Durability Performance Of Concrete Research Articles

Disposal of solid waste as building materials: A study on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete composed of gold tailings

The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of gold tailings as an alternative to natural river sand for preparing concrete, to solve the problems of rapid increase in gold tailings and insufficient natural river sand stock. Additionally, gold tailings upgraded by centrifugal separation are compared with untreated gold tailings. The performances and modification mechanisms of gold tailings on the mechanical strength and durability performance of concrete were investigated. The results demonstrate that concrete composed of gold tailings exhibits commendable mechanical and durability properties, with the optimal replacement level of natural river sand being 30%. Replacing river sand with gold tailings enhances the compressive and split tensile strengths of concrete, reduces water absorption, and improves its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and chloride ion permeability, primarily owing to the pozzolanic activity and filling effect of the gold tailings. The upgrading of gold tailings not only changed altered the particle size but also changed the active SiO2 and Al2O3 content, thus, further enhancing the mechanical and durability of concrete. The study establishes that utilizing gold tailings in construction can serve as a viable substitute for river sand, thereby mitigating potential environmental repercussions associated with gold tailings. The findings hold promise for diminishing the reliance on river sand, thereby markedly enhancing resource sustainability.

Influences of nano-clay amount on flexure behavior of concrete identified by acoustic emission

Nano-modification is an effective method currently used to improve mechanical properties of concrete by adding various nanomaterials. The results obtained from previous studies demonstrate that presence of these particles has positive effects on both mechanical and durability performances of concrete. However, while the existing studies investigate the state of resistance, revealing progressive failure mechanism of nano-particle added concrete under loading is a significant subject. In this regard, Acoustic Emission (AE) method is useful for identification of invisible damage progress by means of basic phenomenon defined as release of energy due to a fracture and propagation of it as elastic waves in a stressed medium. Apart from the existing studies in the literature, this paper is focused on investigation of the influences of nano-clay on mechanical and failure behaviors of concrete by AE. For this purpose, a plain and three different concrete mixtures including 1%, 3% and 5% nano-clay (NC) of cement weight were prepared. 100x100x600 mm beam specimens were produced from these mixtures and were tested under three-point-bending. Furthermore, to reveal invisible failure mechanisms of the specimens, all tests were simultaneously monitored with AE method. The results reveal that presence of nano-clay increases the load capacity and ductility of the concrete specimens which is also confirmed by AE results, as more amount of micro-scale events are obtained.Nano-modification is an effective method currently used to improve mechanical properties of concrete by adding various nanomaterials. The results obtained from previous studies demonstrate that presence of these particles has positive effects on both mechanical and durability performances of concrete. However, while the existing studies investigate the state of resistance, revealing progressive failure mechanism of nano-particle added concrete under loading is a significant subject. In this regard, Acoustic Emission (AE) method is useful for identification of invisible damage progress by means of basic phenomenon defined as release of energy due to a fracture and propagation of it as elastic waves in a stressed medium. Apart from the existing studies in the literature, this paper is focused on investigation of the influences of nano-clay on mechanical and failure behaviors of concrete by AE. For this purpose, a plain and three different concrete mixtures including 1%, 3% and 5% nano-clay (NC) of cement weight were prepared. 100x100x600 mm beam specimens were produced from these mixtures and were tested under three-point-bending. Furthermore, to reveal invisible failure mechanisms of the specimens, all tests were simultaneously monitored with AE method. The results reveal that presence of nano-clay increases the load capacity and ductility of the concrete specimens which is also confirmed by AE results, as more amount of micro-scale events are obtained.

