Dumping Ground Research Articles

Penentuan Rute Pengambilan Sampah Dengan Menggunakan Metode Clarke & Wright Algorithm Saving Heuristic Di Perusahaan Daerah Kebersihan Untuk Wilayah Bandung Timur

Trash problem in Capital City like Bandung City is became concern problem especially by West Java Government that relocating final waste disposal site from Sarimukti located in Padalarang Bandung Barat to final waste disposal site Legoknangka located in East Bandung, but final waste disposal site Legoknangka still in under construction, so the Government of Bandung City made temporary final waste disposal site located in Gedebage on Bandung City, because the distance between final waste disposal site Sarimukti and temporary final waste disposal site are far enough so need to be an assessement for disposal trucking route especially disposal truck various Dump Truck with maximum capacity 12 m³. The purpose for this research is to know, assessment, and analyze result from formation for route with VRP model (Vehicle Routing Problem) which is one of the methods are Saving Heuristic, the main focus on this methods is a big Savings distance, so that the result of distance is the shortest route but still concern maximum truck capacity. The result of this research is change route for truck disposal in East Bandung Area become 3 trucks with total travel distance 98.945 meters or ± 35.000 meters/truck from depot/pool to final waste disposal site, with this occur a savings from total trucks, total travel distance. Where is East Bandung Area usually needs 7 Dump Trucks for service this area, with only 1 truck serve 1-2 temporary dumping ground for travel distance 40.000 meters/truck for serve from temporary dumping ground this time not included travel distance and time travelling for truck to final waste disposal site.

Understanding and addressing microplastic pollution: Impacts, mitigation, and future perspectives

Improper disposal of household and industrial waste into water bodies has transformed them into de facto dumping grounds. Plastic debris, weathered on beaches degrades into micro-particles and releases chemical additives that enter the water. Microplastic contamination is documented globally in both marine and freshwater environments, posing a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. The small size of these particles makes them susceptible to ingestion by low trophic fauna, a trend expected to escalate. Ingestion leads to adverse effects like intestinal blockages, alterations in lipid metabolism, histopathological changes in the intestine, contributing to the extinction of vulnerable species and disrupting ecosystem balance. Notably, microplastics (MPs) can act as carriers for pathogens, potentially causing impaired reproductive activity, decreased immunity, and cancer in various organisms. Studies have identified seven principal sources of MPs, including synthetic textiles (35%) and tire abrasion (28%), highlighting the significant human contribution to this pollution. This review covers various aspects of microplastic pollution, including sources, extraction methods, and its profound impact on ecosystems. Additionally, it explores preventive measures, aiming to guide researchers in selecting techniques and inspiring further investigation into the far-reaching impacts of microplastic pollution, fostering effective solutions for this environmental challenge.

Sustainable Redevelopment by Reuse and Recycle of C&D Waste in Mumbai

Solid waste that is generated due to demolition or alteration, any renovation work, structure repairing work is known as Construction and demolition waste (C&D). This waste is considered low risk waste but found in high volume. This waste can be used as resource for recycling and reusing. Due to increase in C&D waste environmental concerns and public health concerns are also increased. This causes necessity for recycling and reusing of C&D waste. If proper waste materials are managed, cleaned and sieved in industrial crushing plants materials can be reused. In spite of this demolition waste is dumped into dumping grounds of Mumbai. Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) has nine municipal corporations which has area of 4,355sq.km. Under 74th Constitutional Amendment, Municipal Corporations in India are mandated to have solid waste management. In MMR all municipal corporations have centralized waste management that is dumped into nearby landfills. There are multiple players including informal sectors who are merging in managing C&D waste to decentralized the process. Due to increase in C&D waste in dumping grounds of Mumbai necessity to develop waste management plan is important. Working towards achieving this will help to reduce hazardous effect on humans and environment. This study highlights the need of reusing and recycling of C&D waste with proper management for sustainable development in city of Mumbai.

A detailed study of the physicochemical parameters of the solid waste dumping grounds adjoining densely populated areas: A case study in India

A detailed study of the physicochemical parameters of the solid waste dumping grounds adjoining densely populated areas: A case study in India

Environmental Injustice and Electronic Waste in Ghana: Challenges and Recommendations.

