics, particularly those based on lithium disilicate and leucite-reinforced variants, have been extensively researched and are well regarded for their attributes, hybrid ceramics remain relatively recent area of research that is less investigated. This review aims to evaluate the durability of glass and hybrid ceramics while assessing the role of various adhesive techniques on restoration longevity. Using a comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE, 84 articles from the past decade were found. Only eleven met the set criteria for analysis. The results underscore the urgent need for the extended monitoring of partial prosthetic restorations. The existing literature has significant gaps, hindering the attainment of dependable insights about these materials' long-term performance. For a clearer understanding of how different ceramic systems affect restoration survival rates, rigorous research involving more participants and uniform outcome documentation is vital.

Impact of CaO addition on physico-chemical properties, crystallization, chemical durability and in vitro behavior of Na2O-ZnO-TiO2-P2O5 glasses

This work investigates the effect of CaO addition on physico-chemical properties, crystallization, chemical durability and bioactivity of phosphate-based glasses. To this end, five glass compositions in the system (40-x)Na2O-xCaO-10ZnO-20TiO2-30P2O5 with x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol % have been elaborated by the conventional melt-quenching technique. Replacing Na2O with CaO oxide in the studied glasses increased remarkably the glass transition temperature Tg and density (ρ), while VM decreased with increasing CaO content indicating the high strength in the glass network. The existence of PO3 and PO4 units with P-O-P and P-O-Ti linkages in the glassy network was revealed by Infrared spectroscopy. The chemical durability was improved with increasing calcium content, indicating that replacing Na-O bonds with more covalent and stronger Ca-O bonds strengthen and crosslink the glassy network. The in vitro bioactivity of the two glass samples (x = 0 and 15 mol %) was studied using SBF solution. XRD, Infrared, ICP, and pH measurements proved the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surface after interaction with the SBF medium, which is a crucial property of a potential bioactive glass. The correlation between XRD, Infrared, and ICP techniques indicated that glass containing calcium is more bioactive than free-calcium glass.

Commentary on 'Combined experiments and atomistic simulations for understanding the effect of ZnO on the sodium silicate and sodium borosilicate glass network'

Recently, Sahu et al. [Combined experiments and atomistic simulations for understanding the effect of ZnO on the sodium silicate and sodium borosilicate glass network, J. of Non-Cryst. Solids 618 (2023) 122,550] published results from a combined experiment and simulation investigation that describes the effect of ZnO on sodium silicate and sodium borosilicate glass networks. Whilst the majority of the investigation remains sound, their conclusions relating to the chemical durability of silicate and borosilicate glasses containing ZnO are in need of clarification. This commentary addresses their conclusions and aligns them alongside the state-of-the-art understanding of the effect of Zn on the chemical durability, where the well-known positive effect of Zn on short-term glass dissolution becomes adverse over the long-term. This is caveated to consider the quantity of ZnO in the glass and on the specific dissolution test conditions.

Experimental Study on Long-Term Mechanical Properties and Durability of Waste Glass Added to OPC Concrete.

This study aims to achieve the sustainable utilization of waste glass resources through an investigation into the influence of three types of admixtures, namely waste glass powder (WGP) (G), waste glass powder-slag (G-S), and waste glass powder-fly ash (G-F), on the mechanical properties and durability performance of waste glass concrete. The experimental results demonstrate that the exclusive use of WGP as an admixture led to the relatively poor early compressive strength of the concrete, which decreased with an increase in dosage. However, at medium to long curing ages, the strength of the waste glass concrete could equal or even surpass that of ordinary concrete. When dual admixtures were employed, the G-S group exhibited higher compressive strength compared to the G-F group. Specifically, within the G-S group, a glass powder dosage of 15% yielded higher compressive strength, and after 180 days, the dual admixture groups exhibited greater strength than ordinary concrete (G0); the compressive strength of the tG1S1 group was 44.57 MPa, and that of the G0 group was 40.07 MPa. The chloride ion diffusion coefficient showed a varying trend with an increase in WGP dosage, initially decreasing and then increasing. The concrete's resistance to erosion was maximized when the glass powder dosage reached 30%. As the WGP dosage increased, the overall frost resistance decreased. For a total dosage of 30%, the optimal glass powder dosage in both G-S and G-F groups was found to be 15%.