Impact of superabsorbent polymer on self-compacting concrete's workability, strength, carbonation and freezing-thawing

Superabsorbent Polymer, an internal curing material, is a significant development in concrete technology. Self-compacting concrete is popular due to high flowability or pumpability. However, the higher quantity of cementitious materials required higher moisture consumption to complete the hydration. Further moisture unavailability leads to shrinkage increment. External curing cannot give proper moisture to cementitious material at higher depth. Hence, internal curing with super absorbent polymer is an economical solution for this problem. This study examines the impact of super absorbent polymer on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the workability, mechanical characteristics of the concrete, such as compressive strength and flexural strength. In addition, freezing-thawing tests and carbonation tests were conducted to investigate the durability performance of concrete. Scanning electron microscopy images were also used to observe the concrete's microstructure after freezing-thawing cycles. The findings demonstrate that Compressive strength and flexural strength values decreased in water curing while in air curing, those were increased. Additionally, it was discovered that the freezing-thawing cycles decreased the compressive strength of reference concrete in standard water curing. However, compressive strength increased after freezing-thawing cycles in air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes. Scanning electron microscopy images have confirmed that the microstructure of air-curing super absorbent polymer mixes was improved

The Potential use of Bio-mineralization Technique in Developing Eco-Sustainable Self-Healing Geopolymer Binder: A Systematic Review

The enormous demand for concrete as a construction material over the globe has proliferated the production of cement. It has been reported that the production of one ton of cement produces approximately one ton of carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. In geopolymer system, the use of cement is eliminated by using aluminosilicate rich industrial and agricultural waste as source material, which is activated by an alkaline medium. Biomineralization in concrete by using microorganisms is a technique used to enhance the mechanical and durability performance of concrete by imparting self-healing of cracks generated in the system. This paper reviews the feasibility of microbial inclusion in geopolymers. In this review, the mechanical and durability characteristics of microbial geopolymer binders along with the observations of microstructural characterization are elucidated. The mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are studied systematically from the existing literature. The durability studies of bio-mineralized geopolymer binder (BMGP) in terms of water absorption, sorptivity, acid attack resistance, sulphate attack resistance and resistance towards freeze thaw effect are analysed in the study. Also, the possible applications of biomineralized microbial geopolymer concrete are critically reviewed in this paper

Performance of concrete containing pristine graphene-treated recycled concrete aggregates

Upcycling recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) in concrete is a promising way to decrease the environmental effect of construction and demolition waste and improve concrete sustainability. Pretreatment of RCAs helps to enhance the quality of the resulting concrete and results in an increased level of confidence for material suppliers to systematically use RCAs to replace virgin aggregates for concrete production. This study demonstrates the utilization of pristine graphene for pretreating RCAs with the aim of effectively alleviating the loss of mechanical and durability performance of concretes when compared to virgin aggregate concretes. The RCAs were presoaked in water solution containing graphene concentration ranging from 0 to 0.5 %. Then, 50 % of natural coarse aggregates were replaced with the RCAs for concrete production. Different properties of concrete including slump, axial compression, splitting tension, water absorption and drying shrinkage were measured. In addition, microanalysis of the aggregates was performed by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on results, treating the RCAs with 0.2 wt% pristine graphene results in increased workability (13 %), compressive strength (21 %) and tensile strength (12 %) and decreased water absorption (22 %) and drying shrinkage (20 %) of the RCA concrete. Increasing the concentration of the graphene beyond 0.2 wt% is found to decrease the workability and strength properties and increase the water absorption and drying shrinkage. This is attributed to the agglomeration of the graphene at high concentrations, leading to non-uniform filling effects and ineffective microcrack and void filling. It is also found that 0.2 wt% is the optimum pristine graphene concentration, which can lead to an RCA concrete with similar mechanical and durability properties to the conventional concrete.

Synergistic action of nano silica and w/b ratio on accelerated durability performance of concrete

Synergistic action of nano silica and w/b ratio on accelerated durability performance of concrete

Simultaneous influence of processed cellulose acetate fiber reinforcement and recycled aggregate replacement on mechanical and durability performances of concrete

The poor performance of virgin cement concrete and its significant carbon footprint have prompted researchers to explore the concurrent integration of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) or recycled fine aggregates (RFA) along with fibers. This study aims to investigate the mechanical and durability performance of various cement concrete mixes prepared using 53-grade cement with various percentages (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) integration of RCA or RFA and varying volume fractions (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) of processed Cellulose Acetate Fiber (CAF) derived from waste cigarette filters. RCA50CAF1.5 exhibits highest compressive strength and flexural strength among all RCA based concrete mix. RFA30CAF1.5 possess maximum tensile strength by about 3.45% higher compared to reference mix. The increase in CAF with % replacement of RCA or RFA cause decrease in the short term durability performance of the concrete mix. The developed correlations for mechanical and durability performances can serve as a valuable tool for designing concrete mixes with improved mechanical and durability performances for CAF-reinforced concrete.