Electronic waste (e-waste) or discarded electronic devices that are unwanted, not working, or have reached their end of life pose significant threats to human and environmental health. This is a major concern in Africa, where the majority of e-waste is discarded. In the year 2021, an estimated 57.4 million metric tons of e-waste were generated worldwide. Globally, COVID-19 lockdowns have contributed to increased e-waste generation. Although Africa generates the least of this waste, the continent has been the dumping ground for e-waste from the developed world. The flow of hazardous waste from the prosperous 'Global North' to the impoverished 'Global South' is termed "toxic colonialism". Agbogbloshie, Ghana, an e-waste hub where about 39% of e-waste was treated, was listed among the top 10 most polluted places in the world. The discard of e-waste in Ghana presents an issue of environmental injustice, defined as the disproportionate exposure of communities of color and low-income communities to pollution, its associated health and environmental effects, and the unequal environmental protection provided through policies. Despite the economic benefits of e-waste, many civilians (low-income earners, settlers, children, and people with minimal education) are exposed to negative health effects due to poverty, lack of education, and weak regulations. We critically examine the existing literature to gather empirical information on e-waste and environmental injustice. Comprehensive policies and regulations are needed to manage e-waste locally and globally.

Crop production potential of reclaimed mine sites for sustainable livelihoods

Purpose: Potentiality of six reclaimed mine sites for crop production at Goldfields Ghana Limited, Tarkwa Mine was holistically assessed. Research methodology: Soil pH was traced using HI 9017 microprocessor meter while total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) were determined by Kjeldahl digestion, distillation and Walkley-Black Methods. Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium(K), sodium (Na), were further determined in 1.0 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) extract, using hydrogen and aluminum in 1.0 M KCl, by EDTA titration and flame photometry. Results: Optimum soil pH, compared with other parameters down the trend was less than 4.33. In cmolkg-1, OM at Ajopa natural forest soil (2.52) was greater than West Heap (2.08). TN differed significantly (p ? 0.001) such that, Ajopa natural forest (0.13%) was greater than West Heap (0.11%). West Heap Ca (3.52) was greater than Bridge Dump Ground (BDG’s) (1.78) while Mg (1.25) at BDG was greater than West Heap (1.22). West Heap’s K (0.16) was greater than BDG’s (0.13). Sodium was entirely low (< 5 %). But acidity of Ajopa natural forest (1.90) was greater than BDG’s (1.89) while effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of West Heap (5.95) was greater than BDG’s (4.68). Limitation: Study sites sparsely located and require more experience to locate sampling points. Contribution: Analyses clearly revealed poor agglomeration of cation exchange capacities due to inadequate fertility of the seven-year old reclaimed mine sites. Hence, it may not give good crop yields for sustainable economic livelihoods strategies without long-term augmented fertilization and liming.

The Emergence of Different Sustainable Development Approaches According to Environmental Ethics Theories

In recent years, population growth, changes in consumption patterns, urbanization, industrialization, and structural changes in agricultural production have brought about various environmental problems worldwide. At the core of these issues lies the significant impact of viewing nature as a resource repository and a dumping ground for waste in production processes aimed at satisfying increasing consumption. Humanity in the twentieth century came to terms with the fact that these problems also threatened its own existence. Global risks that began with pollution from waste sources and thinning of the ozone layer in the twentieth century have made it imperative for governments to seek solutions beyond their borders in the twenty-first century, particularly with climate change and global warming. The sustainable development approach, under the leadership of the United Nations, has come to the forefront in meetings addressing these challenges. Sustainable development, in essence, envisions restructuring today's activities in a way that they can also be carried out by future generations. However, the fundamental cause of environmental problems is the uncertainty of human domination in human-environment relationships. Measures taken without ethical scrutiny in this context are only aimed at addressing current problems. This study interprets the sustainable development approaches that have emerged in the quest for global solutions to environmental problems through various environmental ethics theories and discusses their theoretical foundations. Within the scope of this study, sustainability approaches are interpreted according to different environmental ethics theories, and different attitudes toward certain environmental problems are attempted to be revealed.

