Duplex Theory Research Articles

Two decades of brand hate research: a review and research agenda

PurposeThis review aims to synthesize the brand hate literature and suggest directions for future research on brand hate.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted an integrative literature review method to synthesize and assess the brand hate literature.FindingsThe synthesis showed that social identity theory, disidentification theory and duplex theory are prominently used in brand hate studies, and a larger portion of brand hate research was conducted in Western countries. Further, brand-related, self-congruity, personal factors, information influence and brand community influence are the major types of antecedents of brand hate which can produce soft or hard consequences. Lexicometric analysis showed causes of brand hate, consumers' negative emotional and behavioral outcomes and community anti-brand behavior as key themes of brand hate research.Research limitations/implicationsThe synthesis has followed predefined criteria for the inclusion research papers. Thus, the review is limited to articles that fulfilled the criteria for inclusion.Practical implicationsThe finding will help marketers, specially brand managers, craft strategies to handle brand hate.Originality/valueThe brand hate literature is still developing and remains incoherent, suggesting that a synthesized review is needed. This study has systematically reviewed and synthesized the brand hate literature to study its development over time and proposes a framework which provides a comprehensive understanding of brand hate.

Brand Hatred: a Literature Review and Research Agenda

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to study the past research in the field of brand hatred and propose a research agenda for the future. Theoretical framework: Theories and research on brand hatred been studied. Duplex theory of hate, brand hate as multidimensional construct, determinants of brand hate, self-congruity theory been studied. Brand hatred due to negative past experience, self-image been studied and there is much to investigate and learn. Design/methodology/approach: Literature review is the foundation of research development and extending depth of knowledge Webster and Watson (2002).We began by looking for research articles that contribute critical knowledge and concepts in brand hatred. We have focused on what, where, why, and How to have a better review (Callahan, 2014). Findings: Brand managers must be proactive to reduce the brand hatred and retain the customer. Brand hatred happens due to several reasons and brands may lose customers and its business if it does not take action against brand hatred. Future research should be done into how to convert brand hatred into brand love. Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest a future research agenda and highlight the areas and points that should be taken care for the mitigation of the brand hatred. Originality/value: The results indicate that the brand hatred phenomenon is very critical for brands. Academicians are showing interest in brand hatred research and number of publication works are increasing in field of brand hatred.

A Brain Mechanism for Hate.

A Brain Mechanism for Hate.

Psychosocial Features for Hate Speech Detection in Code-switched Texts

This study examines the problem of hate speech identification in codeswitched text from social media using a natural language processing approach. It explores different features in training nine models and empirically evaluates their predictiveness in identifying hate speech in a ~50k human-annotated dataset. The study espouses a novel approach to handle this challenge by introducing a hierarchical approach that employs Latent Dirichlet Analysis to generate topic models that help build a high-level Psychosocial feature set that we acronym PDC. PDC groups similar meaning words in word families, which is significant in capturing codeswitching during the preprocessing stage for supervised learning models. The high-level PDC features generated are based on a hate speech annotation framework [1] that is largely informed by the duplex theory of hate [2]. Results obtained from frequency-based models using the PDC feature on the dataset comprising of tweets generated during the 2012 and 2017 presidential elections in Kenya indicate an f-score of 83% (precision: 81%, recall: 85%) in identifying hate speech. The study is significant in that it publicly shares a unique codeswitched dataset for hate speech that is valuable for comparative studies. Secondly, it provides a methodology for building a novel PDC feature set to identify nuanced forms of hate speech, camouflaged in codeswitched data, which conventional methods could not adequately identify.