Retraction Note: Effects of waste glass and waste marble on mechanical and durability performance of concrete

Retraction Note: Effects of waste glass and waste marble on mechanical and durability performance of concrete

Enhanced fracture and durability resilience using bio-intriggered sisal fibers in concrete

Biomimetic agents and natural fibers are the promising combo to enhance the strength and self-healing efficacy of concrete infrastructures. However, their contribution in durability and fracture attributes of the host concrete matrix is still questionable. This study explores the use of sisal fiber reinforcement and Bacillus Subtilis to modify the fracture, shrinkage, and durability performance of concrete. Fracture response was analyzed in compression, tension and flexural followed by durability tests conducted for chloride penetration, water absorption, and acid resistance. Results revealed that the addition of Bacillus Subtilis increases stiffness, while sisal fiber imparts ductility to the concrete. The resulting mixture exhibited significant improvements in compressive strength (14.0%), split tensile strength (36.8%), flexural strength (30.9%), and bi-surface shear strength (25.4%) as compared to the control mixture. Additionally, the toughness indices of the resulting concrete improved under compressive, split tensile, and flexural loadings. Incorporating sisal fiber and Bacillus Subtilis into concrete mixtures also led to a notable reduction in linear shrinkage (58.9%), attributed primarily to the fiber-reinforcing effect. When sisal fiber and Bacillus Subtilis are combined in the concrete mix, there is a net improvement in the concrete's durability. The resulting blend exhibited an increase of 18.3%, 24%, and 14.1% in resistance to water absorption, chloride ion penetration depth, and acid attack, respectively, as compared to the control mixture. Micro-forensics endorsed the signatures of microbially-induced calcite precipitation in the concrete mixture, which contributed to add in the durability of the resulting matrix. The study demonstrated that the conjunctive use of Bacillus Subtilis and sisal fiber can yield durable and ductile concrete. The findings provide valuable insights into the use of biomimetic agents and natural fibers to enhance concrete fracture and durability attributes, with significant potential for practical applications in the construction industry.

Durability performance of low calcium Flyash-Based geopolymer concrete

This investigation aims to systematically evaluate the durability performance of 30 MPa grade of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer concrete with fly ash as binder is manufactured using an alkaline activator solution (of 14 Molar and Na2Sio3/NaOH ratio of 2.5). The results were also compared with the Portland cement concrete of similar grade. The concrete samples were subjected to water absorption, water permeability, sorptivity, acid resistance, sulphate resistance, and rapid chloride penetration tests. Water absorption study findings revealed less water absorption by low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete than Portland cement concrete. Also, the water permeability tests on geopolymer concrete indicated lower water penetration depth compared to Portland cement concrete. Sorptivity test results depict lower sorptivity by geopolymer concrete over ordinary Portland cement concrete. Geopolymer concrete shows better acid resistance and sulphate resistance performance than Portland cement concrete in terms of residual compressive strength. Rapid chloride penetration test results indicated moderate chloride penetrability of geopolymer concrete and low chloride penetrability by Portland cement concrete. In general, low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete outperformed Portland cement concrete in most durability indices, which led to the conclusion that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete durability performance was superior to that of concrete of a similar grade made of Portland cement concrete.

Investigating mechanical and durability aspects of concrete incorporating Wollastonite and bottom ash

The use of natural resources and carbon dioxide emission is a major environmental issue, particularly in the manufacturing of cement plants where emissions are high and contribute to global warming. This has led to a need for alternative resources to decrease cement consumption. The use of natural sand in construction is also a problem due to its limited availability and high cost. The study suggests that Wollastonite, a natural mineral, and Bottom ash, thermal power plant waste, can replace cement and sand respectively in concrete. The current study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties (such as compression, flexural, and abrasion resistance) and durability property (permeability) of concrete by using Wollastonite and Bottom ash as replacements for cement and sand. Seven concrete mixes were prepared with varying levels of Wollastonite and Bottom ash replacement, and their mechanical properties were tested. The study found that replacing cement with 10% of Wollastonite and sand with 10% of Bottom ash can enhances the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. Bottom ash has the ability to be used in concrete at a particular amount to improve its qualities.