Vitrification of nuclear-contaminated HEPA filter media: A study on the viscosity-component correlation and the volatilization of simulated radionuclides

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are commonly used in nuclear facilities for ventilation systems, which are mainly made of glass fiber. At present, the nuclear-contaminated filter media is compressed to reduce the volume and then immobilized in cement before disposal. Vitrification is a widely accepted technology in the world to immobilize nuclear wastes due to the relative simplicity of process and the excellent chemical durability of waste glass. However, the glass fiber of the filter media becomes highly viscous at the melting temperature used for nuclear waste vitrification as it contains a high concentration of SiO2 (> 50 wt%). This makes the treatment of filter media practically impossible using the existing vitrification process. Thus, in this work, emphasis has been given to the formulation of a filter media that can adapt to the existing melting process. Extreme vertices design was employed to formulate three-component (heat-treated filter mediaCaONa2O) waste glasses, and the Scheffé model was used to figure out the viscosity-component correlation of waste glasses. Moreover, the effect of each component was quantitatively determined at the temperature at which viscosity was 10 Pa·s. The volatilization experiment revealed that at 1200 °C, Co was nonvolatile, and Cs was much easier to volatilize than Sr. Furthermore, the losses of Sr and Cs during glass melting were estimated from their rates of diffusion and chemical reaction. This work would provide the fundamental basis to formulate the filter media waste glass and control the loss of radionuclides for the existing vitrification process.

Combined experiments and atomistic simulations for understanding the effect of ZnO on the sodium silicate and sodium borosilicate glass network

Combined experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed over wide range of glass compositions to understand the improved durability of borosilicate glass with ZnO addition. A significant change in glass structure was monitored from short range and intermediate range order parameters. The MD results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data for Young's Modulus, glass transition temperature, and leaching. Both experiments and MD simulations report the enhanced chemical durability of glass with ZnO addition. Low R (Na2O/B2O3) and high K (SiO2/B2O3) of ZnO doped sodium borosilicate (Zn–NBS) glass surface compared to bare NBS represents the more stable structure of glass surface for Zn–NBS than NBS. The enhanced chemical resistivity of Zn–NBS was established from the increasing activation energy for diffusion of Na ions. The combined experiments and MD simulations disclose many interesting microstructure and dynamics due to the presence of ZnO in the glass.

Modification of structure and properties of fluoro-sulfo-sodium alumino-phosphate glass through additional fluorine and sulfur agents

Laser glass has been widely used in laser ignition devices, fundamental physical research, and material processing. In addition to the exploration of the glass composition, the optimization of preparation conditions is also of crucial importance to the performance of laser glass. Herein, the modification effect of additional fluorine and sulfur agents on Nd3+-doped fluoro-sulfo-phosphate glasses (FSP) has been investigated in detail. The contents of F and S were increased by up to 42% and 40% after agent addition. Fluorine and sulfur agents also decrease the non-linear effect and increase the chemical durability of FSP glasses, respectively. Moreover, the local environment around Nd3+ ions is examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)., The direct connection between Nd-F and the possible connection between Nd3+ and [SO4]2− have been detected with agent addition, which facilitate the promotion of radiation parameters. The emission cross-section and quantum efficiency of FSP glass increase by up to 56% and 54% after agent addition. This study aims to demonstrate the structure and property variations brought by additional agents, providing insight into the optimization of the melting procedure of high-performance FSP laser glasses.

MoO3 Solubility and Chemical Durability of V2O5-Bearing Borosilicate Glass

In the vitrification of high-level radioactive liquid waste (HLW), the separation of sodium-molybdate melts is a problem because it reduces the chemical durability of the vitrified waste. A glass with both high MoO3 solubility and chemical durability is required for the safe disposal of radioactive waste. In this study, we investigate the effects of vanadium oxide on the phase separation of the molybdenum-rich phase and the water resistance of the resulting glass by phase equilibrium experiments and chemical durability test. Phase equilibrium experiments were performed on SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-ZnO-CaO-Na2O-LiO2-MoO3 system glasses and on glasses with V2O5 added. The results showed that MoO3 solubility increased when V2O5 was added. The increase in MoO3 solubility in borosilicate melts may be associated with the viscosity-lowering effect of V2O5. Chemical durability tests were performed on borosilicate glass compositions obtained from phase equilibrium experiments. The normalized leaching rates of V2O5-bearing glasses were higher than those of other glasses. This is due to the higher network modifier/network former ratio of the glass tested. The normalized elemental mass loss of glass containing waste components increases with increasing leaching duration. This suggests that the waste component prevents the formation of a gel layer at the reaction front.