Psychosocial Features for Identifying Hate Speech in Social Media Text

This study uses natural language processing to identify hate speech in social media codeswitched text. It trains nine models and tests their predictiveness in recognizing hate speech in a 50k human-annotated dataset. The article proposes a novel hierarchical approach that leverages Latent Dirichlet Analysis to develop topic models that assist build a high-level Psychosocial feature set we call PDC. PDC organizes words into word families, which helps capture codeswitching during preprocessing for supervised learning models. Informed by the duplex theory of hate, the PDC features are based on a hate speech annotation framework. Frequency-based models employing the PDC feature on tweets from the 2012 and 2017 Kenyan presidential elections yielded an f-score of 83 percent (precision: 81 percent, recall: 85 percent) in recognizing hate speech. The study is notable because it publicly exposes a rich codeswitched dataset for comparative studies. Second, it describes how to create a novel PDC feature set to detect subtle types of hate speech hidden in codeswitched data that previous approaches could not detect.

Building and Annotating a Codeswitched Hate Speech Corpora

Presidential campaign periods are a major trigger event for hate speech on social media in almost every country. A systematic review of previous studies indicates inadequate publicly available annotated datasets and hardly any evidence of theoretical underpinning for the annotation schemes used for hate speech identification. This situation stifles the development of empirically useful data for research, especially in supervised machine learning. This paper describes the methodology that was used to develop a multidimensional hate speech framework based on the duplex theory of hate [1] components that include distance, passion, commitment to hate, and hate as a story. Subsequently, an annotation scheme based on the framework was used to annotate a random sample of ~51k tweets from ~400k tweets that were collected during the August and October 2017 presidential campaign period in Kenya. This resulted in a goldstandard codeswitched dataset that could be used for comparative and empirical studies in supervised machine learning. The resulting classifiers trained on this dataset could be used to provide real-time monitoring of hate speech spikes on social media and inform data-driven decision-making by relevant security agencies in government.

Exploring Brand Hate and the Association Between Similar Competitor Offer and Brand Equity: A Moderated-Mediation Model.

Using the assumptions of Sternberg (2003) Duplex Theory of Hate, the present study reveals the combined effects of similar competitor offer and narcissistic personality on brand equity through the underlying mechanism of brand hate. Specifically, we hypothesize that brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity. Moreover, we propose that similar competitor offer and brand hate relationship are stronger for narcissistic individuals. By employing a multi-wave time-lagged research design, we collected data from a sample of (N = 338) dairy product consumers in Pakistan. The findings of moderated-mediation regression analyses indicate that (a) Brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity; and (b) Narcissistic personality moderates a similar competitor offer and brand hate relationship such that a high similar competitor offer led to greater brand hate when narcissism was high. Furthermore, conditional indirect effects reveal that brand hate mediates the relationship between similar competitor offer and brand equity only with individuals exhibiting narcissistic personality traits. The current study offers great insights to managers that by managing similar competitor offer, they can manage the development of brand hate, which can subsequently effect brand equity. Moreover, by profiling customers on the basis of their personalities, marketing managers can effectively invest only in customers with positive tendencies. The current study is unique in that it highlights new avenues in existing research by extending the nascent domain of brand hate in consumer–brand relationships.

A Diversity Combination Model Incorporating an Inward Bias for Interaural Time-Level Difference Cue Integration in Sound Lateralization

A sound source with non-zero azimuth leads to interaural time level differences (ITD and ILD). Studies on hearing system imply that these cues are encoded in different parts of the brain, but combined to produce a single lateralization percept as evidenced by experiments indicating trading between them. According to the duplex theory of sound lateralization, ITD and ILD play a more significant role in low-frequency and high-frequency stimulations, respectively. In this study, ITD and ILD, which were extracted from a generic head-related transfer functions, were imposed on a complex sound consisting of two low- and seven high-frequency tones. Two-alternative forced-choice behavioral tests were employed to assess the accuracy in identifying a change in lateralization. Based on a diversity combination model and using the error rate data obtained from the tests, the weights of the ITD and ILD cues in their integration were determined by incorporating a bias observed for inward shifts. The weights of the two cues were found to change with the azimuth of the sound source. While the ILD appears to be the optimal cue for the azimuths near the midline, the ITD and ILD weights turn to be balanced for the azimuths far from the midline.