Reduction of Cement Consumption, Carbon Foot Print and Improvisation of Durability Performance of Concrete by using High Dosage of High Grade PCE based Superplasticiser

Abstract: In present world global warming is one of the primary concern of the world community due to continuous increasing of carbon foot print since last few decades. Among the different source of carbon foot print in global atmosphere, cement industry alone contribute nearly 8% to the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions as 1 MT of cement production is generating nearly 0.87 MT CO2 to the atmosphere. Hence considering the threat of continuously increasing carbon foot print of the atmosphere number of ways were adopted for reduction of carbon foot print by many researchers in past like using of supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in production of concrete. But in the present research work it has been revealed that by using of high grade PCE based superplasticizer with an increased dosage has shown significant reduction in the consumption of cement with regards to strength requirement of concrete. Thus by reduction of cement consumption in concrete has shown significant reduction of carbon foot print generated from cement industry. On the other side the present research work has also revealed that, by using of high grade PCE based superplasticizer with an increased dosage helps to produce high workability & high performance concrete at very low w/c ratio. Thus because of using very low w/c ratio in concrete without impacting its fresh concrete properties there is a significant improvement has been noticed in hardened concrete properties like increase in strength of concrete, reduction in pore sizes of concrete resulting improvement of concrete durability performance. With regards to cost analysis of the proposal based on the present research work, it is found that using of increased dosage of superplasticiser in concrete is still found to be economic as compared to cost of concrete with high dosage of superplasticiser, as the cost reduction of concrete is higher due to higher amount of cement reduction in concrete as compared to extra cost of Superplasticizer in concrete beyond the optimum dosage of superplasticiser in concrete.

A review on FRP bars and supplementary cementitious materials for the next generation of sustainable and durable construction materials

As the problem of environmental deterioration becomes increasingly prominent, demand for reinforced concrete with favorable sustainability, durability and mechanical properties is growing. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bar is more durable than traditional steel rebar. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are used as substitutions for cement, to reduce carbon emissions. A well-organized review on previous studies on FRP and SCMs is therefore necessary for developing the next generation of sustainable and durable construction materials. Therefore, this study aims to systematically compare the sustainability, durability and mechanical performances of FRP bars and SCM blended concrete. The sustainability of both materials are evaluated by their carbon emissions. The durability performance of FRP bars mainly includes resistance against alkali, chloride and freeze–thaw cycles. The durability performance of concrete includes resistance against alkali, chloride, sulfate attack, freeze–thaw cycles and carbonation. The effects of various SCMs on concrete are quantitatively analyzed. Analyses indicate that the alkaline corrosion of FRP bars may be mitigated by carbonating concrete. The combination of BFRP bars and carbonated SCM concrete potentially represents the next generation of sustainable and durable construction materials.

Durability performance of concrete containing recycled coarse aggregates derived from laboratory-tested specimens

PurposeThe durability of concrete containing recycled aggregates, sourced from concrete specimens that have been tested in laboratory testing facilities, remains understudied. This paper aims to present the results of experiments investigating the effect of incorporating such type of concrete waste on the strength and durability-related properties of concrete.Design/methodology/approachA total of 77 concrete cylinders sized Ø100 × 200 mm with varying amount of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) (0%–100% by volume, at 25% increments) and maximum aggregate size (12.5, 19.0 and 25.0 mm) were fabricated and tested for slump, compressive strength, sorptivity and electrical resistivity. Disk-shaped specimens, 50-mm thick, were cut from the original cylinders for sorptivity and resistivity tests. Analysis of variance and post hoc test were conducted to detect statistical variability among the data.FindingsCompared to regular concrete, a reduction of slump (by 18.6%), strength (15.1%), secondary sorptivity (31.5%) and resistivity (17.0%) were observed from concrete containing 100% RCA. Statistical analyses indicate that these differences are significant. In general, an aggregate size of 19 mm was found to produce the optimum value of slump, compressive strength and sorptivity in regular and RCA-added concrete.Originality/valueThe results of this study suggest that comparable properties of normal concrete were still achieved by replacing 25% of coarse aggregate volume with 19-mm RCA, which was processed from laboratory-tested concrete samples. Therefore, such material can be considered as a potential and sustainable alternative to crushed gravel for use in light or nonstructural concrete construction.