Onondaga Lake as Sacred Space and Contested Space

Onondaga Lake, located in what is now Central New York, is the sacred place of the founding of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. It is where the Peacemaker paddled his stone canoe and established the Great Law of Peace that has stood for centuries. In 1654 Simon Le Moyne, S. J. arrived on the shores of Onondaga Lake. In 1656 the French government, in accordance with the Christian Doctrine of Discovery, granted the Jesuits rights to the lake and the surrounding land, much prized for its abundant salt springs. They built a mission to lay claim to both the land and the souls who occupied it. It is this moment that sets off the contest for control of the lake and the history. The lake remains the sacred center of the Confederacy, which has survived despite attempts to eradicate it. The future of both is dependent on the recognition of its sacred status by those who have seen the lake as a source of profit and power as well as a convenient dumping ground. This is the story of that struggle.

Role of Municipality in Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Berhampore Municipality with Special Reference to Saidabad Ring-road Open Dumping Ground, West Bengal, India

Role of Municipality in Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Berhampore Municipality with Special Reference to Saidabad Ring-road Open Dumping Ground, West Bengal, India

Enrichment and Characterisation of Cellulose Degrading Bacteria

In the current research, a total of 10 bacterial isolates have been collected from municipal waste, vegetable waste, a dumping ground, a rice field, termite waste, cotton dyeing industry waste, forest waste, the soil under a coconut tree, dead decomposed plant waste, and sewage waste.Using soluble carboxy methyl cellulose degradation assays, the 10 bacterial strains have been isolated and examined for cellulolytic activity. In one percentage CMC agar medium, four strains, namely C9D, C9E, C9C, and C9B, efficiently digested cellulose, with a cellulolytic index of 35 mm, 25 mm, 17 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. The appearance of a clear zone was utilised to estimate cellulolytic activity. High-cellulolytic-activity isolates were identified up to the genus level.

Comparative Analysis of Groundwater Quality near a Dumping Ground in Garchuk Area, Guwahati

Abstract: This project focuses on analyzing and comparing the water quality of a dumping ground, nearby residential area, and commercial area in Garchuk, Guwahati. Water samples were collected from these three locations using tube wells and various parameters were assessed to evaluate the water quality. The analysis included the measurement of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The Winkler method was employed for DO analysis, involving the oxidation of divalent manganese hydroxide precipitate by dissolved oxygen in the water sample. The BOD determination assessed the oxygen required for the biochemical degradation of organic material during a specified incubation period. Results from the DO analysis indicated varying levels of dissolved oxygen in the water samples collected from the dumping ground, residential site, and commercial site. BOD analysis revealed the oxygen utilization and degradation of organic material in the water samples after a 5-day incubation period. Additionally, the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (Ar), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed in the groundwater samples. The results showed that some heavy metal concentrations were below the detectable limit, while others exhibited measurable levels. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the water quality of the studied areas, indicating potential pollution levels and the effectiveness of waste treatment processes. These results contribute to better understanding and management of water resources in the Garchuk area, helping to protect the environment and public health.

The US Immigration Courts, Dumping Ground for the Nation’s Systemic Immigration Failures: The Causes, Composition, and Politically Difficult Solutions to the Court Backlog

The US immigration court system seeks to “fairly, expeditiously, and uniformly administer and interpret US immigration laws” (DOJ 2022a). It represents the first exposure of many immigrants to due process and the rule of law in the United States, and occupies an integral role in the larger US immigration system. Yet it labors under a massive backlog of pending cases that undermines its core goals and objectives. The backlog reached 1.87 million cases in the first quarter of FY 2023 (Straut-Eppsteiner 2023, 6). This paper attributes the backlog to systemic failures in the broader immigration system that negatively affect the immigration courts, such as: Visa backlogs, United States Citizen and Immigration Services (USCIS) application processing delays, and other bottlenecks in legal immigration processes. The immense disparity in funding between the court system and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agencies that feed cases into the courts. The failure of Congress to pass broad immigration reform legislation that could ease pressure on the enforcement and court systems. The lack of standard judicial authorities vested in Immigration Judges (IJs), limiting their ability to close cases; pressure parties to “settle” cases; and manage their dockets. The absence of a statute of limitations for civil immigration offenses. Past DHS failures to establish and adhere to enforcement priorities and to exercise prosecutorial discretion (PD) throughout the removal adjudication process, including in initial decisions to prosecute. The location of the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), which oversees US immigration courts, within the nation’s preeminent law enforcement agency, the Department of Justice (DOJ). The misconception of many policymakers that the court system should primarily serve as an adjunct to DHS. A past record of temporary judge reassignments and government shutdowns. The paper supports a well-resourced and independent immigration court system devoted to producing the right decisions under the law. Following a short introduction, a long section on “Causes and Solutions to the Backlog” examines the multi-faceted causes of the backlog, and offers an integrated, wide-ranging set of recommendations to reverse and ultimately eliminate the backlog. The “Conclusion” summarizes the paper’s topline findings and policy proposals.