Pemahaman Konsep Minyak Bumi Hasil Pembelajaran Menggunakan Model Kooperatif Tipe SQ3R Di SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2017∕2018

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan pemahaman siswa tentang konsep minyak bumi hasil pembelajaran menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe SQ3R (Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review) di SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018. Penelitian ini melibatkan siswa kelas XI MIA-3 SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018 sebanyak 24 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes pemahaman konsep berupa essay yang Diberikan saat pretes dan postes, lember pengelolaan pembelajran dan angket respon siswa. Data pemahaman konsep siswa diperoleh dari hasil tes tertulis berupa essay yang diberikan sebelum dan sesudah pembelajaran menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe SQ3R. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Rata-rata pemahaman konsep siswa kelas XI MIA-3 SMAN 4 Palangka Raya tahun ajaran 2017/2018 adalah sebesar 84,3 %.Pemahaman siswa setiap konsep adalah sebagai berikut : (i) sebagian besar siswa (84,3 %) dapat menjelaskan teori pembentukkan minyak bumi menurut teori Duplex. (ii) Sebagian besar siswa (89,1 %) dapat menjelaskan komponen-komponen utama minyak bumi. (iii) Sebagian besar siswa (78,9 %) dapat menjelaskan hasil fraksi minyak bumi yang mempunyai atom C11-C14 dan kegunaannya. (iv) Sebagian besar siswa (82,2 %) dapat menjelaskan hasil fraksi minyak bumi dengan titik didih terendah dan kegunaannya. (v) Sebagian besar siswa (88,6 %) dapat menjelaskan kualitas bensin berdasarkan bilangan oktan. Langkah-langkah model pembelajaran SQ3R yang paling berperan dalam meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa adalah pada kegiatan Question, Read and Recite.

Duplex theory and human localization of 1000-Hz tones

Duplex theory and human localization of 1000-Hz tones

The duplex theory re-revisited: Spectral weighting of localization cues in tones and noises

It is widely suspected that sound localization is accomplished primarily through the use of low-frequency interaural-time-difference (ITD) cues and only secondarily via high-frequency ITD and level-difference (ILD) cues [Rayleigh, Philos. Mag. 13, 214–232 (1907); Wightman and Kistler, JASA 91, 1648-1661 (1992); Macpherson and Middlebrooks JASA 111, 2219–2236 (2002)]. Contemporary studies of cross-frequency interactions in spatial hearing have provided support for this view but have not directly identified the frequencies involved nor quantified the relative weighting of binaural cues weighting across components of a single complex. This study adapted the temporal-weighting approach of Stecker and Hafter [JASA 112, 1046–1057 (2002)] to measure spectral weighting functions (SWF) for (a) free-field and reverberant sound localization and (b) lateralization based on ITD and/or ILD. Across a wide range of conditions, SWFs featured enhanced weights for components in the vicinity of 400-800 Hz, supporting a narrow “dominance region” for localization and lateralization of complex sounds [Bilsen and Raatgever, Acoustica 28, 131–132 (1973)], and a precipitous drop in weights between 800 and 1400 Hz [Brughera et al., JASA 133, 2839–2855 (2013)]. [Work supported by NIH R01-DC016643.]

FLOTSAM: A model for the development and transmission of hate

This article presents a model, FLOTSAM, for the development and transmission of hate. FLOTSAM is an acronym for Fear, License, Obedience to authority, Trust, Sense of belonging to a valued group, Amplification of Arousal, and Modeling. The article opens with a brief discussion of hate. The article then presents the duplex theory of hate. Next it discusses the parties involved in the development and transmission of hate. Then it presents the FLOTSAM model. The next seven brief sections of the article each describe one of the mechanisms for the development and transmission of hate. The conclusion summarizes the model; relates it to prior theories; discusses whether there are any remedies for hate, its development, and transmission; and discusses how one might test the model.

Binaural responses in the auditory midbrain of chicken (Gallus gallus).