Biomineralisation to improve properties of polymer modified concrete for chloride environments

This research compares the performance of three types of polymer-modified concrete (TPE, LDPE/EVA, and PCL) if bacteria-based solutions are used for reinforced concrete (RC) structures designed for a compressive strength higher than 50 MPa in chloride environments. The aim is to understand the impact on mechanical and durability performance of concrete. These recyclable polymers' use is crucial to increasing the strength at 28 and 60 days. At 60 days, all polymer-modified concrete reached a compressive strength higher than 60 MPa. The use of bioproducts is crucial to lowering the open porosity values to 4%. However, the use of bioproducts tends to delay the increase of concrete's compressive strength with time, especially until the 14 days. The existence of tetrahedron and pyramid structures in polymer-modified bio concrete indicates that calcite is present, and the quantity of calcium carbonate in the polymer-modified bio concrete is significantly higher than in plain bio-concrete or even plain. The bioproduct plays a dominant role in the capillary control and prevents water migration more effectively in comparison to the use of different polymers in concrete. The bioproduct substantially minimise the migration of chlorides to 7 × 10−12 m2/s, a water-soluble ion in wet/humid concrete porous medium environments, but also at low relative humidity environments, as it happens when the concrete is exposed to capillary suction. The highest electrical resistivity values have been recorded in TPE bio-concrete.

Self-compacting concrete incorporating incinerated biomedical waste ash: a performance assessment

Rapid technological advancement is underway in the sphere of material science research. Several studies have been undertaken around the globe over the last four decades to improve the strength and durability performance of concrete. As a result of ongoing research and experimentation, concrete no longer just consists of the traditional materials of cement, aggregates and water but has transformed into an engineered custom material with efficient new ingredients in order to meet the demands of the expanding construction industry. In this experimental study, biomedical waste incinerator ash (BMIA) was employed as a partial substitute for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC), designed for M30 grade. BMIA was partially replaced with cement in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by cement weight. This experimental work aimed to study the fresh, mechanical and durability characteristics of the SCC mixes incorporating BMIA. A suitable super-plasticizer was used to retain the rheological qualities of fresh concrete. To investigate the mechanical and durability characteristics, experiments on hardened concrete were performed. The results demonstrate that 5% of BMIA substitution for cement in the SCC mix had higher strength compared to all other mixes because BMIA’s fine particles filled the voids in the hardened concrete. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to examine the microstructure of BMIA substituted SCC versus conventional SCC mix. The chemical composition test revealed that BMIA can be employed in the SCC mix up to 5% efficiently, which will result in waste utilisation and disposal.

Influence of Low- to Medium-Kaolinite Clay on the Durability of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete.

The kaolinite content is principally responsible for the durability performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), which calls into question its global applicability. The clay supply has a significant impact on the LC3 system's reduced carbon footprint advantage. The influence of kaolinite concentration from two separate clays (collected in East South-East Europe) on the durability performance of concrete was investigated in this study. The low-kaolinitic clay had 18% kaolinite, while the medium-kaolinitic clay contained around 41% kaolinite. The compressive strength, chloride intrusion, electrical conductivity, surface resistivity, and sorptivity index were measured on concrete after 28 days. Furthermore, the pore structure development of these mixtures was investigated in relation to the kaolinite content of the mixtures. The reactivity test was performed on clays to measure their reactivity levels within the cementitious system. The results show that kaolinite content has a moderate effect on compressive strength, but it has a considerable effect on other durability indices. When compared to the Portland cement mixture, the chloride migration and diffusion coefficients were reduced by 50% and 36%, respectively, in the combination with a medium kaolinite content (more than 40%). The low-kaolinitic clay, on the other hand, achieved 60% of the chloride penetration resistance of the medium-kaolinitic clay. Furthermore, low-kaolinitic clay has been demonstrated to be suitable for low-carbon concrete in moderate exposure conditions.