“The rich will always be able to dispose of their waste”: a view from the frontlines of municipal failure in Makhanda, South Africa

A significant proportion of South African municipalities, who hold the mandate for providing solid waste management (SWM) services for millions of South Africans, appear to be on the brink of collapse. On the frontlines of municipal failure, the city of Makhanda, following two decades of poor governance and mismanagement, has found itself unable to fulfil its mandate, with the state retreating on SWM service provision, and disruptions to waste management services becoming a daily reality. Drawing on embedded, qualitative fieldwork, this article examines how differently placed residents have experienced disruptions to SWM services. This work explores how residents of Makhanda’s two halves: the affluent and predominantly white neighbourhoods in the west, and the poor, non-white townships in the east, have (or have not) adapted to manage and dispose of their own waste during periods of disruption. Findings suggest that disruptions to waste management service provision have been broadly experienced by residents. However, the consequences of interruptions to municipal collection have not been evenly borne, as more resourced, western residents have been more successful at managing their own waste disposal, while the residents of Makhanda’s townships are less capable of coping, with affected communities coming to resemble a dumping ground, and residents having to adopt unsafe or environmentally harmful disposal practices. These findings are important because they shed light on the challenges of creating cleaner, more equal communities without healthy municipal participation in waste management services, while raising important considerations for a South Africa facing the possibility of widespread municipal collapse.

Levelling the Lake: Transboundary Resource Management in the Lake of the Woods Watershed by Jamie Benedickson (review)

Reviewed by: Levelling the Lake: Transboundary Resource Management in the Lake of the Woods Watershed by Jamie Benedickson Mark Kuhlberg Benedickson, Jamie–Levelling the Lake: Transboundary Resource Management in the Lake of the Woods Watershed. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2019. 366 p. Jamie Benedickson’s Levelling the Lake recounts the history of the truly remarkable array of thorny issues that have affected the administration of the greater Lake of the Woods watershed in northwestern Ontario (i.e., including the upstream waterways to the east such as Rainy Lake and River and Shoal Lake). In presenting his case, Benedickson has produced a comprehensive and valuable account of a relatively ignored section of Canada. It convincingly demonstrates that considerations involving geography, politics, and economics—indeed, practically every consideration imaginable—combined to make this a most complicated natural asset to administer. Benedickson chooses an apt metaphor to describe and understand this profoundly complex situation. He does so by borrowing from American legal scholar Lon Fuller, who coined the term polycentric to describe instances in which many competing interests faced off against each other. Fuller compared these situations to a spider’s web, whereby “‘pulling one of its strands will distribute tensions after a complicated pattern throughout the web as a whole. Doubling the original pull will, in all likelihood, not simply double each of the resulting tensions but will rather create a different complicated pattern of tensions … This is a ‘polycentric’ situation, because it is ‘many-centred’—each crossing of strands is a distinct centre for distributing tensions’” (pp. xxvii–xxviii). Benedickson admirably outlines the multiple forces that rendered the Lake of the Woods watershed such a battleground of conflicting interests. On the most basic level, the area spills across national (Canada-United States), provincial (Ontario-Manitoba), and state (Minnesota) boundaries, and includes numerous municipalities (the most important of which are Winnipeg, Fort Frances, and Kenora). Jurisdictional and constitutional clashes among these levels of government are legendary in both countries, and the Lake of the Woods watershed served as another venue for fighting them. Moreover, a host of parties prized the local waterways for different and often antithetical reasons. Industrialists, for example, eyed them beginning around the turn of the twentieth century for their potential to generate vast amounts of hydroelectricity. Realizing this aim involved reconstructing the local environment—damming lakes and rivers and interrupting the natural water cycle—to maximize its potential to produce energy. In contrast, fishers—Indigenous, Canadian, and American—saw the water in a very different light. From their perspective, the highest priority was to protect its capacity to sustain a number of valuable fish species that they could catch for personal, commercial, and recreational purposes. Realizing their aims typically involved leaving the waterways as undisturbed and clean as possible, a goal that canoeists (the author is a noted one) also sought because [End Page 187] they cherished paddling the region’s waterways while soaking in what they saw as the sublime beauty of the local landscape. Further complicating matters were the local residents and municipal officials, who paradoxically sought clean drinking water but also considered the waterways to be appropriate dumping grounds for their waste. Benedickson provides plenty of evidence to demonstrate how the battles over the Lake of the Woods watershed involved more than its water. For example, lumbermen sought to gain control over and cut the region’s larger-diameter timber—primarily pine and spruce—and convert it into solid wood products. Similarly, pulp and paper makers aimed to harvest the area’s spruce and balsam fir (and later jack pine), which they could convert into a range of consumer goods. Furthermore, for much of the twentieth century, these forest industries used the local waterways to transport both their logs to and waste from their mills; the pulp and paper producers also needed enormous volumes of clean water in their manufacturing processes. In contrast, mining interests valued the local rock for the valuable minerals that it contained. While the early gold mines were small and caused relatively minor disturbance to the local environment, the development of the Steep Rock Iron mine near Atikokan during the Second World War entailed the draining of a lake and the...