The auditory midbrain is the location in which neurons represent binaural acoustic information necessary for sound localization. The external nucleus of the midbrain inferior colliculus (IC) of the barn owl is a classic example of an auditory space map, but it is unknown to what extent the principles underlying its formation generalize to other, less specialized animals. We characterized the spiking responses of 139 auditory neurons in the IC of the chicken (Gallus gallus) invivo, focusing on their sensitivities to the binaural localization cues of interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences. Most units were frequency-selective, with best frequencies distributed unevenly into low-frequency and high-frequency (>2kHz) clusters. Many units showed sensitivity to either ITD (65%) or ILD (66%) and nearly half to both (47%). ITD selectivity was disproportionately more common among low-frequency units, while ILD-only selective units were predominantly tuned to high frequencies. ILD sensitivities were diverse, and we thus developed a decision tree defining five types. One rare type with a bell-like ILD tuning was also selective for ITD but typically not frequency-selective, and thus matched the characteristics of neurons in the auditory space map of the barn owl. Our results suggest that generalist birds such as the chicken show a prominent representation of ITD and ILD cues in the IC, providing complementary information for sound localization, according to the duplex theory. A broadband response type narrowly selective for both ITD and ILD may form the basis for a representation of auditory space.

The Scientific Work We Love: A Duplex Theory of Scientific Impact and Its Application to the Top-Cited Articles in the First 30 Years of APS Journals

This article proposes a duplex theory for understanding the scientific impact of contributions to psychological science. I argue that articles that we “love” can be understood in terms of (a) triangular elements of intimacy, passion, and commitment and (b) types of stories that characterize high-impact articles. Certain kinds of stories (e.g., review articles) are more likely to have lasting impact, on average, than other kinds of stories (e.g., data-driven empirical articles).

A pitch model based on rate, place, and envelope information

A functional model of the auditory processing of pitch is presented. The model draws on Licklider's duplex theory of pitch [Experientia, 7, 128-143] and further extends his approach by adding an envelope processing stage. The incoming signal is sent through a gammatone filter bank to simulate the behavior of the basilar membrane. Within each auditory band the autocorrelation function is calculated and a pitch estimate is made based on the delay between the main peak and the adjacent side peak. A weighting for the salience of each pitch cue is then calculated based on the place theory using the distance of the estimated fundamental frequency from the band's center frequency. Finally, the envelope is determined for each band and an additional pitch estimate is made based on the autocorrelation function of the envelope. These three calculations—which provide rate, place, and envelope information—are combined into a global pitch estimate, explaining the pitch percept associated with a wide range of stimuli. The model can be easily integrated into larger auditory processing frameworks in which envelope information is important (e.g., monaural source segregation and binaural localization). [Work supported by NSF BCS-1539276.]

Psychoacoustics in the United Kingdom in the period 1900 to 1950

Much research in psychoacoustics during this period was conducted in the “Psychological Laboratory” in Cambridge (H. Bannister, A. F. Rawdon-Smith) and in Manchester (T. S. Littler, A. W. Ewing). Although Lord Rayleigh had published his influential duplex theory of sound localization in 1907, lingering doubts remained about whether interaural phase could truly be discriminated—rather, it had been proposed that somehow interaural phase differences were converted into interaural intensity differences. Bannister conducted a series of experiments to assess this idea and concluded that “binaural phase differences are appreciated in some manner which is distinct from the appreciation of binaural intensity differences.” Bannister also reported experiments on time-intensity trading in sound localization and reported that sometimes two images were perceived. Rawdon Smith and independently Littler and Ewing studied the phenomenon of auditory fatigue (temporary threshold shift, TTS). They showed that the maximum TTS produced by an intense fatiguing tone occurred for test tones with frequencies well above that of the fatiguing tone, a phenomenon that was repeatedly confirmed in later studies and that has only recently been explained. A common feature of the papers describing this work was a detailed description of the (often ingenious) apparatus that was developed to conduct the experiments.

Why are rods more sensitive than cones?