Prediction of concrete porosity using machine learning

Porosity is an important indicator of the durability performance of concrete. The objective of this study is to apply machine learning methods to empirically predict the porosity of high-performance concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials. The assembled database for concrete porosity consists of 240 data records, featuring 74 unique concrete mixture designs. The compositional features of concrete include water/cement ratio, fly ash, slag, aggregate content, superplasticizers and curing conditions. The numerical results suggest that gradient boosting trees outperform random forests in terms of their prediction accuracy. XGBoost achieves the best performance with additional regularization over model complexity to prevent overfitting. Compared with the conventional chemo-mechanical model for predicting concrete porosity, the proposed data-driven approach not only overcomes the difficulty in estimating the time-dependent degree of hydration, but also achieves a higher prediction accuracy of R2 = 0.9770, MAPE = 2.97%, and RMSE = 0.431 for porosity (%). The predictor importance plot shows that curing days, water/binder ratio, and aggregate content are the most important predictors of concrete porosity.

Mechanical and Durability Evaluation of Metakaolin as Cement Replacement Material in Concrete.

Due to the increasing prices of cement and its harmful effect on the environment, the use of cement has become highly unsustainable in concrete. There is a considerable need for promoting the use of cement replacement materials. This study investigates the effect of variable percentages of metakaolin (MK) on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete. Kaolin clay (KC) was used in the current research to prepare the MK by the calcination process; it was ground in a ball mill to its maximum achievable fineness value of 2550 m2/Kg. Four replacement levels of MK, i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement, in addition to control samples, at a constant water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.55 were used. For evaluating the mechanical and durability performance, 27 cubes (6 in. × 6 in. × 6 in.) and 6 cylinders (3.875 in. diameter, 2 in. height) were cast for each mix. These samples were tested for compressive strength under standard conditions and in an acidic environment, in addition to being subjected to water permeability, sorptivity, and water absorption tests. Chemical analysis revealed that MK could be used as pozzolana as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C 618:2003). The results demonstrated an increased compressive strength of concrete owing to an increased percentage of MK in the mix with aging. In particular, the concrete having 20% MK after curing under standard conditions exhibited 33.43% higher compressive strength at 90 days as compared to similarly aged control concrete. However, with increasing MK, the workability of concrete decreased drastically. After being subjected to an acid attack (immersing concrete cubes in 2% sulfuric acid solution), the samples exhibited a significant decrease in compressive strength at 90 days in comparison to those without acid attack at the same age. The density of acid attack increased with increasing MK with a maximum corresponding to 5% MK concrete. The current findings suggest that the local MK has the potential to produce good-quality concrete in a normal environment.

Concrete Made with Partially Substitutions of Copper Slag (CPS): A State Art of Review.

Copper slag (CPS) is a large amount of waste material produced during the manufacture of copper. The disposal of this waste material becomes a problem for environmental concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to explore feasible alternate disposal options. They may also be utilized in concrete manufacturing to cut down on the usage of cement and natural aggregates. A lot of researchers focus on utilizing CPS in concrete, either as a cement replacement or as a filler material. This article aims to summarize the literature already carried out on CPS in conventional concrete to identify the influence of CPS on the fresh, hardened and durability performance of cement concrete. Results indicate that CPS improved the strength and durability performance of concrete but simultaneously decreased the slump value of concrete. Furthermore, an increase in the durability performance of concrete was also observed with CPS. However, the higher dose results declined in mechanical and durability aspects owing to a scarcity of flowability. Therefore, it is suggested to use the optimum dose of CPS. However, a different researcher recommends a different optimum dose ranging from 50 to 60% by weight of fine aggregate depending on the source of CPS. The review also recommends future researcher guidelines on CPS in concrete.