Repercussion of Open Dumping Ground in the Vicinity at Mantarwadi, Pune

Urbanization is taking place at a very fast pace in India. The migration of people from villages to cities is putting a tremendous pressure on the infrastructure in all the major cities. Due to the lack of expertise, the Municipal Authorities continued to dispose of the MSW by dumping it in open areas. The fires and other constant problems at dumping ground along with ground water contamination due to leachate causes a lot of opposition from Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs). Municipal solid waste (MSW) is diverse in nature and includes biodegradable materials as well as paper, plastic, rags, metal, glass, and pieces of metal. Aside from these additional components, MSW also includes scrap materials, waste papers, dead animals, abandoned chemicals, paints, toxic hospital waste, and agricultural leftovers. The biological waste produced by clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, pathological laboratories, blood banks, and veterinary centres has until to this point also been dumped at the dumpsite with MSW. Solid waste is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste which sometimes includes the addition of commercial waste collected in a given area. Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) is responsible for collection, storage, segregation, transportation and disposal of all solid waste generated in the city. In the present research work describes an attempt to assess the different parameters on the leachate collected from the Mantarwadi dumping site, Pune. Leachate from landfills has the potential to contaminate both surface and ground water if left unchecked. Within a single location, the leachate’s composition varies substantially. The age of the landfill, the types of trash, the degree of decomposition that has occurred, and the physical alteration of the garbage are some of the variables that determine composition. Once groundwater is contaminated, it is uneconomical to retrieve the same. The waste from Pune City is disposed of by the Pune Municipal Corporation at Mantarwadi (Urali devachi depot), which is located 20 km away from Pune City. At Mantarwadi, over 1200–1300 metric tonnes of solid trash from the Pune municipal area are disposed off each day.

Physicochemical Properties for Toyyib Environmental Assessment on Lake Water Quality: A Mini Review

As Malaysia strives to become industrialised, numerous water bodies are increasingly dumping grounds for chemicals, sewage, and pollutants. It is considered that pollutant substances are continuously channelled into water bodies and then transferred into organic and inorganic particles, nutrients, pesticides, and herbicides that directly affect the aquatic ecosystem. This paper aims to study the overview of physicochemicals properties for lake water quality in relation to Toyyib environmental assessment. Malaysian water quality assessments are based on several rules, including the National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standard, Urban Storm Water Management Manual for Malaysia, and National Water Quality Index Standard. As a result of the transmission of physicochemical qualities, water contaminants inflict harm not only on aquatic ecosystems but also on the safe water for human use. These studies indicate the water quality measurements or parameters for assessing the water quality for the Toyyib environment and establish the list of physicochemical properties for water quality assessment on the lake. On the other hand, the methodology applied for each parameter was also studied and presented.