One hundred and fifty years ago Max Schultze first proposed the duplex theory of vision, that vertebrate eyes have two types of photoreceptor cells with differing sensitivity: rods for dim light and cones for bright light and colour detection. We now know that this division is fundamental not only to the photoreceptors themselves but to the whole of retinal and visual processing. But why are rods more sensitive, and how did the duplex retina first evolve? Cells resembling cones are very old, first appearing among cnidarians; the emergence of rods was a key step in the evolution of the vertebrate eye. Many transduction proteins have different isoforms in rods and cones, and others are expressed at different levels. Moreover rods and cones have a different anatomy, with only rods containing membranous discs enclosed by the plasma membrane. These differences must be responsible for the difference in absolute sensitivity, but which are essential? Recent research particularly expressing cone proteins in rods or changing the level of expression seem to show that many of the molecular differences in the activation and decay of the response may have each made a small contribution as evolution proceeded stepwise with incremental increases in sensitivity. Rod outer-segment discs were not essential and developed after single-photon detection. These experiments collectively provide a new understanding of the two kinds of photoreceptors and help to explain how gene duplication and the formation of rod-specific proteins produced the duplex retina, which has remained remarkably constant in physiology from amphibians to man.

A contact mechanics interpretation of the duplex theory of tactile texture perception

The tactile perception of a surface texture originates from scanning a finger on the surface. This kind of sliding contact activates the mechanoreceptors located into the skin, allowing the brain to identify the object and to perceive information about the scanned surface. Perception is collected by mechanoreceptors either by sensing pressure or by sensing vibration: the first mechanism is typical of large spaced surface textures, while the second is necessary to perceive finer textures. These different behaviors are well known in the literature as the duplex perception mechanism. In the present paper a numerical model describing finger-surface scanning is introduced in order to investigate the relationship between contact induced vibrations and scanning conditions. The model has been validated by experimental comparisons in a previous work. The perception model is used to develop a parametric analysis of the vibration induced from the finger-surface scanning as a function of surface geometry, scanning speed and contact force. The proposed parametric analysis points out the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the tactile perception of a periodic texture, and it shows the tribological reasons for which duplex perception mechanism is an effective biological evolution towards optimal tactile perception.

Transaural experiments and a revised duplex theory for the localization of low-frequency tones.

The roles of interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) were studied in free-field source localization experiments for sine tones of low frequency (250-750 Hz). Experiments combined real-source trials with virtual trials created through transaural synthesis based on real-time ear canal measurements. Experiments showed the following: (1) The naturally occurring ILD is physically large enough to exert an influence on sound localization well below 1000 Hz. (2) An ILD having the same sign as the ITD modestly enhances the perceived azimuth of tones for all values of the ITD, and it eliminates left-right confusions that otherwise occur when the interaural phase difference (IPD) passes 180°. (3) Increasing the ILD to large, implausible values can decrease the perceived laterality while also increasing front-back confusions. (4) Tone localization is more directly related to the ITD than to the IPD. (5) An ILD having a sign opposite to the ITD promotes a slipped-cycle ITD, sometimes with dramatic effects on localization. Because the role of the ITD itself is altered by the ILD, the duplex processing of ITD and ILD reflects more than mere trading; the effect of the ITD can be reversed in sign.

Sound frequency-invariant neural coding of a frequency-dependent cue to sound source location.

The century-old duplex theory of sound localization posits that low- and high-frequency sounds are localized with two different acoustical cues, interaural time and level differences (ITDs and ILDs), respectively. While behavioral studies in humans and behavioral and neurophysiological studies in a variety of animal models have largely supported the duplex theory, behavioral sensitivity to ILD is curiously invariant across the audible spectrum. Here we demonstrate that auditory midbrain neurons in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) also encode ILDs in a frequency-invariant manner, efficiently representing the full range of acoustical ILDs experienced as a joint function of sound source frequency, azimuth, and distance. We further show, using Fisher information, that nominal "low-frequency" and "high-frequency" ILD-sensitive neural populations can discriminate ILD with similar acuity, yielding neural ILD discrimination thresholds for near-midline sources comparable to behavioral discrimination thresholds estimated for chinchillas. These findings thus suggest a revision to the duplex theory and reinforce ecological and efficiency principles that hold that neural systems have evolved to encode the spectrum of biologically relevant sensory signals to which they are naturally exposed.