“I Will Surely Have You Deported:” Undocumenting Clergy Sexual Abuse in an Immigrant Community

ABSTRACTClergy sexual violence in immigrant communities is an understudied dimension of the sexual abuse crisis in the Roman Catholic church. Yet records suggest that bishops regularly treated immigrant-serving parishes as dumping grounds for serially abusive clergy. There, evidence suggests, abusers targeted minors from poor, vulnerable, and undocumented families, silencing victims with threats of deportation and further violence. How did legal status intersect with structures of state and ecclesial power and with social hierarchies of visibility in situations of clergy abuse? Centering the case of Msgr. Peter E. Garcia, a priest in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles who abused at least twenty boys between 1966 and 1987, this article examines archival evidence from unsealed clergy personnel files to interrogate the complex politics of documentation in the case. It attends to the relationship between three interwoven forms of (un)documentation: first, the precarious legal and social status of victims; second, the silences, redactions, and euphemisms that characterize church records containing these accounts; and third, the spatial undocumentation at work in the use of migrant parishes as clergy dumping grounds. It demonstrates how a post–Vatican II theological and pastoral imagination of intimacy with the poor, refracted through prisms of state, ecclesial, and clerical dominance, helped to create conditions for the production of invisible victims. The erasure accomplished through the overlapping forms of undocumentation in the Garcia case, it argues, can help to account for the absence of such stories from the broader narrative of Catholic clergy sexual abuse in the United States.

Effect of Cashew Nut Shell Ash on Volumetric Shrinkage of Compacted Clay Soil


 Hydraulic conductivity value of a compacted clay soil can rise above the minimum regulatory value during desiccation thereby induces large cracks in an engineered landfill. In the quest to reduce the degree of cracking that will be generated dues to the volumetric shrinkage of the compacted clay soil, which in turn will reduce the amount of leachate that will be percolating into the underground water system, an investigation was performed by treating a clay soil with up to 16% Cashew Nut Shell Ash (CNSA) content using three compactive efforts (Standard proctor (SP), West African standard (WAS) and Modified Proctor (MP)) at -2, 0, 2 and 4% of optimum moisture content (OMC). Samples were extruded from the compaction moulds and placed on the laboratory table to air dry for 30 days at a uniform regulated temperature of 27 ± 2Oc in order to evaluate the suitability of the material for the construction of cover and liner in an engineered landfill. Results indicated that the OMC and maximum dry density (MDD) increased with higher CNSA treatment. Volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) increased with; higher CNSA, higher molding moisture content and moisture content relative to the optimum. Effect of CNSA on the soil showed that all specimens prepared at 2% dry of optimum to 4% wet of optimum for 4% and 8% soil-CNSA mixtures for the three compactive efforts, met the maximum allowable regulatory VSS criterion of4%, thus making the material suitable for the construction of cover and liner in waste dumping ground.

The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880

The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880

Biogeochemical profiling and taxonomic characterization of municipal landfill site by metagenomic sequencing

Most of the discarded waste material paves their way to the utmost common dumping grounds, Landfills. Despite their widespread use, the landfill microbiomes are still not well characterized. Metagenomics approach provides insight into the identification of operational parameters influencing the microbiome composition and their biodegradation competencies. The metagenomic DNA was prepared to explore taxonomical community structure, phylogenetic relationships, and functional profile at the same time. A total of 100,021,052 high-quality filtered reads were acquired with a GC abundance of 62.59%. Taxonomical abundance revealed the dominance of phylum Proteobacteria and genes involved in biomolecules metabolism, aromatic compound degradation, stress tolerance, xenobiotic biodegradation etc. were revealed functionally. The intricate heterogeneous environment of landfill revealed well flourished biogeochemical metabolic profiles including nitrogen metabolism. This is the first study for the generated metagenome of Ghazipur landfill and the obtained results propose that microbial communities in landfill settings are far more intricate than expected. It remain mostly unexplored which demands the usage of multiple platforms for a better understanding.